virgins, but they are not also born of virgins. They are wholly chaste both in spirit and in flesh: but they are not the Word made flesh.13 And yet let them learn, not from those unto whom Thou forgivest sins, but from Thee Thyself, The Lamb of God Who takest away the sins of the world,14 in that Thou art " meek and lowly of heart."
5 Luke xix. 2-8.
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431 38. I send thee not, soul that art religiously chaste, that hast not given the reins to fleshly appetite even so far as to allowed marriage, that hast not indulged thy body about to de- part even to the begetting one to succeed thee, that hast sustained aloft thy earthly members, afloat to acccustom them to heaven; I send thee not, in order that thou mayest learn humility, unto publicans and sinners, who yet enter into the kingdom of heaven be- fore the proud: I send thee not to these: for they, who have been set free from the gulf of uncleanness, are unworthy that undefiled vir- ginity be sent to them to take pattern from. I send thee unto the King of Heaven, unto Him, by Whom men were created, and Who was created among men for the sake of men; unto Him, Who is fair of beauty above the sons of men,1 and despised by the sons of men on behalf of the sons of men: unto Him, Who, ruling the immortal angels, dis- dained not to do service unto mortals. Him, at any rate, not unrighteousness, but charity, made humble; " Charity, which rivalleth not, is not puffed up, seeketh not her own; " 2 for- asmuch as " Christ also pleased not Himself, but, as it is written of Him, The reproaches of such as reproached Thee have fallen upon Me.3 Go then, come unto Him, and learn, in that He is "meek and lowly of heart." Thou shalt not go unto him, who dared not by reason of the burden of unrighteousness to lift up his eyes to heaven, but unto Him, Who by the weight of charity came down from heaven.4 Thou shalt not go unto her, who watered with tears the feet of her Lord, seeking forgiveness of heavy sins; but thou shalt go unto Him, Who, granting forgiveness of all sins, washed the feet of His own disci- ples.3 I know the dignity of thy virginity; I propose not to thee to imitate the Publican humbly accusing his own faults; but I fear for the Pharisee proudly boasting of his own merits.6 I say not, Be thou such as she, of whom it was said, " There are forgiven unto her many sins, in that she hath loved much;"7 but I fear lest, as thinking that thou hast little forgiven to thee, thou love little.
39. I fear, I say, greatly for thee, lest, when thou boastest that thou wilt follow the Lamb wheresoever He shall have gone, thou be unable by reason of swelling pride to fol- low Him through strait ways. It is good for thee, O virgin soul, that thus, as thou art a virgin, thus altogether keeping in thy heart that thou hast been born again, keeping in 1 Ps. xlv. 2. 4 John vi. 3 7 Luke vii.
47- 3 Rom. xv. 3.
6 Luke xviii. 10-14.
thy flesh that thou hast been born, thou yet conceive of the fear of the Lord, and give birth to the spirit of salvation.8 " Fear," in- deed, "there is not in charity, but perfect charity," as it is written, " casteth out fear:"9 but fear of men, not of God: fear of temporal evils, not of the Divine Judgment at the last. " Be not thou high-minded, but fear." IO Love thou the goodness of God; fear thou His severity: neither suffers thee to be proud. For by loving you fear, lest you grievously offend One Who is loved and loves. For what more grievous offense, than. that by pride thou displease Him, Who for thy sake hath been displeasing to the proud? And where ought there to be more that " chaste fear abiding for ever and ever," than in thee, who hast no thought of the things of this world, how to please a wedded partner; but of the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord? I2 That other fear is not in charity, but this chaste fear quitteth not charity. If you love not, fear lest you perish; if you love, fear lest you displease. That fear charity casteth out, with this it runneth within. The Apostle Paul also says, " For we have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but we have received the spirit of adoption of sons, wherein we cry, Abba, Father."13 I believe that he speaks of that fear, which had been given in the Old Testament, lest the temporal goods should be lost, which God had promised unto those not yet sons under grace, but as yet slaves under the law. There is also the fear of eternal fire, to serve God in order to avoid which is assuredly not yet of perfect charity. For the desire of the re- ward is one thing, the fear of punishment an- other. They are different sayings, " Whither shall I go away from Thy Spirit, and from Thy face whither shall I flee?"14 and, " One thing I have sought of the Lord, this I will seek after; that I may dwell in the house of the Lord through all the days of my life, that I may consider the delight of the Lord, that I be protected in His temple:" IS and, " Turn not away Thy face from me:"16 and, "My soul longeth and fainteth unto the courts of the Lord.17 Those sayings let him have had, who dared not to lift up his eyes to heaven; and she who was watering with tears His feet, in order to obtain pardon for her grievous sins; but these do thou have, who art careful about the things of the Lord, to be holy both in body and spirit. With those sayings there companies fear which hath torment, which 8 Is. xxvi. 18. see LXX. 9 x John, iv. 18. [See R.V.]
13 Rom. viii. 15. "» Ps. cxxxix. 7. '5 Ps. xxvii. 4.
16 Ps. xxvii. 9. I7 Ps. lxxxiv. 2.
432 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
perfect charity casteth forth; but with these sayings there companies chaste fear of the Lord, that abideth for ever and ever. And to both kinds it must be said, " Be not thou high-minded, but fear;"1 that man neither of defense of his sins, nor of presumption of righteousness set himself up. For Paul also himself, who saith, "For ye have not re- ceived the spirit of bondage again to fear; " 2 yet, fear being a companion of charity, saith, " With fear and much trembling was I to- wards you: "3 and that saying, which I have mentioned, that the engrafted wild olive tree be not proud against the broken branches of the olive tree, himself made use of, saying, " Be not thou high-minded, but fear;" himself admonishing all the members of Christ in general, saith, "With fear and trembling work out your own salvation; for it is God Who worketh in you both to will and to do, ac- cording to His good pleasure; "4 that it seem not to pertain unto the Old Testament what is written, " Serve the Lord in fear, and re- joice unto Him with trembling."5 40. And what members of the holy body, which is the Church, ought more to take care, that upon them the holy Spirit may rest, than such as profess virginal holiness? But how doth He rest, where He findeth not His own place? what else than an humbled heart, to fill, not to leap back from; to raise up, not to weigh down? whereas it hath been most plainly said, "On whom shall rest My Spirit? On him that is humble and quiet, and trembles at My words."6 Already thou livest righteously, already thou livest piously, thou livest chastely, holily, with vir- ginal purity; as yet, however, thou livest here, and art thou not humbled at hearing, " What, is not human life upon earth a trial?? Doth it not drive thee back from over-confi- dent arrogance, " Woe unto the world because of offenses?" 8 Dost thou not tremble, lest thou be accounted among the many, whose "love waxeth cold, because that iniquity abounds? " 9 Dost thou not smite thy breast, when thou hearest, " Wherefore, whoso think- eth that he standeth, let him see to it lest he fall? " I0 Amid these divine warnings and human dangers, do we yet find it so hard to persuade holy virgins to humility?
41. Or are we indeed to believe that it is for any other reason, that God suffers to be mixed up with the number of your profes- sion, many, both men and women, about to fall, than that by the fall of these your fear may be increased, whereby to repress pride; which God so hates, as that against this one thing The Highest humbled Himself? Un- less haply, in truth, thou shalt therefore fear less, and be more puffed up, so as to love little Him, Who hath loved thee so much, as to give up Himself for thee," because He hath forgiven thee little, living, forsooth from childhood, religiously, piously, with pious chastity, with inviolate virginity. As though in truth you ought not to love with much greater glow of affection Him, Who, whatso- ever things He hath forgiven unto sinners upon their being turned to Him, suffered you not to fall into them. Or indeed that Phari- see,12 who therefore loved little, because he thought that little was forgiven him, was it for any other reason that he was blinded by this error, than because being ignorant of the righteousness of God, and seeking to estab- lish his own, he had not been made subject unto the righteousness of God? I3 But you, an elect race, and among the elect more elect, virgin choirs that follow the Lamb, even you "by grace have been saved through faith; and this not of yourselves, but it is the gift of God: not of works, lest haply any be elated. For we are His workmanship, created in Jesus Christ in good works, which God hath prepared, that in them we may walk."14 What therefore, by how much the more ye are adorned by His gifts, shall ye by so much the less love Him? May He Himself turn away so dreadful madness! Wherefore for- asmuch as the Truth has spoken the truth, that he, unto whom little is forgiven, loveth little; do ye, in order that ye may love with full glow of affection Him, Whom ye are free to love, being loosened from ties of marriage, account as altogether forgiven unto you, whatever of evil, by His governance, ye have not committed. For " your eyes ever unto the Lord, forasmuch as He shall pluck out of the net your feet,IS and, " Except the Lord shall have kept the city, in vain hath he watched who keepeth it."16 And speaking of Continence itself the Apostle says, " But I would that all men were as I myself; but each one hath his own proper gift from God; one in this way, and another in that way."17 Who therefore bestoweth these gifts? Who distributeth his own proper gifts unto each as He will? l8 Forsooth God, with Whom there is not unrighteousness,19 and by this means with what equity He makes some in this way, and others in that way, for man to know is either impossible or altogether hard: but that with OF HOLY VIRGINITY.
433 equity He maketh, it is not lawful to doubt. " What," therefore, " hast thou, which thou hast not received? " x And by what perversity dost thou less love Him, of Whom thou hast received more?
42. Wherefore let this be the first thought for the putting on of humility, that God's virgin think not that it is of herself that she is such, and not rather that this best "gift cometh down from above from the Father of Lights, with Whom is no change nor shadow of motion. "2 For thus she will not think that little hath been forgiven her, so as for her to love little, and, being ignorant of the right- eousness of God, and wishing to establish her own, not to be made subject to the righteous- ness of God. In which fault was that Simon, who was surpassed by the woman, unto whom many sins were forgiven, because she loved much. But she will have more cautious and true thoughts, that we are so to account all sins as though forgiven, from which God keeps us that we commit them not. Witnesses are those expressions of pious prayers in holy Scriptures, whereby it is shown, that those very things, which are commanded by God, are not done save by His Gift and help, Who commands. For there is a falsehood in the asking for them, if we could do them without the help of His grace. What is there so generally and chiefly charged, as obedience whereby the Commandments of God are kept? And yet we find this wished for. "Thou," saith he, "hast charged, that Thy commandments be greatly kept." Then it follows, "O that my ways were directed to keep Thy righteousnesses: then shall I not be confounded, whilst I look unto all Thy commandments."3 That which he had set down above that God had commanded, that he wished might of himself be fulfilled. This is done assuredly, that there be not sin; but, if there hath been sin, the command is that one repent; lest by defense and excuse of sin he perish through pride, who hath done it, whilst he is unwilling that what he hath done perish through repentance. This also is asked of God, so that it may be understood that it is not done, save by His grant from Whom it is asked. " Set," saith he, " O Lord, a watch to my mouth, and a door of continence around my lips: let not my heart turn away unto evil words, to make excuses in sins, with men that work unrighteousness."4 If, there- fore, both obedience, whereby we keep His commandments, and repentance whereby we excuse not our sins, are wished for and asked, it is plain that, when it is done, it is by His [See R. V.]
gift that it is possessed, by His help that it is fulfilled, yet more openly is it said by reason of obedience, " By the Lord the steps of a man are directed, and He shall will His way:"s and of repentance the Apostle says, " if haply God may grant unto them repent- ance. ' ' 6 43. Concerning continence also itself hath it not been most openly said, "And when I knew that no one can be continent unless God give it, this also itself was a part of wisdom, to know whose gift it was?"7 But perhaps continence is the gift of God, but wisdom man bestows upon himself, whereby to under- stand, that that gift is, not his own, but of God. Yea, "The Lord maketh wise the blind:"8 and, "The testimony of the Lord is faithful, it giveth wisdom unto little ones:"9 and, "If any one want wisdom, let him ask of God, Who giveth unto all liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given to him."10 But it becometh virgins to be wise, that their lamps be not extinguished.11 How " wise/' save " not having high thoughts, but consenting unto the lowly."12 For Wisdom Itself hath said unto man, " Lo, piety is wis- dom!" I3 If therefore thou hast nothing, which thou hast not received, " Be not high- minded, but fear."14 And love not thou little, as though Him by Whom little hath been forgiven to thee; but, rather, love Him much, by Whom much hath been given to thee. For if he loves, unto whom it hath been given not to repay: how much more ought he to love, unto whom it hath been given to possess. For both, whosoever continues chaste from the beginning, is ruled by Him; and whoso- ever is made chaste instead of unchaste, is corrected by Him; and whosoever is unchaste even unto the end, is abandoned by Him. But this He can do by secret counsel, by un- righteous He cannot: and perhaps it is for this end that it lies hid, that there may be more fear, and less pride.
44. Next let not man, now that he knoweth that by the grace of God he is what he is, fall into another snare of pride, so as by lifting up himself for the very grace of God to de- spise the rest. By which fault that other Pharisee both gave thanks unto God for the goods which he had, and yet vaunted himself above the Publican confessing his sins. What therefore should a virgin do, what should she think, that she vaunt not herself above those, men or women, who have not this so great gift? For she ought not to feign humility, 5 Ps. xxxvii. 23.
8 Ps. cxlvi. 8. 11 Matt. xxv. 4. z4 Rom. xi. 20.
7 Wisd. viii. 21.
10 James i. 5.
*3 Job xxviii. 28. LXX.
434 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
but to set it forth: for the feigning of humility is greater pride. Wherefore Scripture wishing to show that humility ought to be true, after having said, "By how much thou art great, by so much humble thyself in all things," added soon after, "And thou shalt find grace before God:"1 assuredly where one could not humble one's self deceitfully.
45. Wherefore what shall we say? is there any thought which a virgin of God may truly have, by reason of which she dare not to set herself before a faithful woman, not only a widow, but even married? I say not a repro- bate virgin; for who knows not that an obedi- ent woman is to be set before a disobedient virgin? But where both are obedient unto the commands of God, shall she so tremble to prefer holy virginity even to chaste mar- riage, and continence to wedded life, the fruit an hundred-fold to go before the thirty-fold? Nay, let her not doubt to prefer this thing to that thing; yet let not this or that virgin, obeying and fearing God, dare to set herself before this or that woman, obeying and fear- ing God; otherwise she will not be humble, and "God resisteth the proud!"2 What, therefore, shall she have in her thoughts? Forsooth the hidden gifts of God, which nought save the questioning of trial makes known to each, even in himself. For, to pass over the rest, whence doth a virgin know, although careful of the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord,3 but that haply, by reason of some weakness of mind unknown to herself, she be not as yet ripe for martyr- dom, whereas that woman, whom she rejoiced to set herself before, may already be able to drink the Cup of the Lord's humiliation,4 which He set before His disciples, to drink first, when enamored of high place? Whence, I say, doth she know but that she herself be not as yet Thecla, that other be already Crispina.s Certainly, unless there be present trial, there takes place no proof of this gift.
46. But this is so great, that certain under- stand it to be the fruit an hundred-fold.6 For the authority of the Church bears a very conspicuous witness, in which it is known to the faithful in what place the Martyrs, in what place the holy nuns deceased, are rehearsed 1 Ecclus. iii. 18. 2 James iv. 6.
5 A married woman, who was beheaded in the persecution under Diocletian and Maximian at Thebeste in Africa. See Ser. 354, rid Conthientes, n. 5. where he says, " bethink you that in the time of persecution not only Agnes the. Virgin was crowned, but likewise Crispina, the wife; and perchance, as there is no doubt, some of the continent then failed, and many of the wedded fought and conquered." Ban. ed.
6 St. Jerome mentions this interpretation; but b. 1. agt. Jovin- ian, and on Matt. i3, takes that which assigns the hundred-fold to virginity. Ben. ed.
at the Sacraments of the Altar.7 But what the meaning is of that difference of fruitful- ness, let them see to it, who understand these things better than we; whether the virginal life be in fruit an hundred-fold, in sixty-fold the widowed, in thirty- fold the married; or whether the hundred-fold fruitfulness be ascribed unto martyrdom, the sixty- fold unto continence, the thirty-fold unto marriage; or whether virginity, by the addition of martyr- dom, fill up the hundred-fold, but when alone be in sixty-fold, but married persons bearing thirty-fold arrive at sixty- fold, in case they shall be martyrs: or whether, what seems to me more probable, forasmuch as the gifts of Divine grace are many, and one is greater and better than another, whence the Apostle says, " But emulate ye the better gifts; "8 we are to understand that they are more in num- ber than to allow of being distributed under those different kinds. In the first place, that we set not widowed continence either as bear- ing no fruit, or set it but level with the desert of married charity, or equal it unto virgin glory; or think that the Crown of Martyr- dom, either established in habit of mind, al- though proof of trial be wanting, or in actual making trial of suffering, be added unto either one of those these chastities, without any in- crease of fruitfulness. Next, when we set it down that many men and women so keep vir- ginal chastity, as that yet they do not the things which the Lord saith, " If thou wiliest to be perfect, go, sell all that thou hast, and give unto the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in Heaven: and come, follow me;''9 and dare not unite themselves to those dwell- ing together, among whom no one saith that any thing is his own, but all things are unto them common;10 do we think that there is no addition of fruitfulness unto the virgins of God, when they do this? or that the virgins of God are without any fruit, although they do not this? Therefore there are many gifts, and some brighter and higher than others, each than each. And at times one is fruitful in fewer gifts, but better; another in lower gifts, but more. And in what manner they be either made equal one to another, or dis- tinguished one from another, in receiving eternal honors, who of men would dare to pronounce? whereas yet it is plain both that those differences are many, and that the better are profitable not for the present time, but for eternity. But I judge that the Lord willed to make mention of three differences 7 Ser. 150, he says, " Martyrs are in such place rehearsed at the Altar of God as that prayer is not made for them; but for the other deceased that are mentioned prayer is made." Ben. ed.
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