" For if by one man's offence death reigned Dy one; much more they which receive abun- dance of grace and of righteousness shall reign n life by one, even Jesus Christ." ' Why did ieath reign on account of the sin of one, unless t was that men were bound by the chain of ieath in that one man in whom all men sinned, n-en though they added no sins of their own? Dtherwise it was not on account of the sin of Dne that death reigned through one; rather it >vas on account of the manifold offences of many, [operating] through each individual sinner. For f the reason why men have died for the trans- gression of another be, that they have imitated lim by following him as their predecessor in ;ransgression, it must even result, and /'^<^/" much iiore," that that one died on account of the trans- gression of another, whom the devil so preceded n transgression as himself to persuade him to commit the transgression. Adam, however, used 10 influence to persuade his followers; and the iiany who are said to have imitated him have, n fact, either not heard of his existence at all ir of his having committed any such sin as is iscribed to him, or altogether disbelieve it. liow much more correctly, therefore, as I have xlready remarked,^ would the apostle have set ' Rom. V. 17.
^ See above, ch. 9.
forth the devil as the author, from which "■ one " he would say that sin and death had passed upon all, if he had in this passage meant to speak, not of propagation, but of imitation? For there is much stronger reason for saying that Adam is an imitator of, the devil, since he had in him an actual instigator to sin; if one may be an imitator even of him who has never used any such persuasion, or of whom he is absolutely ignorant. But what is implied in the clause, " They which receive abundance of grace and righteousness," but that the grace of remission is given not only to that sin in which all have smned, but to those offences likewise which men have actually committed besides; and that on these [men] so great a righteousness is freely bestowed, that, although Adam gave way to him who persuaded him to sin, they do not yield even to the coercion of the same tempter? Again, what mean the words, " Much more shall they reign in life," when the fact is, that the reign of death drags many more down to eternal punishment, unless we understand those to be really mentioned in both clauses, who pass from Adam to Christ, in other words, from death to life; because in the life eternal they shall reign without end, and thus exceed the reign of death which has prevailed within them only temporarily and with a termination?
CHAP. 18. — ONLY CHRIST JUSTIFIES.
" Therefore as by the offence of one upon all men to condemnation, even so by the justifica- tion of One upon all men unto justification of hfe." 3 This " offence of one," if we are bent on " imitation," can only be the devil's offence. Since, however, it is manifestly spoken in refer- ence to Adam and not the devil, it follows that we have no other alternative than to understand the principle of natural propagation, and not that of imitation, to be here implied, [xiv.] Now when he says in reference to Christ, " By the justification of one," he has more expressly stated our doctrine than if he were to say, " By the righteousness of one; " inasmuch as he men- tions that justification whereby Christ justifies the ungodly, and which he did not propose as an object of imitation, for He alone is capable of effecting this. Now it was quite competent for the apostle to say, and to say rightly: " Be ye imitators of me, as I also am of Christ; " '* but he could never say: Be ye justified by me, as I also am by Christ; — since there may be, and indeed actually are and have been, many who were right- eous and worthy of imitation; but no one is right- eous and a justifier but Christ alone. Whence it is said: "To the man that believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted 3 Rom. V. 18.
22 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Book I.
for righteousness." ' Now if any man had it in his power con(idently to declare, " I justify you," it would necessarily follow that he could also say, " Believe in me." But it has never been in the power of any of the saints of God to say this except the Saint of saints,- who said: " Ye be- lieve in God, believe also in me;" ^ so that, inas- much as it is He that justifies the ungodly, to the man who believes in him that justifieth the ungodly his faith is imputed for righteousness.
CHAP. 19 [XV.] SIN IS FROM NATURAL DESCENT, AS RIGHTEOUSNESS IS FROM REGENERATION; HOW " ALL " ARE SINNERS THROUGH ADAM, AND "all" are just THROUGH CHRIST.
Now if it is imitation only that makes men sinners through Adam, why does not imitation likewise alone make men righteous through Christ? " For," he says, " as by the offence of one upon all men to condemnation; even so by the justification of one upon all men unto justifi- cation of life." •» [On the theory of imitation], then, the ''one" and the " o//e," here, must not be regarded as Adam and Christ, but Adam and Abel. For although many sinners have preceded us in the time of this present life, and have been imitated in- their sin by those who have sinned at a later date, yet they will have it, that only Adam is mentioned as he in whom all have sinned by imitation, since he was the first of men who sinned. And on the same principle, Abel ought certainly to have been mentioned, as he " in which one " all likewise are justified by imitation, inasmuch as he was himself the first man who lived justly. If, however, it be thought necessary to take into the account some critical period having relation to the beginning of the New Testament, and Christ be taken as the leader of the righteous and the object of their imitation, then Judas, who betrayed Him, ought to be set down as the leader of the class of sinners. Moreover, if Christ alone is He in whom all men are justified, on the ground that it is not simply tlie imitadonof His example which makes men just, but His grace which regenerates men by the Spirit, then also Adam is the only one in whom all have sinned, on the ground that it is not the mere following of his evil example that makes men sinners, but the penalty which gener- ates through the flesh. Hence the terms " a// men " and " all mcnr For not they who are generated through Adam are actually the very same as those who are regenerated through Christ; but yet the language of the apostle is strictly correct, because as none partakes of car- nal generation except through Adam, so no one shares in the spiritual except through Christ.
' Rom. iv. 5.
" Sanctus sanctorum.
3 John xiv. I.
* Rom. V. 18.
For if any could be generated in the flesh, yet not by Adam; and if in like manner any could be generated in the Spirit, and not by Christ; clearly " all " could not be spoken of either in the one class or in the other. But these "d://"5 the apostle afterwards describes as " many; " ^ for obviously, under certain circum- stances, the " all " may be but a few. The car- nal generation, however, embraces " many," and the spiritual generation also includes " many; " although the " many " of the spiritual are less numerous than the " many " of the carnal. But as the one embraces all men whatever, so the other includes all righteous men; because as in the former case none can be a man without the carnal generation, so in the other class no one can be a righteous man without the spiritual generation; in both instances, therefore, there are " many: " " For as by the disobedience of one man fnany were made sinners, so by the obe- dience of one shall many be made righteous." ^ CHAP. 20. — ORIGINAL SIN ALONE IS CONTRACTED BY NATURAL BIRTH.
" Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound." ^ This addition to original sin men now made of their own wilfulness, not through Adam; but even this is done away and remedied by Christ, because "where sin abound- ed, grace did much more abound; that as sin hath reigned unto death "9 — even that sin which men have not derived from Adam, but have added of their own will — " even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life." ' There is, however, other righteousness apart from Christ, as there are other sins apart from Adam. Therefore, after saying, " As sin hath reigned unto death," he did not add in the same clause " l^y one," or " by Adam," because he had already spoken of that sin which was abounding when the law entered, and which, of course, was not original sin, but the sin of man's own wilful commission. But after he has said: " Even so might grace also reign through righteousness unto eternal life," he at once adds, " through Jesus Christ our Lord; " 9 because, whilst by the generation of the flesh only that sin is contracted which is original; yet by the regeneration of the Spirit there is effected the remission not of origi- nal sin only, but also of the sins of man's own voluntary and actual commission.
CHAP. 21 [XVI.] — UNBAPTIZED INFANTS DAMNED, BUT MOST LIGHTLY; ■" THE PENALTY OF ADAM'S SIN, THE GRACE OF HIS BODY LOST.
It may therefore be correctly affirmed, that s The word is " all " in ver. i8.
6 See ver. ig.
Chap. 23.]
ON FORGIVENESS OF SINS, AND BAPTISM.
23 such infants as quit the body without being bap- tized will be involved in the mildest condem- nation of all. That person, therefore, greatly deceives both himself and others, who teaches that they will not be involved in condemnation; whereas the apostle says: " Judgment from one offence to condemnation," ' and again a little after: " By the offence of one upon all persons to condemnation." ^ When, indeed, Adam sinned by not obeying God, then his body — although it was a natural and mortal body — lost the grace whereby it used in every part of it to be obedient to the soul. Then there arose in men affections common to the brutes which are productive of shame, and which made man ashamed of his own nakedness. ^ Then also, by a certain disease which was conceived in men from a suddenly injected and pestilential corrup- tion, it was brought about that they lost that sta- bility of life in which they were created, and, by reason of the mutations which they experienced in the stages of life, issued at last in death. However many were the years they lived in their subsequent life, yet they began to die on the day when they receiv^ed the law of death, because they kept verging towards old age. For that possesses not even a moment's stability, but glides away without intermission, which by con- stant change perceptibly advances to an end which does not produce perfection, but utter exhaustion. Thus, then, was fulfilled what God had spoken: " In the day that ye eat thereof, ye shall surely die." "* As a consequence, then, of this disobedience of the flesh and this law of sin and death, whoever is born of the flesh has need of spiritual regeneration — not only that he rnay reach the kingdom of God, but also that he may be freed from the damnation of sin. Hence men are on the one hand born in the flesh liable to sin and death from the first Adam, and on the other hand are born again in baptism associated with the righteousness and eternal life of the second Adam; even as it is written in the book of Ecclesiasticus: " Of the woman came the beginning of sin, and through her we all die." 5 Now whether it be said of the woman or of Adam, both statements pertain to the first man; since (as we know) the woman is of the man, and the two are one flesh. Whence also it is written: " And they twain shall be one flesh; wherefore," the Lord says, " they are no more twain, but one flesh." ^ CHAP. 22 [XVII.] — TO INFANTS PERSONAL SU^ IS NOT TO BE ATTRIBUTED. " They, therefore, who say that the reason why ^ Rom. V. 16.
2 Ver. 18.
3 Gen. iii. lo. * Gen. ii. 17.
infants are baptized, is, that they may have the remission of the sin which they have themselves committed in their life, not what they have derived from Adam, may be refuted without much difficulty. For whenever these persons shall have reflected within themselves a little, uninfluenced by any polemical spirit, on the absurdity of their statement, how unworthy it is, in fact, of serious discussion, they will at once change their opinion. But if they will not do this, we shall not so completely despair of men's common sense, as to have any fears that they will induce others to adoj)t their views. They are themselves driven to adopt their opinion, if I am not mistaken, by their prejudice for some other theory; and it is because they feel them- selves obliged to allow that sins are remitted to the baptized, and are unwilling to allow that the sin was derived from Adam which they admit to be remitted to infants, that they have been obliged to charge infancy itself with actual sin; as if by bringing this charge against infancy a man could become the more secure himself, when accused and unable to answer his assailant! However, let us, as I suggested, pass by such opponents as these; indeed, we require neither words nor quotations of Scripture to prove the sinlessness of infants, so far as their conduct in life is con- cerned; this life they spend, such is the recency of their birth, within their very selves, since it escapes the cognizance of human perception, which has no data or support whereon to sustain any controversy on the subject.
CHAP. 23 [XVIII.] — HE REFUTES THOSE WHO ALLEGE THAT INFANTS ARE BAPTIZED NOT FOR THE REMISSION OF SINS, BUT FOR THE OBTAIN- ING OF THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN. 7 But those persons raise a question, and appear to adduce an argument deserving of considera- tion and discussion, who say that new-born in- fants receive baptism not for the remission of sin, but that, since their procreation is not spir- itual, they may be created in Christ, and become partakers of the kingdom of heaven, and by the same means children and heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ. And yet, when you ask them, whether those that are not baptized, and are not made joint-heirs with Christ and par- takers of the kingdom of heaven, have at any rate the blessing of eternal life in the resurrec- tion of the dead, they are extremely perplexed, and find no way out of their difficulty. For what Christian is there who would allow it to be said, that any one could attain to eternal salva- tion without being born again in Christ, — [a result] which He meant to be effected through baptism, at the very time when such a sacrament 294.
' See below, c. 26; also De Peccato orig. c. 19-24; also Serm.
24 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Book I.
was purposely instituted for regenerating in the hope of eternal salvation? ^Vhence the apostle says: " Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us by the laver ' of regeneration." ^ This salva- tion, however, he says, consists in hope, while we live here below, where he says, " For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope; for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for? But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it." ^ Who then could be so bold as to affirm, that without the regeneration of which the apostle speaks, infants could attain to eternal salvation, as if Christ died not for them? For "Christ died for the ungodly." •♦ As for them, however, who (as is manifest) never did an ungodly act in all their own life, if also they are not bound by any bond of sin in their original nature, how did He die for them, who died for the ungodly? If they were hurt by no malady of original sin, how is it they are carried to the Physician Christ, for the express purpose of receiving the sacrament of eternal salvation, by the pious anxiety of those who run to Him? Why rather is it not said to them in the Church: Take hence these innocents: "they that are whole need not a physi- cian, but they that are sick;" — Christ "came not to call the righteous, but sinners? " 5 There never has been heard, there never is heard, there never will be heard in the Church, such a fiction concerning Christ.
CHAP. 24 [XIX.] — INFANTS SAVED AS SINNERS.
And let no one suppose that infants ought to be brought to baptism, on the ground that, as they are not sinners, so they are not righteous; how then do some remind us that the Lord commends this tender age as meritorious; saying, " Suffer the little children to come unto me, and for- bid them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven? " ^ For if this [" of such "] is not said because of likeness in humiUty (since humility makes [us] children), but because of the lauda- ble life of children, then of course infants must be righteous persons; otherwise, it could not be correctly said, " Of such is the kingdom of heaven," for heaven can only belong to the righteous. But perhaps, after all, it is not a right opinion of the meaning of the Lord's words, to make Him commend the life of infants when He says, "Of such is the kingdom of heaven; " in- asmuch as that may be their true sense, which makes Christ adduce the tender age of infancy as a likeness of humility. Even so, however, ' Lavacrum.
2 Tit. iii. 5.
perhaps we must revert to the tenet which I mentioned just now, tliat infants ought to be bap- tized, because, although they are not sinners, they are yet not righteous. But when He had said: " I came not to call the righteous," as if responding to this. Whom, then, didst Thou come to call? immediately He goes on to say: " — but sinners to repentance." Therefore it follows, that, how- ever righteous they may be, if also they are not sinners, He came not to call them, who said of Himself: " I came not to call the righteous, but sinners." They therefore seem, not vainly only, but even wickedly to rush to the baptism of Him who does not invite them, — an opinion which God forbid that we should entertain. He calls them, then, as a Physician who is not needed for those that are whole, but for those that are sick; and who came not to call the righteous, but sin- ners to repentance. Now, inasmuch as infants are not held bound by any sins of their own actual life, it is the guilt of original sin which is healed in them by the grace of Him who saves them by the laver of regeneration.
CHAP. 25. INFANTS ARE DESCRIBED AS BELIEV- ERS AND AS PENITENTS. SINS ALONE SEPARATE BETWEEN GOD AND MEN.
Some one will say: How then are mere infants called to repentance? How can such as they repent of anything? The answer to this is: If they must not be called penitents because they have not the sense of repenting, neither must they be called believers, because they likewise have not the sense of believing. But if they are rightly called believers, 7 because they in a certain sense profess faith by the words of their parents, why are they not also held to be before that penitents when they are shown to renounce the devil and this world by the profession again of the same parents? The whole of this is done in hope, in the strength of the sacrament and of the divine grace which the Lord has bestowed upon the Church. But yet who knows not that the bap- tized infant fails to be benefited from what he received as a little child, if on coming to years of reason he fails to believe and to abstain from unlawful desires? If, however, the infant de- parts from the present life after he has received baptism, the guilt in which he was involved by original sin being done away, he shall be made perfect in that light of truth, which, remaining unchangeable for evermore, illumines the justi- fied in the presence of their Creator. For sins alone separate between men and God; and these are done away by Christ's grace, through whom, as Mediator, we are reconciled, when He justifies the ungodly.
7 See below, c. 26 and 40; also Book iii. c. 2; also Epist. 98, and Sertn. 294.
Chap. 29.]
ON FORGIVENESS OF SINS, AND BAPTISM.
25 CHAP. 26 [XX.] NO ONE, EXCEPT HE BE BAP- TIZED, RIGHTLY COMES TO THE TABLE OF THE LORD.
Now they take alarm from the statement of the Lord, when He says, " Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God; " ' because in His own explanation of the passage He affirms, " Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." 2 And so they try to ascribe to unbap- tized infants, by the merit of their innocence, the gift of salvation and eternal life, but at the same time, owing to their being unbaptized, to exclude them from the kingdom of heaven. But how novel and astonishing is such an assumption, as if there could possibly be salvation and eternal life without heirship with Christ, without the king- dom of heaven! Of course they have their refuge, whither to escape and hide themselves, because the Lord does not say, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot have life, but — " he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." If indeed He had said the other, there could have risen not a moment's doubt. Well, then, let us remove the doubt; let us now listen to the Lord, and not to men's notions and conjectures; let us, I say, hear what the Lord says — not indeed con- cerning the sacrament of the laver, but concern- ing the sacrament of His own holy table, to which none but a baptized person has a right to approach: " Except ye eat my flesh and drink my blood, ye shall have no life in you." ^ What do we want more? What answer to this can be adduced, unless it be by that obstinacy which ever resists the constancy of manifest truth?