Ἥπατος, a fish so called from its colour, Theutis hepatus, _Strack_, Stromatos fiatola, 44.
Ἠπίολος, moth, Tinea mellonella, 225.
Ἡρακλεοτικὸς καρκίνος, Heracleotic crab, has a long tail, 77, 81.
Θ Θαλλὸς, a shoot of a plant, especially the olive, 208.
Θηρία, animals larger than flies in fire, 126; animals which destroy honey-combs, 225; an animal like a moth, _ib._ Θὶς, black shore weed, fucus, 211.
Θραυπὶς, a small bird like a goldfinch, Fringilla Carduelis, or F.
Cannabina, 202.
Θρίσσα, a fish with prickly scales, 256.
Θρίψ, timber worm, 207.
Θύμον, thyme, Thymus vulgaris, 266.
Θυννὶς, the female tunny, 108, 109; aged, 160; food, 200; migration, 211; gregarious, 234.
Θύννος, tunny fish, Scomber Thynnus, 4, 38; sleeps, 98; swims in shoals, 108; male and female, _ib._; life, 149; they appear to be a year older than the pelamys, 160; food, 199; migrates after the scombri, 209; when best for food, 211; migrations, 212; how concealed, 214; delights in warmth, 219; old fish unfit for salting, their weight, 228.
Θὼς, jackal or ounce, Felis onza, or perhaps Canis aureus, _Strack_, 42; habits, 177; hates the lion, 234; carnivorous, _ib._; several kinds, 272.
Ι Ἴβις, Tantalus Ibis, _Strack_, two species, white, Tantalus sacer, and black, T. falcinellus, 249.
incubation, 146; like the cuckoo, 146, 147; the young good to eat, 147; a kind which builds in rocks, _ib._; three species, 201; enumeration of species, 253; the Egyptian hawk, 226; its nest, 243; does not eat the heart of birds, _ib._ Ἱέρας or ἱέρος, a kind of serpent, 228.
Ἰκτῖνος, kite, Falco milvius, 39, 40; incubation, 146; food, 201; drink, 203; migration, 215; a foe to the raven, 232.
Ἴκτις, weasel or ferret, Mustela furo, 29; habits, 239.
Ἰλλὰς, a kind of thrush, gregarious, Turdus iliaceus, _Strack_, 248; this identification is very doubtful, _Schneider_.
Ἰξόβορος, a kind of thrush, Turdus viscivorus, _Strack_, 248.
Ἰξὸς, miseltoe, 248.
Ἵννος, hinnus, the offspring of a horse and she ass, 163.
Ἰουλὶς, a red fish, Labrus Iulis, _Strack_, 234.
Ἴουλος, Iulus, scolopendra, centipede, 73.
Ἱππάρδιον, giraffe, Giraffa cameleopardalis, 26.
Ἱππέλαφος, perhaps the Nilghau, Antilope picta, 26.
Ἱππεὺς, a crustacean, Ocyopode cursor, 77.
Ἱππομύρμηξ, a large kind of ant, Formica Herculanea, 225.
dreams, 97; neighing, 112; reproduction, age, life, 113, 161, 169; food and drink, 205, 207; small horses in the country of the Pygmies, 209; story of a Scythian horse, 274.
Ἵππος ὁ ποτάμιος, river horse, Hippopotamus amphibius, 32, 196; in Egypt, 32.
Ἵππουρος, fish, Coryphæna hippurus, 109; hides in holes, 213.
Ἰτέα, willow, 155.
Ἴϋγξ, wryneck, Jynx torquilla, 35.
Ἰχνεύμων, Ichneumon, Viverra Ichneumon, 177; attacks the asp in Egypt, 238.
Ἰχνεύμων, Ichneumon (insect) Sphex, hunts spiders, 124, 232.
Κ Κάλαμος, reed, Acorus calamus, and perhaps also some of the larger grasses, 122, 155; its flower, 127; used to support vine, 133, 155, 216; flourishes in rainy weather, 217.
Κάλαρις or κόλαρις, a bird preyed on by the little owl. Motacilla alba Fringilla petronia.
Καλίδρις, Tringa, Sandpiper, Scolopax calidris, 203.
Καλλιώνυμος, fish, Uranoscopus, _Strack_, U. Scaber, 40; lives near the shore.
Καλλύντρον, a shrub from the flowers of which the bees are said to procure their young, 127; perhaps Cerinthe, L., _Strack_, honeysuckle.
Κάμηλος, Camel, Camelus Bactrianus and C. Dromedarius, 25, 27, 29, 30, 70; endurance of thirst, 207; life, _ib._; diseases, 222; purity, 274; castration of females, 278.
Κάμπη, caterpillar, 124.
Κανθαρὶς, several kinds of beetles, 88; a kind of fly, 106; origin, 126.
Κάνθαρος, beetle, Scarabæus pilularius, _Schneider_, Cantharis lytta, 9; origin, 125; changes its skin, 216.
Κάνθαρος, a sea-fish, lives near the shore, Sparus Cantharus, 211.
Κάπρος, boar, 29; coition, age, 112, 114; castration, 277.
Κάπρος, a fish said to make a grunting noise. Cottus cataphractus, or Squalus centrina, 37; in the Achelous, 95.
Κάραβος, Palinurus vulgaris, Spiny lobster, 7, 9, 10; as a class, 73, 77; male and female, 78; sleep, 97; reproduction, 120; where produced, 121; change their shell, _ib._; kills other fish, is killed by the polypus, 198; habitation, pursuit, 129; hides itself and changes its shell, 217.
Καρίδιον πιννοφύλαξ, a small crustacean, Pinnotheres veterum, _Bell's Crustaceans_, 117.
Καρὶς, shrimp or prawn, Crangon, Palæmon, 77; different kinds, _ib._; changes its colour in winter, 228.
Καρκίνιον, hermit crab, Pagurus Bernhardi, L., _Bell_, and probably other species, 85; in Strombi and Neritæ, _ib._, 118; also a species in Pinnæ distinguished from καρίδιον, 117.
Καρκίνος, crab, of various species. Cancer, Carcinus, &c., 4, 10, 73, 77; several species, 77; fluviatile, Telphura fluviatilis, _ib._; number of feet, _ib._; short-tailed _ib._; reproduction, 106; white crabs in various shells, 117; change of shell, 121; rock crabs, 198; black crabs, hard shelled crabs, 217.
Κάστωρ, beaver, Castor Fiber, 205.
Καυλίον, some kind of sea-weed, 200.
Καταῤῥάκτης, diver, Pelecanus bassanus, L., _Schneider_, 45; mode of taking its prey, 244.
Κεγχρὶς, Falco tinnunculus, _Schneider_, 45; lays many eggs, 138; red eggs, 139; mode of drinking, 203.
Κελεὸς, large green woodpecker, Picus viridis, 202, 232, 233.
Κέφρος, petrel, Procellaria pelagica, 203, 253.
Κέρθιος, creeper, Certhia familiaris, 247.
Κερκὶς, Populus tremula, osier, 205.
Κεστραῖοι, mullets as a class, 109, 159.
Κεστρεὺς, mullet. Mugil. In the lake Silpha, 37, 44, 92; it sleeps, 98; capture, 87; birth, 108; enumeration of species, 109, 153, 157; enters rivers to spawn, 156, 159; food, 199, 228; habits, 200; near the shore, 211; associates with the labrax, 235; the swiftest of fishes, 256; in season in the autumn, _ib._ Κέφαλος, grey mullet. _Spratt's Lycia_, Mugil cephalus, 109, 153; reproduction, 159; food, 199; injured by cold, 218.
Κήβος, monkey, Simia mora or diona, _Strack_, 32.
S. Cynologus.
Κηρὶς, κυρὶς, or κιῤῥὶς, a sea-fish, 228.
Κήρυλος, a sea-bird, mentioned with the Halcyon, 203.
Tringa variabilis.
Κήρυξ, whelk, Buccinum, its mecon, 80, 81, 82, 85; appears in the early spring, 110; nidulary capsules, 115, 116; the small whelk, 118; hides itself, 213.
Κῆτος, whale, as a class, 10, 39; whales, 69; other whales, 152.
turn on their back to seize their prey, 200.
Κηφὴν, drone, 260.
Κίγκλος, probably Tringa Cinclus, Linn. Dunlin, 244.
Cinclus aquaticus.
Κίθαρος, a kind of turbot, Trigla lyra, 44.
Κιννάμωμον, a spice, cinnamon, 245.
Κιννάμωμον ὄρνεον, cinnamon bird, 245; Κίρκος, perhaps Falco nisus, _Liddell and Scott_, 232, 253.
Falco pygargus.
Κισσὸς, Ivy. Hedera Helix, 130.
Κίττα or Κίσσα, Jay, Corvus glandarius, captured by the Ægolius and Eleus, 201; changes its note, 245; its nest, _ib._ Κίχλη, Turdus labrus and T. merula, nest, 138; hides, 215; changes its colour in winter, 276; three kinds, 244.
near the land, 211; in pairs, 213; changes its colour, 228.
Κλῆρος, also called πυραύστης, an insect injurious to beehives, Galeria cerella and G. mellonella, 226, 266.
Κνίδη, sea-nettle, probably an actinia, 118, 255.
Κνιπολόγος, a species of woodpecker, Picus varius, or minor, 202.
Κνὶψ or σκνὶψ, an insect, Formica flava, _Strack_, finds honey by the sense of smell, 93; eaten by the woodpecker, 93, 202, 242.
Κόγχη, a bivalve shell, Mya pictorum, 82; several species, _ib._; a kind of crustacean is found in them, 85; origin, 117, 118; large smooth shell in rivers, 243.
Κογκύλιον, a small bivalve shell, 198, 199.
Κοῖτος or κόττος, a fresh-water fish. Trout, Salmo Fario, _Strack_, 92.
Κοκκάλιον, Helix, land snail, 81.
Κόκκυξ, cuckoo, Cuculus Canorus, 93, 138; habits, form, and eggs, 146; eatable, 147; lays in the nests of other birds, 249; changes its note when about to migrate, 276.
Κολεὸς, also ἐλεὸς, and κελεὸς, woodpecker, 233.
Κολίας, a kind of tunny, Scomber colias, in the Propontis, 211; when taken, 212; gregarious, 234.
Κολιὸς, Corvus monedula or Picus viridis, 36; in p. 242 colœus should probably be colius.
Κολλυρίων, Ampelis garrula, L. _Schneider_. Lanius garrula or excubitor, 248.
Κολοιὸς, Pelecanus graculus, four species, 248.
Κολοκύντη, cucumber, Cucumis Sativus, 124, 208.
Κόνις, knits, 134.
Κόνηξα, plant, Inula Conyza, or I. pulicaria, flea bane, 93.
Κορακίας, probably the Cornish Chough Pyrrocorax Graculus, 248.
Κορακῖνος, sturgeon, Accipenser huso, _Strack_, Sparus Chromis, 109, Κορακοειδῶν γένος, the crow tribe, 5.
Κόραξ, raven and rook, Corvus Corax and frugilegus, 40, 45, 64; eggs, incubation, young, 146; Egyptian raven, 226; hostile to the hawk, 232; pecks the ass and bull, _ib._; friend of the fox, 233; frequent in towns, 248; nest and habits, 250.
Κορδύλη or σκορδύλη, the young tunny fish, 160.
Siren Proteus.
Κόρις, cimex, bug, C. lectularius, 134.
Κορυδαλὸς, lark, Alauda arvensis cristata, 277.
Κορυδὸς, lark, Alauda cristata, A. arborea, A. arvensis, (though Schneider thinks this identification doubtful), its nest, 146, 249; hybernates, 215; hostile to the pœcilis, 232; is said to eat the eggs of the eagle, 233; friendly to the schœnilus, 234; perches on the ground, 242, 245; two kinds, 249.
Κορώνη, Corvus corone, 45; feeds its young after they are fledged, 146; incubation, 147; lives near the sea, 203; Egyptian, 226; foe to the owl, presbys, and typanus, 232; friend of the heron, 234; always to be seen, 248.
Κότινος, the wild olive tree, Eleagnus angustifolia, used as food for sheep (accidentally omitted in the translation), 208.
Κόττος, see κοῖτος. Cottus Gobio, 92.
Κόττυφος, blackbird, Turdus merula, _Strack_, but apparently not always, Turdus merula, and T. saxatilis, hybernate, 215; changes its colour, 228; nest, 245; two kinds, black and white, 247; changes its plumage and voice in the winter, 276.
Κόττυφος, a fish, 228.
Labrus Merula.
Κόχλιας, snail, Helix, several kinds, 73, 81; land-snails, 83; when full of ova, 110; die when the shell is taken off, 136; form an operculum when they hybernate, 213; eaten by swine and partridges, 255.
Κόχλος, Fresh-water univalve shells, Limnæa, Planorbis, 81, 83, 84, 86.
Κραγγὼν, prawn, Cancer digitalis (Squilla mantis), _Strack_, Penæus sulcatus, 77.
Κράμβη, cabbage or colewort, Brassica, 124, 126.
Κραμβὶς, caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly, Papilio Danais Brassicæ, 125.
Κράστις, green fodder for horses, 207.
Κρὲξ, Trigna pugnax, hostile to the celeus, 233; its habits, 247.
Κριθή, barley, 206.
Κριὸς, Ovis aries, ram, breeding season, 114, 161, 199.
Κροκόδειλος, the Land crocodile, Lacerta stellio, Monitor terrestris, 25, 34; both kinds mentioned, 43, 46; reproduction, 137; brought up in Egypt, 231; Κροκόδειλος, the Egyptian crocodile. Crocodilus Niloticus, 2, 14; in Egypt, 33, 59; reproduction, 137; hybernates, 72.
Κρότων, Ricinus, tick, or dog-louse, Hippobosca ovina, 135; Acarus ricinus, 125.
Κτεὶς, Pecten, 82, 84.
A large kind, which has one valve flat, Pecten maximus, 84, 94, 95; origin, 117; small crustaceans in them, _ib._; hybernate, 213; red pectens, 220; leap, 256.
Κύαμοι, beans, Vicia faba, 72, 206.
Κύανος, Turdus Cyaneus, blue thrush, 248.
Κύγχραμος or κύχραμος, Corncrake, Rallus Crex, _Strack_, probably a species of ortolan, _Lindell and Scott_. Leads the flight of the quails, 210.
Κύκνος, swan, Cycnus olor, 4, 45;[231] food, 203; gregarious, 211; fights with the eagle, 233; habits, 244; when dying they go towards the sea, _ib._ [231] Accidentally omitted in a list of birds in the translation.
Κύλλαρος or σκύλλαρος, hermit crab, Pagurus, 85.
Κύμινδις, the Ionic name of the χαλκὶς, Stryx Nisoria, 244, 251.
Κυνακάνθη, perhaps the dog-rose, worms in it, 126.
Rosa canina.
Κυνοκέφαλος, dog-headed ape, Simia Cynocephalus, 32.
S. Porcaria.
Κυνοῤῥαϊστής, dog-ticks, Ricinus canis, 135.
Κυπρῖνος, carp, Cyprinus Carpio, 38; inhabits rivers, 91; production and growth of young, 155, 156; star-struck, 219.
Κύτισος, a shrub, Cytisus, Medicago arborea, 71.
Κυφὴ, a kind of shrimp or prawn, 77.
Palæmon Squilla or Crangon vulgaris, also Pagurus.
Κύψελλος, a kind of swallow, Martin? Hirundo urbica, makes its nest of mud in rocks and caverns, 250.
large dog of Epirus, 71; dreams, 97; Laconian dogs, their habits, 166, 167; when dogs eat grass, 204, 238; diseases, 222; Egyptian dogs, 226; Cyrenian dogs, half-bred, with wolves, Laconian with foxes, Indian with tigers, 227; the Molossian shepherd dog, 230; intestinal worms in dogs, 238.
Κύων, a cartilaginous fish, Squalus carcharias, _Strack_, S.
galeus, 104, 151.
Κωβιός, gudgeon, Gobio, 44; ova, 153, 155; poor ones cast on shore, 157; food, 200; live near the land, 211; fatten in rivers, 218; gregarious, 197; in winter does not leave the Pyrrhic Euripus, 256.
Κωλώτης, an animal inhabiting the stables of the ass, a lizard according to some, Scaliger thinks a beetle, 232, Mus minutus.
Κώνωψ, a species of gnat, smaller than the empis, Conops calcitrans, _Strack_, Culex pipiens or C. calcitrans, 89, 94; springs from a worm in vinegar, Mosillus cellarius, 126.
Λ Λάβραξ, perhaps Perca Labrax, Basse, 8, 92; sleeps, 98; food, 199, 200; has a stone in its head, 218; unfit to eat when in spawn, 228; at times associated with cestreus, 244.
Λαγωὸς, hare, Lepus timidus, the Egyptian, 226.
Λαεδὸς, the name of a bird living in rocks and mountains, perhaps it should be λαΐος, 234.
Λαΐος, a species of thrush, Turdus torquatus, 234, 247.
Λαμία, a species of shark, Squalus centrina, or carachias, 104, 255.
Λαμπυρὶς or πυγολαμπὶς, glow-worm, Lampyris notiluca, see Πυγολαμπὶς.
Λάρος, gull or cormorant, Larus canus and marinus, Sterna, 45; colour, 203; a white kind, _ib._; hostile to the brenthus and harpa, 232.
Λάταξ, beaver, Castor fiber, 3, 205.
Λάχανα, potherbs, 217.
Λειόβατος, skate, Raia Batis, 40, 151.
Λεπιδωτοὶ, scaly fishes, see Πλωτοὶ.
Λευκερώδιος, white heron, Platalea leucerodia, 203.
Λεύκη, probably the unopened flower-bud of the grape, or Populus alba, 121.
Λεύκος, Ardea argentata, 233.
existing in one district of Europe, 226; Syrian Lions, 176; mane and teeth, _ib._; food, 205; habits, 271, 272; two kinds described, 272.
Λιβανώτις, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosemary, 183.
Λίβυος, a bird, enemy of the woodpecker, 232.
Λίγυες, Lygians who are said to have seven ribs, 16.
Λιμνόστρεα, oysters, Ostrea edulis, 82, 117; small crustaceans in them, _ib._ Λόκαλος, a species of heron, Ciconia dubia, 45.
Λόφουρα, animals with hairy tails, horse, ass, &c., 11, 16, 19, 30.
Λὺγξ, Lynx, Felis Lynx, 28, 29, 102.
Λύκιος, a kind of Jackdaw or chough, Corvus monedula, C.
pyrrocorax, 248.
Λύκος, wolf, Canis lupus, 6, 29; eats grass and earth, 204; Egyptian, 226; attacks the ass, bull, and fox, 232; near the lake Mæotis, 254.
Λύκος, a kind of spider, Aranea tarantula, _Strack_, 259.
Λύρα, a fish, Trigla Lyra, 95.
Μαινὶς, sprat or sardine, Sparus mœna, μαινίδια, 157, 158, 159; when the males are called tragi, 228; gregarious, 234.
Μαλάκια, the class of cephalopod mollusks, one species which occupies a shell is probably Camarina mediterranea, _Spratt's Lycia_, 8, 10, 19, 73, 87; why they imbibe water, 196; best for food when they have ova, 228.
Μαλακοκρανεὺς, perhaps Loxia pyrrhula, _Schneider_, 248.
imbibe water, 196; omnivorous, 198; best for food when they have ova, 228.
Μαρτιχόρα, a fabulous animal, 30.
Μελαγκόρυφος, probably blackcap, Parus ater, or Muscicarpa atricapilla, 202; food, eggs, nest and tongue, 246; in the autumn called Sycalis, 276.
Μελαναίετος, called also lagophonos, an eagle, Aquila melanaetus, Falco fulvus, 251.
Μελανοῦρος, a sea-fish, Sparus melanurus, 199.
Μελεαγρὶς, Guinea fowl, Meleagris Numidica, 139.
Μελίλωτος, plant, Melilotus officinalis, 266.
they sleep, 98; larva are called nymphæ, 124; reproduction, 127; drones, chiefs, also called mothers and kings, 28; three kinds of bees, _ib._; life, 130; white bees in plants, and other kinds, _ib._; food, 208; hybernate, 213; change their skins, 216; diseases, 225; industry, 258; habits, 260.
Μεμβρὰς, an inferior kind of anchovy, Clupea sardina, 158.
Μηδικὴ, a plant, medick grass, Medicago sativa, 71, 207, 268.
Μήκων, a gregarious fish, 234.
Μήκων, plant, poppy, 268.
Μηλολόνθη, cockchafer, Melolonthus aurata, 9, 88, 89, 125.
Μήρυξ, a fish like the Scarus, said to ruminate, Scarus Cretensis, 279.
Μίλτος, vermilion, 139.
Μίτυς, a substance used by bees to cover crevices in their hives, 261.
Μόρμυρος, a sea-fish, Sparus mormyrus, 159.
Μόρφνος, another name of the plangus, Falco nævius, 251.
Μυγαλῆ, shrew mouse, Sorex araneus, 223.
Μυῖα, house fly, Musca domestica, 9, 83, 89; omnivorous, 208.
Μύξων, a sea fish, perhaps some kind of mullet, 109, 159.
Μυοθῆραι ὄφεις, serpents that hunt mice, attacked by the weasel, 238.
food, 199; near the shore, 211; hybernates, 213; seizes the conger by the tail, 235.
Μύρινος or Μαρίνος, a sea-fish, 218.
Μύρμηξ, ant, Formica, 4; winged and wingless, 73, 93, 108; reproduction, 131; industry, 258, 260.
Μυῤῥίνη, myrtle, Myrtus communis, 266, 268.
Μῦς, mouse, Mus musculus. The Egyptian kind is probably Hierax, those said to walk on two feet are the Jerboa. The Pontic kind said to ruminate. Mus Citillus, _Schneider_, 5, 50; reproduction, 178; Persian, Egyptian, and many other kinds, _ib._; manner of drinking, 205; white mice in Pontus, 216; Arabian mice, 226; Lybian, _ib._; the Pontic mouse is said to ruminate, 278.
Μῦς, a bivalve mollusk, perhaps Mitylus, 82.
Μυστίκητος, a whale, Balæna mysticetus, 64.
Balænopterus musculus or Boops.
Μύωψ, horse-fly or gad-fly, Tabanus Cæcutiens, T. pluvialis, 9, 83, 89; origin, 126; death, 127; sucks blood, 208.
Ν Νάρκη, torpedo, Raia Torpedo, 37, 40, 104; reproduction and young, 109, 150, 151; habits, 275.
Ναυτίλος, cephalopod, the species adhering to its shell is probably the Nautilus Pompilius, another species Argonauta Argo, _Owen in Νεβρίαι γαλεοὶ, dog-fish, Squalus catulus, 149.
Νεβρὸς, fawn, 71.
Νεβροφόνος, a name of the pygargus, 251.
Νεκύδαλος, the larva of the silkworm, Bombyx, 124.
Νηρίτης, different littoral trochi, Trochus, Nerita, Haliotis, 85, 86, 94, 117, 118.
Νῆττα, duck, Anas Boschas, 45, 203.
Νηττοφόνος or Μόρφνος, 251; a name of the plangus.
Νισσαΐοι ἵπποι, Nisæan horses, 278.
Νυκτερὶς, bat, Vespertilio, 4, 9, 50.
Νυκτικόραξ, Ardea Nycticorax, Marabu, 45, 201, 210, 252.
Ξ Ξυλοφθόρος, insects in wood, Phryganea, Tinea graminella, 136.
Ο Ὄζολις, a cephalopod mollusk, the same as bolitæna, 76.
Οἰνάνθη, the flower of the vine, 121.
Οἰνάνθη, probably the name of some dark-coloured bird, 276.
Οἰνὰς, a wild pigeon, Columba migratoria, _Strack_, C. œnas, 111, 138, 203.
Ὄϊς, sheep, Ovis aries, 72; different kinds, 208.
Οἶστρος, gad fly, Tabanus corvinus, 3, 9, 83, 89; origin, 125; a blood sucker, 208; the marine species probably refers to certain parasites on fish, Lernæa brachialis, Phalangium balænarum, 135, 208, 212, 219.
Οἶστρος, a bird, perhaps Motacilla sibilatrix, or Trochilus, 202.
Ὁλοθούριον, probably an alga Spongodium, _Spratt's Lycia_, Holothuria or Salpa, 4.
not infested with lice or ticks, 135; food and drink, 207; diseases, 224; a foe to the Ægithus, 232; eats thorns, 233.
Ὄνος ὁ ἄγριος, the wild ass, 178; in Epirus, 71; the Indian ass, perhaps Rhinoceros, 28.
Ὄνος, fish, perhaps Raia squatina, _Strack_, Gadus mustela, 214, 255.
Ὄνος, woodlouse, Oniscus asellus, 135.
Ὀρεινὸς, a species of titmouse, Parus Ater, 202.
Ὀρειπέλαργος, Grypaetus Barbatus, _Strack_, 251.
females and reproduction, 163, 172, 173; food and drink, 207.
Ὀρίγανος, plant, Origanum, 238.
Ὄρκυς, a large kind of tunny, Scomber ala longa, 109.
Ὄρνις, domestic fowl, see ἀλεκτόρις and ἀλεκτρυὼν.
Ὄροβος, tares, Orobus, Ervum ervilia, 71, 191.
Ὀρόσπιζος, mountain finch, Fringilla montifringilla, _Strack_, 202.
Ὀρσοδάκνη, an insect that eats the buds of plants, Chrysomela oleracea, 126.
Ὀρτυγομήτρα, perhaps Land rail, Rallus Crex, 210.
Ὄρτυξ, quail, Coturnix Vulgaris, 40, 45; nest, 146, 240; migration, 210; does not perch on trees, 242.
Ὄρυξ, Nilghau, Antilope picta, or Antilope Oryx, 27.
Ὀρχιλος, a bird, Charadrius minor, 232.
compared with plants, 195; hybernate, 213; best for food when they have ova, 228.
different kinds, 73; origin, 117; have an anus, 198; τά ὀστρεώδη, testacea, 228.
Ὄστρειον, the shell used by painters, 118.
Οὖραξ, Otis houbara, 139.
Οὖς θαλάττιον, sea ear, perhaps Haliotis, 84.
Ὀφίδιον, a small serpent, found in the plant silphium, 227; a small serpent, Coluber ammodytes, or C. Æsculapii, _Strack_, _ib._; an Indian serpent, whose bite is fatal, _ib._ Ὄφις, serpent, 5; winged serpent in Æthiopia, perhaps Draco volans, 9; a horned serpent in Egypt, Coluber cerastes, 28; marine serpents, Muræna ophis, or Ammodytes tobianus, _Strack_, 38, 255; there are many kinds.
Their hissing, 96; the female larger, 100; change their skin, 121, 216; omnivorous, 204; hybernate, 213; a large kind in Lybia, Boa constrictor, 226; the blind serpent, Anguis fragilis, 223.
Ὄφριος, Labrus Anthia, 109.
Π Πάγουρος, probably the common hermit-crab, Pagurus Bernhardi, 77.
Πανθὴρ, panther, Felis Panthera, 177.
Παρδάλια, 34; perhaps the spots on the Leopard's skin: an unknown animal, _L. and S. Lex_.
Παρδαλίαγχες, a plant poisonous to the Leopard, perhaps aconite, Doronicum pardalianches, or aconitum Napellus, 238.
Πάρδαλις, Leopard, Felis Leopardus, 5, 27, 29, 30; Asiatic, 226; the female more bold than the male, 230; hunts by scent, 238.
Πάρδαλος, a bird, perhaps Sturnus Vulgaris, Starling. Tringa Πάρδιον, see ἱππάρδιον, Giraffe.
Πελαργὸς, stork, Ardea Ciconia, 203, 215; when wounded applies origanum to its wounds, 238; said to be fed by its young, 245.
Πελειὰς, a kind of dove, distinct from περίστερα, 111; migratory, 210.
Πελεκᾶν, Pelecan, Pelecanus onocrotalus, migrates from the Strymon, 209; gregarious, 210; Πέλλος, black heron, Ardea cinerea, 233, 247.
Πέρδιξ, partridge, Perdix cinerea, and rufa, Tetrao Perdix and life, 145, 240; eats snails, 255; dusts itself, 277.
differs from πελειὰς, 111; food, 202; not migratory, 210; habits, 239, 240; those used for lures are blinded, 240; wash and dust themselves, 277.
Περιστοειδῆ, the class of pigeon-like birds, 111, 144, 202.
Πέρκη, perch, Perca fluviatilis, 38, 44, 155, 214.
Περκνόπτερος, dusky eagle, Vultur percnopterus or Gypaietos barbatus, or Falco barbatus, 251.
Πέρκος, grey hawk, Falco subbuteo, 253.
Πέρνης or πτερνὶς, a kind of hawk.
Πεύκη, pine tree, 126.
Πήγανον, rue, Ruta graveolens, 238.
Πηλαμὶς, a tunny fish of a year old, Scomber Thynnus, 4; reproduction, 108; where found, 109; the tunny a year older than the pelamys, 157, 160; migrate to the Pontus, 211; gregarious, 235.
Πηνέλοψ, a kind of duck, Anas Penelope, 203.
Πηνίον, some species of larva, Phalænæ geometræ, 124.
Πιθηκοειδῆ, the ape tribe, 26.
Πίθηκος, ape, Simia Sylvanus, 32.
Πίκρις, a bitter herb, endive, Chicorium intybus, or Helminthia Echionella, 238.
Πίννα, the genus Pinna, 82, 117, 118, 195.
Πιννοθήρης or πιννοτήρης, and πιννοφύλαξ, small crustaceans living in shells and sponges, Pinnotheres veterum, 117.
Πίπος, πίπρα, πιπὼ, woodpecker, Picus viridis, major, minor, 202, 232, 248.
Πισσόκηρος, bees' wax, 261.
Πίφηξ or πίφιγξ, Alauda trivialis, 234.
Πλάγγος, a species of eagle, Aquila albicilla, 251.
Πλόμος or φλόμος, mullein, Verbascum thapsus, fatal to fish, 220.
Πλωτοὶ, certain fish, as the cestreus and labrax, 153, 228, 256, 273; also of birds, 35.
Πνεύμων, a marine animal of low organization, 118.
Πόα Μηδικὴ and Συρία, Medicago sativa, and lupulina, 268.
Ποικιλὶς, perhaps Fringilla Carduelis or Œnanthe, 232.
Πολύπους, Octopus, _Spratt's Lycia_, Sepia octopodia, a small variegated kind, has not been determined, _Owen_, 9, 73, 74, 76; several kinds, 73, 258; destroys the lobster, 198; is destroyed by the conger, _ib._; food, 199; when good for food, 228; ink, 75, 257; changes its colour, _ib._; grows lean, _ib._; goes upon shore, 258.
Πορφύρα, Murex trunculus, _Spratt's Lycia_, and probably some other several kinds, 116, 117; said to obtain the purple from Algæ, 155; carnivorous, 200; Πορφυρίων, a bird with a long neck, Fulica porphyrion, _Strack_, 45, 206.
Πράσιον, a species of alga, perhaps Caulerpa prolifera, _Spratt's Lycia_, 199.
Πρασοκουρὶς, a grub which destroys leeks, Clerus apiarius, 126.
Πρέσβυς, the same as Trochilus, wren, 232, 244.
Πρημάδες, a kind of tunny, 214.
Πρίστις, perhaps the saw-fish, Squalus pristis, _Strack_, 152.
Πρόβατον, sheep, Ovis aries, 27, 29; in Epirus, 71, 72; voice of the ram, 96; dreams, 97; sheep-ticks, 134; food, 208; acorns injurious to sheep, 222; diseases, 223; Syrian sheep, 225; Egyptian, 226; habits, 235; hostile to bees, 261; ruminate, 279.
Πρὸξ, roe deer, Cervus Capriolus, 39, 58, 67.
Πτελέα, elm, Ulmus campestris, 206.
Πτερνὶς, a species of hawk, 253.
Πτὺγξ, or πώϋξ, a water-bird, 244.
Πύγαργος, a kind of eagle, perhaps Circus Cyaneus, hen harrier, 146, 250; Πυγολαμπὶς, glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca, 73, 125.
Πυραλὶς, a bird, enemy of the turtle dove, 232.
Πυραύστης, a moth, Tinea mellonella, _Strack_, 225.
Πυῤῥούλας, a red bird, Loxia pyrrula, or enucleator, 202.
Πώϋξ, a bird living in marshes, Ardea purpurea, 247.
Ρ Ῥαφάνος, cabbage or radish, 124.
Ῥητίνη, resin, 248.
Ῥίνη, a species of shark, Squalus Squatina, _Strack_, 49; mode of taking its prey, 255; changes its colour, 257.
Ῥινόβατης, Raia rhinobatus, a cartilaginous fish, 151.
Ῥυάδες, fish that swim in shoals, 93, 109, 159, 211, 212.
Σ Σαθέριον, a kind of otter or beaver, Lutra Luteola, _Strack_, 205.
Σαλαμάνδρα, salamander, Lacerta Salamandra, 126.
Σάλπη, the genus Scomber, _Strack_, Sparus Salpa, 92; food, 201; lives in bays of the sea, 211; is not carnivorous, 256.
Σανδαράκη, red sulphuret of arsenic, 223; bee bread, 264.
Σαπείριον, σαπήριον or σατύριον, a plant, probably an orchid, Satyrian, 205.
Σαπερδὶς, a fresh-water fish, perhaps Accipenser hugo, 229.
Σαργῖνος, the sardine, migratory, Tetragonus niger, 231.
Σατύριον, Sorex moschatus, 205.
life, 204; hybernates, 213; change of skin, 216; Arabian lizards, 225, 252.
Σαύρος, Salmo Saurus, marine, 234.
Σειρῆν, a kind of wild bee or wasp, Megachile muraria, 260.
Σελάχη, the class of cartilaginous fishes, 7, 8, 14, 37, 38, 59, 60, 66; description of the class, 46, 48; sleep, 98; kinds, 99, 104; carnivorous, 199; marine, 211; hybernate, 214; male and female, 257.
Σέσελις, an umbelliferous plant, Seseli tortuosum, 236.
food, 199; the male protects the female when wounded, 231; emission of the ink, 257; said to change its colour, _ib._ Σὴς, various kinds of moths in clothes, in beehives, in books, 135.
Σικύη, a kind of long gourd, 246.
Σικύος, gourd or cucumber, Cucurbita lagenaria, 206.
Σίλφη, a stinking insect, Blatta orientalis, or Lepisma, _Strack_, 216.
Σίλφιον, a plant, perhaps Assafœtida, Laserpitium, or Thapsus Silphium, 227.
Σινόδων, or συνόδων, a carnivorous fish, Tetraodon hispidus, or mola, Σίττη, a kind of woodpecker, or perhaps Sitta Europœa, creeper, 233, 247.
Σιττάκη or ψιττάκη, parrot, Psittacus erithacus.
Σκάρος, a sea-fish, supposed by the ancients to ruminate, Scarus has not sharp teeth, 38, 44; food, 199; appears to ruminate, 200, 256, 278.
Σκίλλη, Scilla maritima, 133.
Σκολόπαξ, perhaps the woodcock, Scolopax rusticola, 242.
Σκολόπενδρα, Scolopendra morsitans, Centipede, 8; the marine kinds Nereis or Aphrodite, A. aculeata, 38, 88, 255.
Σκομβρίας, σκόμβρος, fish allied to the tunny, mackerel, Scomber Σκορδύλη or κορδύλη, the young tunny, 160.
Σκορπὶς, a sea-fish, Scorpæna porcus, 109.
Σκορπιῶδες, a small creature in books, Phalangium Cancroides, 89, 135.
Σκυλίον, dog-fish, Squalus Stellaris, S. canicula, 149, 151.
Σκύλλαρος or κύλλαρος, a kind of hermit-crab, 85.
Σκωλήκιον, a worm that eats wood, 136; a small intestinal worm in fish, 159; an insect in honey-combs, 266.
Σκώληξ, worm, especially the earthworm, 8, 123.
Σκὼψ, the screech-owl, Strix Scops, Strix Otus, 201, 249.
Σμαρὶς, a poor sea-fish, Sparus smaris, 228.
Σμύξον, see μύξων. Σμύραινα, see μύραινα. Σμύρος, see μύρος.
Σπάρτον, a shrub, broom, Genista, Stipa tenacissima, 266.
Σπάταγος, Spatangus, sea-egg, 86.
Σπίζα, finch, Fringilla, 35; eats worms, 202; habitation, 240.
Σπιζίας, sparrow-hawk, Falco Nisus, 201, 253.
Σπιζίτης, a kind of titmouse, Parus ater or major, 202.
Σπόγγος, sponge, Spongia officinalis, 3; growth, 118; three kinds, _ib._; very like a plant, 195; pores in sponges, 246.
Σπονδύλη or σφονδύλη, probably a kind of beetle, living in the roots of plants, Carabus, 107, 223, 252.
Σταφυλῖνος, an insect like the Sphondyle, Staphylinus murinus, 223.
Στρόμβος, Turbinated shells, Helix, Turbo, &c., 13, 85, 86, 118.
Στρομβώδη, univalve mollusks, 85, 86; on land and marine, 84; have an operculum, 117.
Στρουθὸς, sparrow, Fringilla domestica, 40, 45, 64, 102; eats worms, 202; the hens are said to live longer, 240; compared with the Halcyon, 245; washes and dusts itself, 277; in Lybia, ostrich, Struthiocamelus, 246.
Στρουθὸς, a flat fish, Pleuronectes passer, 40.
Στύραξ, the gum storax, Storax officinalis, 93.
Συκαλὶς, fig-pecker, Italian beccafico, the melancoryphus in its summer plumage, Motacilla Atricapilla, or Parus ater, _Strack_, Sylvia fidecula, 202, 276.
Συκάμινον, the fruit of the mulberry tree, 221.
Σῦκα, figs, used for feeding swine, 206, 221.
Συκῶν κάμπαι, a caterpillar in figs, 126.
Σύμφυτον, a plant, Symphytun officinale, comfrey, or gypsophila