8 Rom, iv. 5, 11 Matt. vii. 7.
9 Gal. ii. 20, ,a Ps, Iv. aa.
128 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Psalm XLI.
" Thou art my Help, and my Deliverer; make no tarrying, O my God" (ver. 17). He is calling upon God, imploring Him, fearing lest he should fall away: " Make no tarrying." What is meant by " make no tarrying "? We lately read concerning the days of tribulation: " Unless those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved." ' The members of Christ — the Body of Christ extended everywhere — are asking of God, as one single person, one single poor man, and beggar! For He too was poor, who "though He was rich, yet became poor, that ye through His poverty might be made rich." 2 It is He that maketh rich those who are the true poor; 3 and maketh poor those who are falsely rich. He crieth unto Him; " From the end of the earth I cried unto Thee, when my heart was in heavi- ness." There will come days of tribulations, and of greater tribulations; they will come even as the Scripture speaks: and as days advance, so are tribulations increased also. Let no one promise himself what the Gospel doth not promise...PSALM XLI.« PSALM XLI.« TO THE PEOPLE, ON THE FEAST OF THE MARTYRS.
i. The solemn day of the Martyrs hath dawned; therefore to the glory of the Passion of Christ, the Captain of Martyrs, who spared not Himself, ordering His soldiers to the fight; but first fought, first conquered, that their fighting He might encourage by His example, and aid with His majesty, and crown with His promise: let us hear somewhat from this Psalm pertaining to His Passion. I commend unto you oftentimes, nor grieve I to repeat, what for you is useful to retain, that our Lord Jesus Christ speaketh often of Himself, that is, in His own Person, which is our Head; often in the person of His Body, which are we and His Church; but so that the words sound as from the mouth of one, that we may understand the Head and the Body to con- sist together in the unity of integrity, and not be separated the one from the other; as in that marriage whereof it is said, "They two shall be one flesh." s If then we acknowledge two in one flesh, let us acknowledge two in one voice. First, that which responding to the reader6 we have sung, though it be from the middle of the Psalm, from that I will take the beginning of this Sermon.
" Mine enemies speak evil of Me, When He shall die, then shall His Name perish" (ver. 5). This is the Person of our Lord Jesus Christ: » Compare Matt. v. 3, " Blessed are the poor in spirit," and Luke vi. 30, " Blessed be ye poor."
< Lat. XL. s Gen. ii. 24: Eph. v. 31.
* [He begins with the " Anliphon; " i.e., a verse selected from the Psalm as expressing the chief thought of the Psalmist or the spirit of the festival. This was interjected, at set places, in response to the reader. — C.J but see if herein are not understood the mem- bers also. This was spoken also when our Lord Himself walked in the flesh here on earth...When they saw the people go after Him, they said, " When He shall die, then shall His Name perish; " that is, when we have slain Him, then shall His Name be no more in the earth, nor shall He seduce any, being dead; but by that very slaying of Him shall men understand, that He was but a man whom they followed, that there was in Him no hope of salvation, and shall desert His Name, and it shall no more be. He died, and His Name perished not, but His Name was sown as seed: He died, but He was a grain, which dying, the corn immediately sprang up.' When glorified then was our Lord Jesus Christ, began they much more, and much more numer- ously to trust in Him; then began His members to hear what the Head had heard. Now then our Lord Jesus Christ being in heaven set down, and Himself in us labouring on earth, still spake His enemies, " When He shall die, then shall His Name perish." For hence stirred up the devil persecutions in the Church to destroy the Name of Christ. Unless haply ye think, brethren, that those Pagans, when they raged against Christians, said not this among themselves, " to blot out the Name of Christ from the earth." That Christ might die again, not in the Head, but in His Body, were slain also the Martyrs. To the multiplying of the Church availed the Holy Blood poured forth, to help Its seminating came also the death of the Martyrs. " Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His Saints." 8 More and more were the Christians multiplied, nor was it fulfilled which spake the enemies, " When He shall die, then shall His Name perish." Even now also is it spoken. Down sit the Pagans, and compute them the years, they hear their fanatics9 saying, A time shall come when Christians shall be none, and those idols must be worshipped as before they were worshipped: still say they, " When He shall die, then shall His Name perish." Twice conquered, now the third time be wise! Christ died, His Name has not perished: the Martyrs died, mul- tiplied more is the Church, groweth through all nations the Name of Christ. He who foretold of His own Death, and of His Resurrection, He who foretold of His Martyrs' death, and of their crown, He Himself foretold of His Church things yet to come, if truth He spake twice, has He the third time lied? Vain then is what ye becxvi. 15.
7 John xii. 24. 8 Ps.
9 In the City of God, b. xviii. c. 53, £4, he mentions that the heathens had some Greek verses, in the form of an oracle, to the effect that the magical arts of Peter had prevailed to procure divine worship to Christ for 365 years, after which it was 10 terminate. This period, he says, if computed from the first Pentecost after the Resur- rection, would expire in the consulship of Honorius and Kutychianus, A.D. 398. The next year, which ought to have seen paganism re-es- tablished, was marked by the demolition of idols by imperial authority. — Bin. [Sec vol. u. p. 394, this series. — C] Psalm XLI.]
ON THE PSALMS.
129 lieve against Him; better is it that ye believe in Him, that ye may " understand upon the needy and poor One; " ' that " though He was rich, yet for your sakes He became poor, that ye through His poverty might be rich." 2...
2. " Blessed is he that understandeth upon the needy and poor One: in the evil day shall the Lord deliver him " (ver. 1 ). For the evil day will come: will thou, nill thou, come it will: the Day of Judgment will come upon thee, an evil day if thou " understand not the needy and poor." For what now thou wilt not believe, shall be made manifest in the end. But neither shalt thou escape, when it shall be made mani- fest, because thou believest not, when it is kept secret. Invited art thou, what thou seest not to believe, lest when thou see, thou be put to the blush. " Understand then upon the needy and poor One," that is, Christ: understand in Him the hidden riches, whom poor thou seest. " In Him are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge." 3 For thereby in the evil day shall He deliver thee, in that He is God: but in that He is man, and that which in Him is human hath raised to life, and changed for the better, He hath lifted (thee4) to heaven. But He who is God, who would have one person in man and with man, could neither decrease nor increase, neither die nor rise again. He died out of man's infirmity, but God diethnot...Butas we rightly say, Such a man died, though his soul dieth not; so we rightly say, Christ died, though His Divin- ity dieth not. Wherefore died? Because needy and poor. Let not His death offend thee, and avert thee from beholding His Divinity. " Blessed is he that understandeth upon the needy and poor One." Consider also the poor, the needy, the hungry and thirsty, the naked, the sick, the prisoners; understand also upon such poor, for if upon such thou understand, thou understandest upon Him who said, " I was an hungred, I was thirsty, I was a stranger, naked, sick, in prison; " 5 so in the evil day shall the Lord deliver thee...
3. "And deliver him not into the hand of his enemy" (ver. 2). The enemy is the devil. Let none think of a man his enemy, when he hears these words. Haply one thought of his neigh- bour, of him who had a suit with him in court, of him who would take from him his own posses- sion, of him who would force him to sell to him his house. Think not this; but that enemy think of, of whom said the Lord, "an enemy hath done this." 6 For He it is who suggests that for things earthly he be worshipped, for overthrow the Christian Name this enemy cannot. For he hath * Or " It," reading as Ben. Oxf. mss. have " not in that He is Man: and that which in Him was human, in thee He will raise again, and change to better, and lift to heaven." The future, " shall lift," is probably right. Ed. Ben. gives no various readings here; our mss. vary somewhat.
seen himself conquered by the fame and praises of Christ, he hath seen, whereas he slew Christ's Martyrs, that they are crowned, he triumphed over. He hath begun to be unable to persuade men that Christ is nought; and because by revil- ing Christ, he now with difficulty deceives, by lauding Christ, he endeavours to deceive. Before this what said he? Whom worship ye? A Jew, dead, crucified, a man of no moment, who could not even from himself drive away death. When after His Name he saw running the whole human race, saw that in the Name of the Cruci- fied temples are thrown down, idols are broken, sacrifices abolished; and that all these things predicted in the Prophets are considered by men, by men with wonder astonished, and closing now their hearts against the reviling of Christ; he clothes himself with praise of Christ, and begins to deter from the faith in another man- ner. Great is the law of Christ, powerful is that law, divine, ineffable! but who fulfilleth it? In the name of our Saviour,7 " tread upon the lion and the dragon." 8 By reviling openly roared the lion; by lauding craftily lurks the dragon. Let them come to the faith, who doubted; and not say, Who fulfilleth it? If on their own strength they presume, they will not fulfil it. Presuming on the grace of God let them believe, presuming (on it) let them come; to be aided come, not to be judged. So live all the faithful in the Name of Christ, each one in his degree fulfilling the com- mands of Christ, whether married, or celibates and virgins, they live as much as God granteth them to live; neither presume they in their own strength, but know that in Him they ought to glory...
4. "The Lord help him" (ver. 3). But when? Haply in heaven, haply in the life eter- nal, that so it remain to worship the devil for earthly needs, for the necessities of this life. Far be it! Thou hast " promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come." » He came unto thee on earth, by Whom were made heaven and earth. Consider then what He saith, " The Lord help him, on his bed of pain." The bed of pain is the infirmity of the flesh; lest thou shouldest say, I cannot hold, and carry, and tie up my flesh; thou art aided that thou mayest. The Lord help thee on thy bed of pain. Thy bed did carry thee, thou carriedst not thy bed, but wast a paralytic inwardly; He cometh who saith to thee, " Take up thy bed, and go thy way into thy house." IO " The Lord help him on his bed of pain." Then to the Lord Himself He turneth, as though it were asked," Why then, since the Lord helpeth us, suffer we such great ills in this life, such great scandals, such great labours, such disquiet from the flesh 7 Oxf. MSS. " It is fulfilled in the Name," etc. 8 Ps xci. 13 9 i Tim. iv. 8. I0 Mark ii. 11. » Al. " he complained."
13° THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Psalm XLI.
and the world? He turneth to God, and as though explaining to us the counsel of His heal- ing, He saith, " Thou hast turned all his bed in his infirmity." By the bed is understood any- thing earthly. Every soul that is infirm in this life seeketh for itself somewhat whereon to rest, because intensity of labour, and of the soul ex- tended toward God, it can hardly endure per- petually, somewhat it seeketh on earth whereon to rest, and in a manner with a kind of pausing to recline, as are those things which innocent ones love...The innocent man resteth in his house, his family, his wife, his children; in his poverty, his little farm, his orchard planted with his own hand, in some building fabricated with his own study; in these rest the innocent. But yet God willing us not to have love but of life eternal, even with these, though innocent de- lights, mixeth bitterness, that even in these we may suffer tribulation, and so He turneth all our bed in our infirmity. " Thou hast turned all his bed in his infirmity." Let him not then complain, when in these things which he hath innocently, he suffereth some tribulations. He is taught to love the better, by the bitterness of the worse; lest going a traveller to his country, he choose the inn instead of his own home.
5. But why this? Because He "scourgeth every son whom He receiveth." ' Why this? Because to men sinning was it said, " In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread." 2 There- fore because all these chastisements, in which all our bed is turned in our infirmity, man ought to acknowledge that he suffers for sin; let him turn himself, and say what follows: " I said, Lord, be merciful unto me; heal my soul, for I have sinned against Thee" (ver. 4). O Lord, by tribulations do Thou exercise me; to be scourged Thou judgest every son whom Thou wilt receive, who sparedst not even the Only-Begotten. He indeed without sin was scourged; but I say, " I have sinned against Thee."...6. " Mine enemies speak evil of Me, When He shall die, then shall His Name perish" (ver. 5). Of this we have already spoken,3 and from this began.
7. "And entered in* to see" (ver. 6). What Christ suffered, that suffereth also the Church; what the Head suffered, that suffer also the Members. " For the disciple is not above his Master, nor the servant above his Lord."'...
If to Christ's Members thou belongest, come within, cling to the Head. Endure the tares if thou art wheat, endure the chaff if thou art grain.6 Endure the bad fish within the net if thou art a good fish. Wherefore before the time of win- 1 Heb. xii. 6. » Gen, iii. 19.
* Al. " if they entered in." i Malt. x. 34.
* Matt. xiii. 30.
nowing dost thou fly away? Wherefore before the time of harvest, dost thou root up the corn also with thyself? Wherefore before thou art come to the shore, hast thou broken the nets? " They go abroad, and tell it."
8. " Alt mine enemies whisper against Me unto the same thing" (ver. 7). Against Me all unto the same thing. How much better with me unto the same thing, than against me 7 " unto the same thing." What is, " Against me unto the same thing "? With one counsel, with one con- spiring. Christ then speaketh unto thee, Ye consent against Me, consent ye to Me: why against Me? wherefore not with Me? That same thing if ye had always had, ye had not divided you into schisms. For, saith the Apos- tle, " I beseech you, brethren, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divis- ion among you."8 "All mine enemies whis- per against Me unto the same thing: " against Me do they " devise evil to Me." To them- selves rather, for " they have gathered iniquity to themselves; " but therefore to Me, because by their intention they are to be weighed: for not because to do nothing was in their power, to do nothing was in their will. For the devil lusted to extinguish Christ, and Judas would slay Christ; yet Christ slain and rising again, we are made alive, but to the devil and to Judas is rendered the reward of their evil will, not of our salvation...The intention wherewith they spake, not what they spake, did He consider, who related that they spake evil of Him, " Against Me they devised evil to Me." And what evil to Christ, to the Martyrs what evil? All hath God turned to good.
9. " An ungodly word do they set forth against Me" (ver. 8). What sort of ungodly word? Listen to the Head Itself. "Come, let us kill Him, and the inheritance shall be ours." 9 Fools! How shall the inheritance be yours? Because ye killed Him? Lo! ye even killed Him; yet shall not the inheritance be yours. " Shall not He that sleepeth add this also, that He rise again"? When ye exulted that ye had slain Him, He slept; for He saith in another Psalm, " I slept." They raged and would slay Me; "I slept." If I had not willed, I had not even slept. " I slept," because " I have power to lay down My life, and I have power to take it again." '° " I laid Me down and slept, and rose up again." " Rage then the Jews; be " the earth given into the hands of the wicked,",2 be the flesh left to the hands of persecutors, let them on wood suspend it, with nails transfix it, with a spear pierce it. " Shall He that sleepeth, not add this, that He rise up again? " Wherct " Than," etc., added from Oxf. MSS. • 1 Cor. 1. 10. 9 Mark xii. 7.
11 Ps. iii. 5. " Job ix. 24.
1 John x. l3.
Psalm XLI.]
ON THE PSALMS.
131 fore slept He? Because " Adam is the figure of Him that was to come." ' And Adam slept, when out of his side was made Eve.2 Adam in the figure of Christ, Eve in the figure of the Church; whence she was called "the mother of all living."3 When was Eve created? While Adam slept. When out of Christ's side flowed the Sacraments of the Church? While He slept upon the Cross...
10. "The man of My peace, in whom I trusted, which did eat of My bread, hath en- larged his heel against Me " (ver. 9): hath raised up his foot against Me: would trample upon Me. Who is this man of His peace? Judas. And in him did Christ trust, that He said, " in whom I trusted "? Did He not know him from the beginning? Did He not before he was born know that he would be? Had He not said to all His disciples, " I have chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil "? 4 How then trusted He in him, but that He is in His Mem- bers, and that because many faithful trusted in Judas, the Lord transferred this to Himself?..." The man of My peace, in whom I trusted, which did eat of My bread." How showed He him in His Passion? By the words of His prophecy: by the sop He marked Him out, that it might appear said of him, " Which did eat of My bread." 5 Again, when he came to betray Him, He granted him a kiss,6 that it might appear said of him, " The man of My peace."
n." But Thou, O Lord, be merciful unto Me" (ver. 10). This is the person of a ser- vant, this is the person of the needy and poor: for, ' " Blessed is he that understandeth upon the needy and poor One." See, as it was spoken, " Be merciful unto Me, and raise Me up, and I will requite them," so is it done. For the Jews slew Christ, lest they should lose their place.8 Christ slain, they lost their place. Rooted out of the kingdom were they, dispersed were they. He, raised up, requited them tribu- lation, He requited them unto admonition, not yet unto condemnation. For the city wherein the people raged, as a ramping and a roaring lion, crying out, " Crucify Him, Crucify Him," 9 the Jews rooted out therefrom, hath now Chris- tians, by not one Jew is inhabited.10 There is planted the Church of Christ, whence were rooted out the thorns of the synagogue. For truly this fire blazed "as the fire of thorns." " But the Lord was as a green tree. This said Rom. v. 14.
* John vi. 70. * 7 [He recurs to ver. I. 9 Luke xxiii. 2:.
2 Gen. ii. at. John xiii. 26. -C] 3 Gen. iii. 20. 6 Matt. xxvi. 49. 8 John xi. 48.
10 [Circa A.D. 400. Very noteworthy. Till the middle of our century only three hundred were permitted to dwell there; now nearly twenty thousand are said to inhabit Jerusalem. Is it a sign? Luke xxi. 24. — C.]
11 Ps. cxviii. ja.
Himself, when certain women mourned Christ as dying..." For if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done in a dry?" When can a green tree be consumed by the fire of thorns? For they blazed as fire among thorns. Fire consumeth thorns, but whatsoever green tree it is applied to, is not easily kindled...Yet lest ye think that God the Father of Christ could raise up Christ, that is, the Flesh of His Son, and that Christ Himself, though He be the Word equal with the Father, could not raise up His own Flesh; hear out of the Gospel, " Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up." " " But," said the Evangelist (lest even after this we should doubt), " He spake of the temple of His Body. Raise Me up, and I will requite them."
1 2. " By this I know that Thou favourest Me, that Mine enemies shall not triumph over Me " (ver. 11.) Because the Jews did triumph, when they saw Christ crucified; they thought that they had fulfilled their will to do Him hurt: the fruits of their cruelty they saw in effect, Christ hanging on the Cross: they shook their heads, saying, " If Thou be the Son of God, come down from the Cross." "3 He came not down, who could; His Potency He showed not, but patience taught. For if, on their saying these things, He had come down from the Cross, He would have seemed as it were to yield to them insulting, and not being able to endure reproach, would have been be- lieved conquered: more firm remained He upon the Cross, than they insulting; fixed was He, they wavering. For therefore shook they their heads, because to the true Head they adhered not. He taught us plainly patience. For might- ier is that which He did, who would not do what the Jews challenged. For much mightier is it to rise from the sepulchre, than to come down from the Cross. " That Mine enemies shall not triumph over Me." They triumphed then at that time. Christ rose again, Christ was glorified. Now see they in* His Name the human race converted: now let them insult, now shake the head: rather now let them fix the head, or if they shake the head, in wonder and admira- tion let them shake...
13. " But as for Me, Thou upholdest Me, be- cause of Mine innocence" (ver. 12). Truly innocence; integrity without sin, requiting with- out debt, scourging without desert. " Thou up- holdest Me because of Mine innocence, and hast made Me strong in Thy sight for ever." Thou hast made Me strong for ever, Thou madest Me weak for a time: Thou hast made Me strong in Thy sight, Thou madest Me weak in sight of men. What then? Praise to Him, glory to Him. " Blessed be the Lord God of Israel."
12 John ii. 19.
132 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Psalm XLII.
For He is the God of Israel, our God, the God of Jacob, the God of the younger son, the God of the younger people. Let none say, Of the Jews said He this, I am not Israel; rather the Jews are not Israel. For the elder son, he is the elder people reprobated; the younger, the people beloved. " The elder shall serve the younger: now is it fulfilled: now, brethren, the Jews serve us, they are as our satchellers we studying, they carry our books. Hear where- in the jews serve us, and not without reason...With them are the Law and the Prophets, in which Law, and in which Prophets, Christ is preached. When we have to do with Pagans, and show this coming to pass in the Church of Christ, which before was predicted of the Name of Christ, of the Head and Body of Christ, lest they think that we have forged these predictions, and from things which have happened, as though they were future, had made them up, we bring forth the books of the Jews. The Jews forsooth are our enemies, from an enemy's books convince we the adversary.3...If any enemy clamour and say, " Ye for yourselves have forged prophe- cies; " be the books of the Jews brought forth, because the elder shall serve the younger. Therein let them read those predictions, which now we see fulfilled; and let us all say, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, from everlasting to everlasting, and all the people shall say, So be it, So be it."
PSALM XLII.* PSALM XLII.* i. We have undertaken the exposition of a Psalm corresponding to your own " longings," on which we propose to speak to you. For the Psalm itself begins with a certain pious " longing; " and he who sings so, says, " Like as the hart desireth the water-brooks, so longeth my soul after Thee, O God" (ver. i). Who is it then that saith this? It is ourselves, if we be but willing! And why ask, who it is other than thy- self, when it is in th'y power to be the thing which thou art asking about? It is not however one individual, but it is " One Body; " but " Christ's Body is the Church." 5 Such " long- ing" indeed is not found in all who enter the Church: let all however who have " tasted " the sweetness " of the Lord," 6 and who own in Christ that for which they have a relish, think that they are not the only ones; but that there are such seeds scattered throughout " the field " of the Lord, this whole earth: and that there is a cer- tain Christian unity, whose voice thus speaks, " Like as the hart desireth the water-brooks, so longeth my soul after Thee, O God." And in- 1 Gen. xxv. 13. 3 Capsarfi.
' I Notably with reference to the book of Daniel. See Pusey on Daniel the Prophet, p. viii. preface, and 1-8, ed Oxford, 1864. — C.l * Lat. XU. » Col. i. n. » P.. xxxir. 8.
deed it is not ill understood as the cry of those, who being as yet Catechumens,7 are hastening to the grace of the holy Font. On which ac- count too this Psalm is ordinarily 8 chanted on those occasions, that they may long for the Foun- tain of remission of sins, even " as the hart for the water-brooks." Let this be allowed; and this meaning retain its place in the Church; a place both truthful and sanctioned by usage.' Nevertheless, it appears to me, my brethren, that such " a longing " is not fully satisfied even in the faithful in Baptism: but that haply, if they know where they are sojourning, and whither they have to remove from hence, their " long- ing " is kindled in even greater intensity.