pressed in some such way as this: " Inasmuch as to be able to avoid sin is not of us, then, whether we wish it or do not wisli it, we are able to avoid sin! " He does not say, " Whether we wish it or do not wish it, we do not sin," — for we undoubtedly do sin, if we wish; — but yet he asserts that, whether we will or not, we liave the capacity of not sinning, — a capacity which Chap. 6o.]
ON NATURE AND GRACE.
141 he declares to be inherent in our nature. Of a man, indeed, who has his legs strong and sound, it may be said admissil)ly enough, " whether he will or not he has the capacity of walking; " but if his legs be broken, however much he may wish, he has not the capacity. The nature of which our author speaks is corrupted. " Why is dust and ashes proud? " ' It is corrupted. It implores the Physician's help. " Save me, O Lord," ^ is its cry; " Heal my soul," ^ it exclaims. Why does he check such cries so as to hinder future health, by insisting, as it were, on its present capacity?
CHAP. 58 [l.] — EVEN PIOUS AND GOD-FEARING MEN RESIST GRACE.
Observe also what remark he adds, by which he thinks that his position is confirmed: " No will," says he, " can take away that which is proved to be inseparably implanted in nature." Whence then comes that utterance: " So then ye cannot do the things that ye would?"'* Whence also this: " For what good I would, that I do not; but what evil I hate, that do I? "5 Where is that capacity which is proved to be inseparably implanted in nature? See, it is human beings who do not what they will; and it is about not sinning, certainly, that he was treat- ing, — not about not flying, because it was men, not birds, that formed his subject. Behold, it is man wlio does not the good which he would, but does the evil which he would not: " to will is present with him, but how to perform that which is good is not present." ^ Where is the capacity which is proved to be inseparably im- planted in nature? For whomsoever the apostle represents by himself, if he does not speak these things of his own self, he certainly represents a man by himself. By our author, however, it is maintamed that our human nature actually pos- sesses an mseparable capacity of not at all sin- nmg. Such a statement, however, even when made by a man who knows not the effect of his words (but this ignorance is hardly attributable to the man who suggests these statements for un- wary though God-fearing men), causes the grace of Christ to be " made of none effect," ^ since it is pretended that human nature is sufficient for its own holiness and justification.
CHAP. 59 [lI.] IN WHAT SENSE PEL.'\GIUS AT- TRIBUTED TO god's GRACE THE CAPACITY OF NOT SINNING.
In order, however, to escape from the odium wherewith Christians guard their salvation, he parries their question when they ask him, " Why do you affirm that man without the help of God's * Gal. V. 17. 5 Rom. vii. 15. 6 Rom. vii. iS.
7 I Cor. i. 17. Another reaclinsj h.is crux Chri'sti itisteaj of " Christ! gratia," thus closely adopting the apostle's words.
grace is able to avoid sin?" by saying, "The actual capacity of not sinning lies not so much in the power of will as in the necessity of nature. Whatever is placed in the necessity of nature un- doubtedly appertains to the Author of nature, that is, God. How then," says he, "can that be regarded as spoken without the grace of (iod which is shown to belong in an especial manner to God?" Here the opinion is expressed which all along was kept in the background; there is, in fact, no way of permanently concealing such a doctrine. The reason why he attributes to the grace of God the capacity of not sinning is, that God is the Author of nature, in which, he declares, this capacity of avoiding sin is insep- arably implanted. VVhenever He wills a thing, no doubt He does it; and what He wills not, that He does not. Now, wherever there is this inseparable capacity, there cannot accrue any infirmity of the will; or rather, there cannot be both a presence of will and a failure in " per- formance." ^ This, then, being the case, how comes it to pass that " to will is present, but how to perform that which is good " is not pres- ent? Now, if the author of the work we are discussing spoke of that nature of man, which was in the beginning created faultless and per- fect, in whatever sense his dictum be taken, "that it has an inseparable capacity," — that is, so to say, one which cannot be lost, — then that nature ought not to have been mentioned at all which could be corrupted, and which could re- quire a physician to cure the eyes of the blind, and restore that capacity of seeing which had been lost through blindness. For I suppose a blind man would like to see, but is unable; but, whenever a man wishes to do a thing and cannot, there is present to him the will, but he has lost the capacity.
CHAP. 60 [lII.] — PELAGIUS AD^^TS " CONTR.ARY FLESH " IN THE UNBAPTIZED.
See what obstacles he still attempts to break through, if possible, in order to introduce his own opinion. He raises a question for himself in these terms: " But you will tell me that, ac- cording to the apostle, the flesh is contrary •♦ to us; " and then answers it in this wise: " How can it be that in the case of any baptized person the flesh is contrary to him, when according to the same apostle he is understood not to be in the flesh? For he says, ' But ye are not in the flesh.' " * Very well; we shall soon see ^ whether it be really true that this says that in the baptized the flesh cannot be contrary to them; at present, however, as it was impossible for him quite to forget that he was a Christian (although his reminiscence on the point is l)ut slight), he has 8 Rom. viii. 9.
9 III the next chapter.
142 THE WORKS OP^ ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Chap. 6r.
quitted his defence of nature. Where then is that inseparable capacity of his? Are those who ' are not yet baptized not a part of human nature?, Well, now, here by all means, here at this point, | he might find his opportunity of awaking out of | his sleep; and he still has it if he is careful. " How can it be," he asks, " that in the case of j a baptized person the flesh is contrary to him?" j Therefore to the unbaptized the flesh can be contrary! Let him tell us how: for even in 1 these there is that nature which has been so ' stoutly defended by him. However, in these he j does certainly allow that nature is corrupted, j inasmuch as it was only among the baptized that | the wounded traveller left his inn sound and well, or rather remains sound in the inn whither the compassionate Samaritan carried him that he might become cured." Well, now, if he allows that the llesh is contrary even in these, let him tell us what has happened to occasion this, since the flesh and the spirit alike are the work of one and the same Creator, and are there- fore undoubtedly both of them good, because He is good, — unless indeed it be that damage w^hich has been inflicted by man's own will.
And that this may be repaired in our nature, there is need of that very Saviour from whose creative hand nature itself proceeded. Now, if we acknowledge that this Saviour, and that heal- j ing remedy of His by which the Word was made flesh in order to dwell among us, are required ' by small and great, — by the crying infant and | the hoary-headed man alike, — then, in fact, the j whole controversy of the point between us is j settled. j CHAP. 6 1 [lIII.] — PAUL ASSERTS THAT THE FLESH 1 IS CONTRARY EVEN IN THE BAPTIZED. | Now let us see whether we anywhere read about the flesh being contrary in the baptized also. And here, I ask, to whom did the apostle say, "The flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are con- trary the one to the other; so that ye do not the things that ye would? "^ He wrote this, I apprehend, to the Galatians, to whom he also says, " He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law or by the hearing of faith? "3 It appears, therefore, that it is to Christians that he speaks, to whom, too, God had given His Spirit: therefore, too, to the baptized. Observe, therefore, that even in baptized persons the flesh is found to be contrary; so that they have not that capacity which, our author says, is inseparably implanted in nature. Where then is the ground for his assertion, " How can it be that in the case of a baptized person the flesh is ' Luke X. 34.
Gal. V. 17.
3 Cal. iii. 5.
contrary to him?" in whatever sense he under- stands the flesh? Because in very deed it is not its nature that is good, but it is the carnal de- fects of the flesh which are expressly named in the passage before us.'* Yet observe, even in the baptized, how contrary is the flesh. And in what way contrary? So that, " They do not the things which they would." Take notice that the will is present in a man; but where is that " capacity of nature?" Let us confess that grace is neces- sary to us; let us cry out, " O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?" And let our answer be, " The grace of God, through Jesus Christ our, Lord! "5 CHAP. 62. — CONCERNING WH.AT GRACE OF GOD IS HERE UNDER DISCUSSION. THE UNGODLY MAN, WHEN DYING, IS NOT DELIVERED FROM CONCUPISCENCE.
Now, whereas it is most correctly asked in those words put to him, " Why do you affirm that man without the help of God's grace is able to avoid sin?" yet the inquiry did not concern that grace by which man was created, but only that w^hereby he is saved through Jesus Christ our Lord. Faithful men say in their prayer, " Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." "^ But if they already have capacity, why do they pray? Or, what is the evil which they pray to be delivered from, but, above all else, " the body of this death? " And from this nothing but God's grace alone delivers them, through our Lord Jesus Christ. Not of course from the substance of the body, which is good; but from its carnal offences, from which a man is not liberated except by the grace of the Saviour, — not even when he quits the body by the death of the body. If it was this that the apostle meant to declare, why had he previously said, " I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members? "7 Behold what damage the diso- bedience of the will has inflicted on man's nature! Let him be permitted to pray that he may be healed! Why need he presume so much on the capacity of his nature? It is wounded, hurt, damaged, destroyed. It is a true confession of its weakness, not a false de- fence of its capacity, that it stands in need of. It requires the grace of God, not that it may be made, but that it may be re-made. And this is the only grace which by our author is proclaimed to be unnecessary; because of this he is silent! If, indeed, he had said nothing at all about God's grace, and had not proposed to himself that question for solution, for the purpose of ■♦ See the context of Gal. v. 17, in verses 19-21.
S Rom. vii. 24, 25.
0 Matt.
VI. 13.
^ Rom. vii. 23.
Chap. 64.]
ON NATURE AND GRACE.
14: removing from himself the odium of this matter," it might have been thought that his view of the subject was consistent with the truth, only that he had refrained from mentioning it, on the ground that not on all occasions need we say all we think. He proposed the question of grace, and answered it in the way that he had in his heart; the question has been defined, — not in the way we wished, but according to the doubt we entertained as to what was his meaning.
CHAP. 63 [lIV.] DOES GOD CREATE CONTRA- RIES?
He next endeavours, by much quotation from the apostle, about which there is no controversy, to show " that the flesh is often mentioned by him in such a manner as proves him to mea^ not the substance, but the works of the flesh." What is this to the point? The defects of the flesh are contrary to the will of man; his nature is not accused; but a Physician is wanted for its defects. What signifies his question, " Who made man's spirit?" and his own answer there- to, "God, without a doubt?" Again he asks, "Who created the flesh?" and again answers, " The same God, I suppose." And yet a third question, " Is the God good who created both?" ] and the third answer, " Nobody doubts it." Once more a question, " Are not both good, since the good Creator made them?" and its answer, " It must be confessed that they are." And then follows his conclusion: " If, therefore, both the spirit is good, and the flesh is good, as made by the good Creator, how can it be that the two good things should be contrary to one another?" I need not say that the whole of this reasoning would be upset if one were to ask him, " ^Vho made heat and cold? " and he were to say in answer, " God, without a doubt." I do not ask the string of questions. Let him determine himself whether these conditions of climate may either be said to be not good, or else whether they do not seem to be contrary to each other. Here he will probably object, " These are not substances, but the qualities of substances." Very true, it is so. But still they are natural qualities, and undoubtedly belong to God's creation; and substances, indeed, are not said to be contrary to each other in themselves, but in their qualities, as water and fire. What if it be so too with flesh and spirit? We do not affirm it to be so; but, intorder to show that his argument terminates in a conclusion which does not necessarily follow, we have said so much as this. For it is quite possible for contraries not to be reciprocally opposed to each other, but rather by mutual action to temi)er health and render it good; just as, in our body, dryness • See above, ch. 59, sub init.
and moisture, cold and heat, — in the tempering of which altogether consists our bodily health. The fact, however, that " the flesh is contrary to the Spirit, so that we cannot do tiie tilings that we would," ^ is a defect, not nature. The Physi- cian's grace must be sought, and their controversy must end.
CHAP. 64. PELAGIUS' AD^^SSIO^J AS REGARDS THE UNBAPTIZED, FATAL.
Now, as touching these two good substances which the good God created, how, against the reasoning of this man, in the case of unbaptized persons, can they be contrary the one to the other? Will he be sorry to have said this too, which he admitted out of some regard to the Christians' faith? For when he asked, " How, in the case of any person who is already bap- tized, can it be that his flesh is contrary to him?" he intimated, of course, that in the case of un- baptized persons it is possible for the flesh to be contrary. For why insert the clause, " who is already baptized" when without such an addition he might have put his question thus: " How in the case of any person can the flesh be con- trary?" and when, in order to prove this, he might have subjoined that argument of his, that as both body and spirit are good (made as they are by the good Creator), they therefore cannot be contrary to each other? Now, suppose un- baptized persons (in whom, at any rate, he con- fesses that the flesh is contrary) were to ply him with his own arguments, and say to him, Who made man's spirit? he must answer, God. Sup- I pose they asked him again, A\'ho created the j flesh? and he answers. The same God, I believe.
, Suppose their third question to be. Is the God good who created both? and his reply to be. Nobody doubts it. Suppose once more they ' put to him his yet remaining inquiry. Are not both good, since the good Creator made them? and he confesses it. Then surely they will cut I his throat with his own sword, when they force j home his conclusion on him, and say: Since i therefore the spirit of man is good, and his flesh j good, as made by the good Creator, how can it be that the two being good should be contrary I to one another? Here, perhaps, he will reply: I beg your pardon, I ought not to have said that the flesh cannot be contrary to the spirit in any baptized person, as if I meant to imply that it is contrary in the unbaptized; but I ought to have made my statement general, to the effect that the flesh in no man's case is contrary. Now see into what a corner he drives himself. See what a man will say, who is unwilling to cry out with the apostle, " Who shall deliver me from the body of this death? The grace of God, through Jesus 2 Gal. V. 17.
144 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Chap. 65.
Christ our Lord." ' " But why," he asks, "should I so exclaim, who am already baptized in Christ? It is for them to cry out thus who have not yet received so great a benefit, whose words the apostle in a figure transferred to himself, — if indeed even they say so much." Well, this de- fence of nature does not permit even these to utter this exclamation! For in the baptized, there is no nature; and in the unbaptized, nature is not! Or if even in the one class it is allowed to be corrupted, so that it is not without reason | that men exclaim, " O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from this body of death? " to the other, too, help is brought in what follows: " The grace of God, through Jesus Christ our Lord; " then let it at last be granted that human nature stands in need of Christ for its Physician.
"this body of death," so CHAP. 65 [lV.]
CALLED FROM ITS DEFECT, NOT FROM ITS SUB- STANCE, Now, I ask, when did our nature lose that liberty, which he craves to be given to him when he says: " Who shall liberate me? " ^ For even he finds no fault with the substance of the flesh when he expresses his desire to be liberated from the body of this death, since the nature of the body, as well as of the soul, must be attributed to the good God as the author thereof. But what he speaks of undoubtedly concerns the offences of the body. Now from the body the death of the body separates us; whereas the offences contracted from the body remain, and their just punishment awaits them, as the rich man found in hell.^ From these it was that he was unable to liberate himself, who said: " Who shall liberate me from the body of this death? "^ But whensoever it was that he lost this liberty, at least there remains that " in- separable capacity " of nature, — he has the ability from natural resources, — he has the voli- tion from free will. Why does he seek the sac- rament of baptism? Is it because of past sins, in order that they may be forgiven, since they cannot be undone? ^Vell, suppose you acquit and release a man on these terms, he must still utter the old cry; for he not only wants to be mercifully let off from punishment for past offences, but to be strengthened and fortified against sinning for the time to come. For he " delights in the law of God, after the inward man; Init then he sees another law in his members, warring against the law of his mind." 4 Observe, he sees that there is, not recollects that there tvas. It is a present pressure, not a past memory. And he sees the other law not only "warring," but even "bringing him into captivity to the law of sin, which is " * Rom. vii. 24.
3 Luke xvi. 23.
(not which was) " in his members." s Hence comes that cry of his: '• O wretched man that I am! who shall liberate me from the body of this death?"- Let him pray, let him entreat for the help of the mighty Physician. \Miy gainsay that prayer? Why cry down that en- treaty? Why shall the unhappy suitor be hin- dered from begging for the mercy of Clirist, — and that too by Christians? For, it was even they who were accompanying Christ that tried to prevent the blind man, by clamouring him down, from begging for light; but even amidst the din and throng of the gainsayers He hears the suppliant; ^ whence the response: " The grace of God, through Jesus Christ out Lord." 7 CHAP. 66. — THE WORKS, NOT THE SUBSTANCE, OF THE " FLESH OPPOSED TO THE SPIRIT.
Now if we secure even this concession from them, that unbaptized persons may implore the assistance of the Saviour's grace, this is indeed no slight point against that fallacious assertion of the self-sufficiency of nature and of the power of free will. For he is not sufficient to himself who says, " O wretched man that I am! who shall liberate me?" Nor can he be said to have full liberty who still asks for liberation, [lvl] But let us, moreover, see to this point also, whether they who are baptized do the good which they would, without any resistance from the lust of the flesh. That, however, which we have to say on this subject, our author himself mentions, when concluding this topic he says: " As we remarked, the passage in which occur the words, 'The flesh lusteth against the Spirit,'* must needs have reference not to the substance, but to the works of the flesh." We too allege that this is spoken not of the substance of the flesh, but of its works, which proceed from carnal concupiscence, — in a word, from sin, concerning which we have this precept: " Not to let it reign in our mortal body, that we should obey it in the lusts thereof." 9 CHAP. 67 [lVIl] WHO M.AY BE SAID TO BE UNDER THE LAW.
But even our author should observe that it is to persons who have been already baptized that it was said: " The flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh, so that ye cannot do the things that ye would." ^ And lest he should make them slothful for the actual conflict, and should seem by this statement to have given them laxity in sinning, he goes on to tell them: " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are no longer under the law." '° For that man is under the law, who, from fear of the punishment which the law threatens, and not from any love for Chap. 70.]
ON NATURE AND GRACE.
145 righteousness, obliges himself to abstain from the work of sin, without being as yet free and re- moved from the desire of sinning. For it is in liis very will that he is guilty, whereby he would prefer, if it were possible, that what he dreads should not exist, in order that he might freely do what he secretly desires. Therefore he says, " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law," — even the law which inspires fear, but gives not love. For this " love is shed abroad in our hearts," not by the letter of the law, but "by the Holy Ghost, which is given unto us." ' This is the law of liberty, not of bondage; being the law of love, not of fear; and concern- ing it the Apostle James says: " Whoso looketh into the perfect law of Uberty." ^ Whence he, too, no longer indeed felt terrified by God's law as a slave, but delighted in it in the inward man, although still seeing another law in his members warring against the law of his mind. Accord- ingly he here says: " If ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law." So far, indeed, as any man is led by the Spirit, he is not under the law; because, so far as he rejoices in the law of God, he lives not in fear of the law, since " fear has torment," 3 not joy and delight.
CHAP. 68 [lVIII.] — DESPITE THE DEVIL, MAN MAY, BY god's HELP, BE PERFECTED.