_Son of God is the Power and Wisdom of God, by which every one is enlightened who is made wise by the truth: of which they profess them- selves to be lovers, whence too their name of philosophers; and therefore they seem to defend it, while they are its enemies, since they cease not to recommend noxious superstitions, that the elements of this world should be worshipped and revered.
7. " For I shall see Thy heavens, the works of Thy fingers " (ver. 3). We read that the law was written with the finger of God, and given through Moses, His holy servant: by which finger of God many understand the Holy Ghost.7 ' Wherefore if, by the fingers of God, we are right I in understanding these same ministers filled with the Holy Ghost, by reason of this same Spirit which worketh in them, since by them all holy Scripture has been completed for us; we under- 1 t Cor. ii. 6-10. 2 See " On Profit of Believing."
3 Isa. vi. 0; Acts xiii. 27-41. * John xx. 29. 5 Matt. xi. 25.
6 See on Ps. cii., and St. Greg, on Job, Intr. § 15.
7 Exod. xxxi. 18, xxxiv. 28; Deut. ix. 10. [The " arm of the Lord " is understood by the Fathers of the Son: so also the "right hand of the Lord." The "finger" (proceeding from head and hand) is understood of the Holy Spirit. So the Latin hymn, "Dextrae Dei tu Digitus." — C] stand consistently with this, that, in this place, the books of both Testaments are called " the heavens." Now it is said too of Moses himself, by the magicians of king Pharaoh, when they were conquered by him, " This is the finger of God." 8 And what is written, " The heavens shall be rolled up as a book." 9 Although it be said of thisaethe- real heaven, yet naturally, according to the same image, the heavens of books are named by alle- gory. " For I shall see," he says, " the heavens,! the works of Thy fingers: " that is, I shall dis-i cern and understand the Scriptures, which Thou, ) by the operation of the Holy Ghost, hast written 4 by Thy ministers.
8. Accordingly the heavens named above also may be interpreted as the same books, where he says, " For Thy glory hath been raised above the heavens: " so that the complete meaning should be this, " For Thy glory hath been raised above the heavens; " for Thy glory hath exceeded the declarations of all the Scriptures:- " Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings Thou hast made perfect praise," that they should begin by be- lief in the Scriptures, who would arrive at the knowledge of Thy glory: which hath been raised above the Scriptures, in that it passeth by and transcends the announcements of all words and languages. Therefore hath God lowered the Scriptures even to the capacity of babes and sucklings, as it is sung in another Psalm, " And He lowered the heaven, and came down: " 10 and this did He because of the enemies, who through pride of talkativeness, being enemies of the cross of Christ, even when they do speak some truth, still cannot profit babes and sucklings. So is the enemy and defender destroyed, who, whether he seem to defend wisdom, or even the name of Christ, still, from the step of this faith," assaults that truth, which he so readily makes promise of. Whereby too he is convicted of not possessing it; since by assaulting the step thereof, namely faith, he knows not how one should mount up thereto. Hence then is the rash and blind promiser of truth, who is the enemy and defender, destroyed, when the heavens, the works of God's fingers, are seen, that is, when the Scriptures, brought down even to the slowness of babes, are understood; and by means of the lowness of the faith of the history, which was transacted in time, they raise them, well nurtured and strengthened, unto the grand height of the understanding of things eter- nal, up to those things which they establish." For these heavens, that is, these books, are the works of God's fingers; for by the operation of the Holy Ghost in the Saints they were com- pleted. For they that have regarded their own glory rather than man's salvation, have spoken 8 Exod. viit. 19. 9 Isa. xxxiv. 4. See Rev. vi. 14.
10 Ps. xviii. 9. n Al. step of faith.
12 Oxford mss. " and establish them in it," for'' up," etc.
3Q THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[FSALM VIII.
without the Holy Ghost, in whom are the bowels of the mercy of God.
9. " For I shall see the heavens, the works of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained." The moon and stars are or- dained in the heavens; since both the Church jinjvgrsaj, to signify which the moon is often put, anofChurches in the several places particularly, which I imagine to be intimated by the name of stars, are established in the same Scriptures, which wel>elieve to be expressed by the word heavens.' But why the moon justly signifies the Church, will be rriore seasonably considered in another Psalm, where it is said, " The sinners have bent their bow, that they may shoot in the obscure moon the upright in heart."2 10. " What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? or the son of man, that Thou visitest him? " (ver. 4). It may be asked, what distinction there is between man and son of man. For if there were none, it would not be expressed thus, " man, or son of man," disjunctively. For if it were written thus, " What is man, that Thou art mind- ful of him, and son of man, that Thou visitest him?" it might appear to be a repetition of the word " man." But now when the expression is, " man or son of-man," a distinction is more clearly intimated. This is certainly to be re- membered, that every son of man is a man; al- though every man cannot be taken to be a son of man. Adam, for instance, was a man, but not a son of man. Wherefore we may from hence consider and distinguish what is the difference in this place between man and son of man; namely, that they who bear the image of the earthy man, who is not a son of man, should be signified by the name of men; but thatjhey who bear the image of the heavenly Man,3 should be rather called sons of men; for the former again is called the old man,4 and the latter the new; but the new is born of the old, since spiritual regeneration is begun by a change of an earthy and worldly life; 5 and therefore the latter is called son of man. " Man " then in this place is earthy, but " son of man " heavenly; and the former is far removed from God, but the latter present with God; and therefore is He mindful of the former, as in far distance from Him; but the latter He visiteth, with whom being present He enlighteneth him with His countenance. For " salvation is far from sinners; " 6 and, " The light of Thy countenance hath been stamped upon us, O Lord." » So in another Psalm he saith, that men in conjunction with beasts are made whole together with these beasts, not by any present inward illumination, but by the multiplication of 1 [Here is intimated Augustin's idea of the Catholic Church, in which individual national churches hold their own autonomies. — C. 1 * Ps. xi. a. * 1 Cor. xv. 40.
. -/. 40. * Oxford mss. " called man. and the old man."
5 Eph. iv. 32, 34.
'Ps.
cxtx. 155.
' Ps. iv. 6.
the mercy of God, whereby His goodness reach- eth even to the lowest things; for the wholeness of carnal men is carnal, as of the beasts; but separating the sons of men from those whom be- ing men he joined with cattle, he proclaims that they are made blessed, after a far more exalted method, by the enlightening of the truth itself, and by a certain inundation of the fountain of life. For he speaketh thus: " Men and beasts Thou wilt make whole, O Lord, as Thy mercy hath been multiplied, O God. But the sons of men shall put their trust in the covering of Thy wings. They shall be inebriated with the rich- ness of Thine house, and of the torrent of Thy pleasures Thou shalt make them drink. For with Thee is the fountain of life, and in Thy light shall we see light. Extend Thy mercy to them that know Thee." 8 Through the multiplication of mercy then He is mindful of man, as of beasts; for that multiplied mercy reacheth even to them that are afar off; but He visiteth the son of man, over whom, placed under the covering of His wings, He extendeth mercy, and in His light giveth light, and maketh him drink of His pleas- ures, and inebriateth him with the richness of His house, to forget the sorrows and the wanderings of his former conversation. This son of man, that is, the new man, the repentance of the old man begets with pain and tears. He, though new, is nevertheless called yet carnal, whilst he is fed with milk; " I would not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal," says the Apostle. And to show that they were already regenerate, he says, " As unto babes in Christ, I have given you milk to drink, not meat." And when he relapses, as often happens, to the old life, he hears in reproof that he is a man; " Are ye not men," he says, "and walk as men?" 9 n. Therefore was the son of man first visited in the person of the very Lord Man, born of the Virgin Mary. Of whom, by reason of the very weakness of the flesh, which the Wisdom of God vouchsafed to bear, and the humiliation of the 1 Passion, it is justly said, "Thou hast lowered Him a little lower than the Angels" (ver. 5). But that glorifying is added, in which He rose and ascended up into heaven; " With glory," he says, "and with honour hast Thou crowned Him; and hast set Him over the works of Thine hands" (ver. 6). Since even Angels are the works of God's hands, even over Angels we un- derstand the Only-begotten Son to have been set; whom we hear and believe, by the humilia- tion of the carnal generation and.passion, to have been lowered a little lower than the, Angels. 12. "Thou hast put," he says, "all things in subjection under His feet." When he says, "all things," he excepts nothing. And that he might • Ps. xxxvi. 6-10.
Psalm VIII.]
ON THE PSALMS.
31 not be allowed to understand it otherwise, the Apostle enjoins it to be believed thus, when he says, " He being excepted which put all things under Him." ' And to the Hebrews he uses this very testimony from this Psalm, when he would have it to be understood that all things are in such sort put under our Lord Jesus Christ, as that nothing should be excepted.2 And yet he does not seem, as it were, to subjoin any great thing, when he says, " All sheep and oxen, yea, moreover, the beasts of the field, birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, which walk through the paths of the sea " (ver. 7 ). P'or, leaving the heavenly excellencies and powers, and all the hosts of Angels, leaving even man himself, he seems to have put under Him the beasts merely; unless by sheep and oxen we understand holy souls, either yielding the fruit of innocence, or even working that the earth may bear fruit, that is, that earthly men may be regenerated unto spiritual richness. By these holy souls then we ought to understand not those of men only, but of all Angels too, if we would gather from hence that all things are put under our Lord Jesus Christ. For there will be no creature that will not be put under Him, under whom the preeminent3 spirits, that I may so speak, are put. But whence shall we prove that sheep can be interpreted even, not of men, but of the blessed spirits of the angelical creatures on high? May we from the Lord's saying that He had left ninety and nine sheep in the mountains, that is, in the higher regions, and had come down for one?4 For if we take the one lost sheep to be the human soul in Adam, since Eve even was made out of his side,* for the spiritual handling and consideration of all which things this is not the time, it remains that, by the ninety and nine left in the mountains, spirits not human, but angelical, should be meant. For as regards the oxen, this sentence is easily despatched; since men themselves are for no other reason called oxen, but because by preaching the Gospel of the word of God they imitate Angels, as where it is said, " Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn." 6 How much more easily then do we take the Angels themselves, the messengers of truth, to be oxen, when Evangelists by the participation of their title are called oxen? " Thou hast put under " therefore, he says, " all sheep and oxen," that is, all the holy spiritual creation; in which we include that of holy men, who are in the Church, in those wine- presses to wit, which are intimated under the other similitude of the moon and stars.?
13. " Yea moreover," saith he, " the beasts of * Primates. * Matt, xviii. 12: Luke xv. 4.
the field." 8 The addition of " moreover " is by no means idle. First, because by beasts of the plain may be understood both sheep and oxen: so that, if goats are the beasts of rocky and mountainous regions, sheep may be well taken to be the beasts of the field. Accordingly had it been written even thus, " all sheep and oxen and beasts of the field; " it might be reasona- bly asked what beasts of the plain meant, since even sheep and oxen could be taken as such. But the addition of" moreover" besides, obliges us, beyond question, to recognise some differ- ence or another. But under this word, " more- over," not only "beasts of the field," but also " birds of the air, and fish of the sea, which walk through the paths of the sea" (ver. 8), are to be taken in. What is then this distinction? Call to mind the " wine-presses," holding husks and wine; and the threshing-floor, containing chaff and corn; and the nets, in which were enclosed good fish and bad; and the ark of Noah, in which were both unclean and clean animals: ' and you will see that the Churches for a while, now in this time, unto the last time of judgment, contain not only sheep and oxen, that is, holy laymen and holy ministers, but " moreover beasts of the field, birds of the air, and birds of the sea, that walk through the paths of the sea." For the beasts of the field were very fitly understood, as men rejoicing in the pleasure of the flesh where they mount up to nothing high, nothing laborious. For the field is also " the broad way, that leadeth to destruction: " '° and in a field is Abel slain." Wherefore there is cause to fear, lest one coming down from the mountains of God's righteousness (" for thy righteousness," he says, " is as the mountains of God"'2) making choice of the broad and easy paths of carnal pleasure, be slain by the devil. See now too " the birds of heaven," the proud, of whom it is said, "They have set their mouth against the heaven." '3 See how they are carried on high by the wind, " who say, We will magnify our tongue, our lips are our own, who is our Lord? " '* Behold too the fish of the sea, that is, the curious; who walk through the paths of the sea, that is, search in the deep after the temporal things of this world: which, like paths in the sea, vanish and perish, as quickly as the water comes together again after it has given room, in their passage, to ships, or to whatso- ever walketh or swimmeth. For he said not merely, who walk the paths of the sea; but " walk through," he said; showing the very de- termined earnestness of those who seek after vain and fleeting things. Now these three kinds • Campi. 9 See on title '° Matt. vii. i 12 Ps. XXXvi Matt. iii. 12, xiii. 47 13. " Gen. iv. 8.
Gen. vit.8.
»« Ps. xii. 4.
32 THE WORKS OF ST. AUGUSTIN.
[Psalm IX.
of vice, namely, the pleasure of the flesh, and pride, and curiosity, include all sins. And they appear to me to be enumerated by the Apostle John, when he says, " Love not the world; for all that is in the world is the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life." ' For through the eyes especially prevails curiosity. To what the rest indeed belong is clear. And that temptation of the Lord Man was threefold: by food, that is, by the lust of the flesh, where it is suggested, " command these stones that they be made bread: " * by vain boasting, where, when stationed on a mountain, all the kingdoms of this earth are shown Him, and promised if He would worship: 3 by curiosity, where, from the pinnacle of the temple, He is advised to cast Himself down, -for the sake of trying whether He would be borne up by Angels.4 And accord- ingly after that the enemy could prevail with Him by none of these temptations, this is said of him, " When the devil had ended all his temptation." 5 With a reference then to the meaning of the wine-presses, not only the wine, but the husks too are put under His feet; to wit, not only sheep and oxen, that is, the holy souls of believers, either in the- laity, or in the ministry; but moreover both beasts of pleasure, and birds of pride, and fish of curiosity. All which classes of sinners we see mingled now in the Churches with the good and holy. May He work then in His Churches, and separate the wine from the husks: let us give heed, that we be wine, and sheep or oxen; not husks, or beasts of the field, or birds of heaven, or fish of the sea, which walk through the paths of the sea. Not that these names can be understood and explained in this way only, but the explana- tion of them must be according to the place where they are found. For elsewhere they have other meanings. And this rule must be kept to in every allegory, that what is expressed by the similitude should be considered agreeably to the meaning of the particular place: for this is the manner of the Lord's and the Apostles' teaching. Let us repeat then the last verse, which is also put at the beginning of the Psalm, and let us praise God, saying, " O Lord our Lord, how wonderful is Thy name in all the earth! " For fitly, after the matter of the discourse, is the return made to the heading, whither all that discourse must be referred.
PSALM IX.
i. The inscription of this Psalm is, "To the end for the hidden things of the Son, a Psalm of David himself." 6 As to the hidden things of * [This title is only conjecturally elucidated by expositors. Here • rises the confusion of numbering the Psalms: the Septuacint and Vulgate making the fallowing Psalm all one with tail. — C] the Son there may be a question: but since he has not added whose, the very only-begotten Son of God should be understood. For where a Psalm has been inscribed of the son of David,7 " When," he says, " he fled from the face of Absalom his son; " although his name even was mentioned, and therefore there could be no ob- scurity as to whom it was spoken of: yet it is not merely said, from the face of son Absalom; but " his " is added. But here both because " his " is not added, and much is said of the Gentiles, it cannot properly be taken of Absalom.8 For the war which that abandoned one waged with his father, no way relates to the Gentiles, since there the people of Israel only were divided against themselves. This Psalm is then sung for the hidden things of the only-begotten Son of God-.' For the Lord Himself too, when, without addition, He uses the word Son, would have Himself, the Only-begotten to be under- stood; as where He says, " If the Son shall make you free, then shall ye be free indeed." '° For He said not, the Son of God; but in saying merely, Son, He gives us to understand whosa Son it is. Which form of expression nothing admits of, save His excellency of whom we so speak, that, though we name Him not, He can be understood. For so we say, it rains, clears up, thunders, and such like expressions; and we do not add who does it all; for that the excellency of the doer spontaneously presents itself to all men's minds, and does not want words. What then are the hidden things of the Son? By which expression we must first under- stand that there are some things of the Son manifest, from which those are distinguished which are called hidden. Wherefore since we believe two advents of the Lord, one past, which the Jews understood not: the other future, which we both hope for; and since the one which the Jews understood not, profited the Gentiles; "For the hidden things of the Son " is not unsuitably understood to be spoken of this advent, in which " blindness in part is happened to Israel, that the fulness of the Gen- tiles might come in." " For notice of two judgments is conveyed to us throughout the Scriptures, if any one will give heed to them, one hidden, the other manifest. The hidden one is passing now, of which the Apostle Peter says, " The time is come that judgment should begin from the house of the Lord." '2 The hidden judgment accordingly is the pain, by which now each man is either exercised to purification, or warned to conver- sion, or if he despise the calling and discipline 7 Ps. iii. 8 1 Sam. xv.
9 fit is the first of the alphabetical Psalms, which are: Ps. ix.( x., xxv., xxxiv.j cxi., cxii., cxix., cxlv. Of these, only four are ascribed to David: viz., ix.f xxv., xxxiv., and cxlv. — C.]
Psalm IX.]
ON THE PSALMS.
33 of God, is blinded unto damnation. But the manifest judgment is that in which the Lord, at His coming, will judge the quick and the dead, all men confessing that it is He by whom both rewards shall be assigned to the good, and pun- ishments to the evil. But then that confession will avail, not to the remedy of evils, but to the accumulation of damnation. Of these two judg- ments, the one hidden, the other manifest, the Lord seems to me to have spoken, where He says, " Whoso believeth on Me hath.passed from death unto life, and shall not come into judg- ment; " ' into the manifest judgment, that is. For that which passes from death unto life by means of some affliction, whereby " He scourgeth every son whom He receiveth," 2 is the hidden judgment. " But whoso believeth not," saith He, " hath been judged already: " 3 that is, by this hidden judgment hath been already pre- pared for that manifest one. These two judg- ments we read of also in Wisdom, whence it is written, " Therefore unto them, as to children without the use of reason, Thou didst give a judgment to mock them; But they that have not been corrected by this judgment have felt a judgment worthy of God." * Whoso then are not corrected by this hidden judgment of God, shall most worthily be punished by that manifest one...
2. "I will confess unto Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart" (ver. i). He doth not, with a whole heart, confess unto God, who doubteth of His Providence in any particular: but he who sees already the hidden things of the wisdom of God, how great is His invisible reward, who saith, " We rejoice in tribulations; " 5 and how all torments, which are inflicted on the body, are either for the exercising of those that are con- verted to God, or for warning that they be con- verted, or for just preparation of the obdurate unto their last damnation: and so now all things are referred to the governance of Divine Prov- idence, which fools think done as it were by chance and at random, and without any Divine ordering. " I will tell all Thy marvels." He tells all God's marvels, who sees them performed not only openly on the body, but invisibly in- deed too in the soul, but far more sublimely and excellently. For men earthly, and led wholly by the eye, marvel more that the dead Lazarus rose again in the body, than that Paul the perse- cutor rose again in soul.5 But since the vis- ible miracle calleth the soul to the light, but the invisible enlighteneth the soul that comes when called, he tells all God's marvels, who, by believing the visible, passes on to the understand- ing of the invisible.