and vegetables. Behold thou must make the image of a table of offerings, in writing upon a tile pure, with colour pure, [and] bury [it] in a field which not hath trodden a pig upon it If be made writing this her-f un-nef uaf ntesten (sic) nu mest - f uat' upon it he shall rise, and shall flourish the children of children his, [as] flourisheth i?# ## hettau un - »<?/" *w j&&/ (sic) db en suten em Ra without intermission; he ^hall be in of heart of the king among his chiefs; shall be given to him cakes, and vessels of water, and joints of * Var. ^5^1 /fT? 1 "pigs and donkeys."
• Var. t\ °Tr^ " vw *l ° *$ § QQe^Ik lK **~ "satisfying the heart of the king and of his nobles."
4 Var. \\ 5 Pcn O— h— <^3) tdtu-nef senset tes pa-sen, "shall be given to him bread, vessels of drink, cakes."
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate XXXIIL duf her a yautet ent neter aat meat upon the tables of the god great an Not tenau - /«/* her seba separated is he from door CD any Amentet setau - to/ of Amentet, shall go along he £* hena with he shall be with the followers z\ en of 5fi hek en sep millions of times.
Osiris near Un-nefer in unbroken regularity, fetu d To be said: Hail Mk¥ ■ uda the boat en pa ye i Ra Appendix} these who sit annu apes ftu four em hat in the bows of =>-/MII sear madt en of Ra, making to advance the right and truth of who judge my weakness and my strength, who pacify the gods npasD ^*C* m \7 Ml III A— Oil oD III em heh en re - sen tatai hetepu neter en neteru perveru by the flame of your mouth, who give offerings divine to the gods, and sepulchral meals 1 See Naville, TodUnbuch, Bd I., BL 140.
B.D. Chapp. CXXVL, CLV.] THE PAPYRUS OF ANI. 225 en yu I sedmiu em madt at ker to the shining ones, who live upon right and truth, without deceit, bet - seii dsfet ter tut - a yema - ten dsfet - a they abominate wickedness, destroy my evil, blot ye out my offences, du £dt -a er ta yersek tut nebt art - d may [be removed] my wounds upon earth, destroy evil all belonging to me.
dq - erek an set'ebu - k neb art ta - ten aba - a Enter in then without obstruction thy any belonging to thee. Grant ye that I may pass CT=] I I I em dmmehet dq - a em Re-stau sei-d her sebyet through the hall of the tomb, may I go into Re-stau, may I pass through the doors ietat nu Amentet ta - tu - nd Jens pasen yet neb ma hidden of Amentet, may be given to me offerings and cakes, things all like XI C± A I enen yu unniu her dq pert em Re-stetet seiu those shining ones who are entering and coming out from Re-stetet, and passing.
re en tet en nub t'et an Ausdr Ant madyeru The chapter of a tet of gold. Saith Osiris Ani, triumphant: 1 The variants (Naville, Todtenbuch> Bd. II., Bl. 437) add the words, <z> 7 frf> "*~* ^ (did er \e\ en \u> " to be placed on the neck of the shining one."
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate XXXIII.
'Jo uben - k nek Thou risest for thyself, ^ urtu - db pest - k nek O still heart, thou shinest for thyself, ■* O still heart td-k-tu I I her kes « dn-nd nek tet o ill Place thou thyself upon thy side. I have come and I have brought to thee a /!*/ of gold, rejoice thou in it 1 The text of the Nebseni papyrus reads (Naville, Todtenbuch^ Bd. I., Bl. 180): — I " Thou hast thy backbone, O still heart! Thou hast thy sinews, O still heart! They are at thy side. I have given moisture unto thee. Verily I have brought to thee the Jet, rejoice thou in it" The rubric reads: — i t'ettu re pen Iter tet en nub Shall be said chapter this over a tet of gold rr^^?
menyu laid her x a ** en nehet upon a body of sycamore wood, washed in water of dnkham flowers, and placed on the neck of shining one this.
•JfcES^E? f7W$ ~* an - f dq her sebau He shall enter through the doors Kz£\ o nu Amentet of the underworld emyet after * si.
metu - f his speech ii I^Mi TT au x eru words.
au - f He I I fa - f su her kes - f enen shall place himself upon his side this dmu - ye* Ausdr among the followers of Osiris.
B.D. Chap. CLVL] THE PAPYRUS OF ANT. 227 re en Bet em dyenem fet an Ausdt Ani madyeru The chapter of a buckle of carnelian. Saith Osiris Ani, triumphant: sen/ en Auset hekau en Auset yut en Auset The blood of Isis, the enchantments of Isis, the power of Isis [are] ufal set pen sa er bettau - f pu a protection of chief this, a destroying of what he abominateth it is.
Appendix} fet - tu re pen her Bet ent yenem mes - Od em mu nu Shall be said chapter this over a buckle of red jasper, dipped in water of dnxdtni menyu - 6d her yati ent nehet ertd-dd er x e X en dnkham flowers and inlaid in a heart of sycamore, placed on the neck of yu pen dr art - tu nef idt ten un - nes yut en Auset shining one this. If be done for him chapter this it becometh the power of Isis em sa - f had Heru se Auset maa -f su an (era to protect him, rejoiceth Horus, the son of Isis, when he seeth it. Not is blocked en uat nebt eref a - / er pet a - / er ta £es tep way any against him, his hand is to heaven, his hand is to earth See Maspero, Mdmoire sur quelques papyrus du Louvre y Paris, 1875, p. 9 f.
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plates XXXIII, XXXIV.
^» k ^P- AAAAAA AAAAAA ' If be known chapter this he shall be in the following of Osiris Un-nefer, triumphant.
\\ du un - tu - nef sbau em Neter-yertet du i.
4* I tatu-nef x a Shall be opened to him doors in the underworld, shall be given to him an allotment l I TTTi m ^ ^ 24 of ground with wheat and barley in the Field of Aanre, shall be his name like enen neteru enti dm an Heru ies ase X " sen that of the gods who are there, say the Horus followers [when] they reap.
U \ AAAA/ -fca.
re en db en seher fet an Ausdr Ani madyeru nuk The chapter of a heart of carnelian (?). Saith Osiris Ani, triumphant: I am tuat A AAAAAA I I I bennu ba en Rd sem neteru er tuat pert - sen the phcenix, the soul of Ra, the guide of the gods to the tuat; they come forth >vj; baiu tep ta er the souls upon earth to l H Jfca.
drit merret kau -.?£# per ba en Ausdr do the will of their kas, cometh the soul of Osiris I I U i Ani merer ka - f Ani [to do] the will of his ka.
^ \\ re en ursu The chapter of the pillow 3\ fl\ 1 k mM "^ tdtdu X er tep Ausdr Ani maayeru placed under the head of Osiris Ani, triumphant, B.D. CHAPP. XXIXb, CLXVL, CLL] THE PAPYRUS OF ANI. £2tJ er seres - mennu sfer Ausdr to remove disasters from the dead body of Osiris.
X#/ 0*w - a nek tnaayeru sex er en Ptok the horizon. I have fastened together thee [in] triumph. Hath overthrown Ptah enemies his and thine. Are enemies his fallen, not shall they rise up, O Osirisj.
seres - k tep - k *r Lift thou up thy head into :i /WWVS /WW* Saith Isis: I have come that I may be thy protector. I waft to thee nifu er fet (sic)-£ oiiA*/ - u en ierdui - k pert em winds to thy nose, [and] the north winds to thy nostrils coming forth from /V/WV»A Tern. I have collected for thee thy lungs. I have granted that thou mightest be as a god. Thine enemies have fallen under thy feet, thou hast been made to triumph in </V»/ user-tu ma neteru Nut, being powerful with the gods.
*3<> THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATES XXXIII., XXXIV.
Appendix.
fet an Anpu dm ut ^ent neter het erta - nef Saith Anubis dwelling in place of the funeral, chief of the divine house, he placeth ddui - f her neb an% teb - nef su em art - / his two hands upon the lord of life, he supplieth him with what belongeth to him: dnef hrd - k nefer neb maa - tu ufat Qesu en Ptah-seker Hail to thee, fair one, O lord! Seen by the utckat, bound up by Ptah-Seker, seqa en Anpu ertatu erta en nef Su seOes - tu gathered together by Anpu, Shu, lifted up Afcr »*/*r heq t'etta maat - £ nek maat-k unemt em with the fair one, the prince of eternity. Thine eyes are to thee. Thy eye right is in j*£te/ maat-k dbt em atet du dnhui - k the £*£/*/ boat; thy eye left is in the diet boat Are thine eyebrows in em woa »^5?r etnbah paut neteru du apt - k em sau en sight fair before the cycle of the gods. Is thy brow (?) in the protection of Anpu du makha - k nefer yer bdk iepsi du Anubis. Is the back of thy head in fair state with the hawk sacred. Are 1 See Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., Bl. 174.
B.D. Chap. CLL] THE PAPYRUS OF ANL 231 A/V/WWS feba - k men em an embah neb yemennu Tehuti erf a thy fingers stablished by writings before the lord of Khemennu. Thoth giveth metu teref du hensitet - k nefer - 6d embah Ptah-seker du the speech of divine books. Is thy hair in a fair state before Ptah-Seker. Is em dmax nefer yer paut neteru data maa - f neter [Osiris] in reverence happy before the cycle of the gods great. He seeth the god dda sem - f - tu er uat nefert henk - tu - nek em great; he is guided along ways fair, thou art fortified with sepulchral meals \ overthrown for him are his enemies beneath him before the cycle of m ~^k m?W£is neteru ddat em Het-ur urt dmt Annu the gods great in the House of the Prince great in Annu.
t'et an Ausdr Ani maayeru Nebt-het rer - nd ha Saith to Osiris Ani, triumphant, Nephthys: 1 have gone round behind my brother Osiris. I have come to be in thy protection behind thee. The two lands 2yi THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plates XXXIII, XXXIV.
/www I I I ;■ kes ma nds - k d% maayeru dm - sen Oes - a aiie in homage at thy cry. How triumphant in them [art thou!] I have bound up [thee], 6.
I o in drit semadyeru her drit er - *£ J^x**' en Ptah yeft - >fr {^vkt^ioiT" 1 } over what hath been done to thee ' Overthrown hath Ptah thy enemy.
dHJL * IV du-d em sau - £ teka pen yesef su em dnt I am protecting thee [with] flame this driving away one from the valley of the tomb, %esef su Jdi retu driving away one by the sand at the feet (sic). I, «#£ du-d h-d Ausdr I embrace Osiris I I I Ani Ani, w k o a u madyeru em hetep em madt triumphant in peace and in right and truth.
fet an Ausdr Saith Osiris I II Ani Ani maayeru triumphant: 2.
i - nd er pesey I have come to make division.
a /www © -A _JU.
I am not divided, not will I let be divided thee. I have come to do violence, not utet - kud (sic) du - d em sau - k [will I let] be done violence to thee. I am protecting thee.
B.D. CHAPP. CLL, VI.] THE PAPYRUS OF ANI. 233 .tea ^a ^^/? #fe« - f em x ut * ent ditet ent pet an Adoration to Ra when he riscth in the horizon of the east of heaven by Ausdr Ani madyeru Osiris Ani, triumphant.
tua Ra yeft hetep -/ em yuti dmentet ent pet an Ausdr Adoration to Ra when he setteth in the horizon western of heaven. Saith Osiris Ani madyeru em hetep em Neter yert nuk ba dqer Ani, triumphant in peace in the underworld: I am a soul perfect.
vii. 1. Y( /wwv\ /V\*/SAA tef an Ausdr Ani Saith Osiris Ani nu a /vww 3.
u em madyeru nuk ba dqer dmu in triumph: I am a soul perfect in Jen «/^/ pen ent dbt nuk mdi ddt ami em duset divine egg this of the dbtu fish. I am the Cat great dwelling in the seat of w^7 ent uben Su dm - f right and truth where riseth Shu in it.
,rafo/' Ausdr Ani madyeru a iabti dpen dr The overseer Osiris Ani, triumphant. Hail shabti figure this, if ID o tf^/ #r A&r££ er drit kat nebt art be decreed [Osiris], if he be adjudged, to do labours any [which] are to be done THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plates XXXIII., XXXIV.
vl e sehtu iTi X, I fl\ *;» Afcter yert sehtu en sefebet dm em se er yert - / in the underworld, be smitten down obstructions there for a person beneath him; Tli <-ma;j M *r serut ent (sic) J*x*/ *r semeht uteb er x enn * to make to grow the fields, to fill with water the canals, to carry [tJ; 5q a em (sic) A?/ *« dbtet er dmentet art - d makud...sand from the East to the West. I will work, verily I am here [when thou] ka dm callest there.
t'et an MestJid nuk Mesthd se - k Ausdr Saith Mestha: I am Mestha thy son, O Osiris I I I Ant Ani, maayeru triumphant.
H' I have come that I may be protecting thee.
iVM¥ I /wwvsU \\ I make to flourish thy house lastingly.
#/# - nd Ptah md utu en Ra fesef I have commanded Ptah as commanded Ra himself.
se - k Ausdr thy son, O Osiris M 5 fl Oesu - k \ZM I I I Ani Ani, III tep madyeru triumphant.
at - k I have come that I may be protecting thee. Are bound for thee the head [and] thy limbs.
The words in brackets are supplied from Naville, TodUnbuch^ Bd. II., Bl. 430.
B.D. Chap. CLL] THE PAPYRUS OF ANI.
hui - nek [I] have smitten down for thee fl\ beneath thee. I have given to thee I & Si J^u \ZM tep felta sep sen Ausdr Ani the head for ever, twice, O Osiris Ani, meuxyeru em hetep triumphant in peace.
fet an Tuamdutef Saith Tuamautef: nuk se - k Heru meriu - k I am thy son Horus thy beloved.
i - nd I have come w^/i tef - d Ausdr md art neken - f td-d su to avenge my father Osiris from the doer of evil to him. I have set him fl\ X er under 11 ret - k tetta sep sen men sep sen Ausdr Ani emmadyeruti hetep thy feet for ever, twice, everlastingly, twice, O Osiris Ani, triumphant in peace.
™»-rtJL ii^i fet an Qebh-sennuf Saith Qebh-sennuf: I am thy son, 2, Ausdr O Osiris Ani Ani, 51 NS J - tf I have come AA/WV\ that I may be 8.XI em sau - >£ protecting thee.
temt - df I have collected madyeru triumphant.
thy bones.
6 .fc7£ 1 a - k W^4C^I> #« Ausdr pui I have gathered together for thee thy members. Osiris that aaa great enti em who is in 1 u duset madt enti the place of right and truth, who amiu s THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate XXXIV.
XIII •iM a.
O I have come driving back for thee Kep, living, illumining his sanctuary. I am t^* i\f U ra z.^U-fl /www /www 1*fi aha ha Tet hru ent X ese f neieni du - a standing behind the divine Tet on the day of driving back disaster. I am II -CE>- em sau - k Ausdr for thy protection, O Osiris.
PLATE XXXIV.
^ 1 1 jymr =:rr© 7\ ha em re nu Seyet-hetepu re nu pert The beginning of the chapters of the Sekhet-hetepu, and the chapters of coming forth A CZ1 em hru aq pert em Neter-yert ynent em by day and of going in and of coming out from the underworld, and of arriving in M;qvSM® ± S. f ^ Se^et - danru un em hetep em nut ur nebt nifu the Sekhet - Aanru, and of being in peace in the town great, the lady of winds.
sekau - a dm I may plough there.
Let me have power there. Let me be strong there that B.D. Chap. CX.]
THE PAPYRUS OF ANI.
Let me eat there. Let me drink there as they are done all upon earth, /V/ an Ausdr Ani maayeru entek Oet Heru Saith Osiris Ani, Ani (sic) triumphant: Hath carried away Horus an Sut maa em qet er Se^et - hetepet peseiet Set to look upon the building (?) in the Field of Hetepet, distributing nifu her ba en hru - f dm suht nehem - f winds upon the divine soul in his day in the divine Egg. He hath delivered yennu %at en Heru nuk seJet - d su em at the interior of the body of Horus I, even I have crowned him in the house of Su du at yabesu (?;-/ nuk as Jietep em sepu - f Shu. The House of his stars I behold repose in his seasons (?).
sem - f meht en paut neteru semsu - f He hath passed through the Meht district of the cycle of the gods, his aged ones.
The Nebseni papyrus adds, ( s== \b (I V\ nehep am, " Let me make love there."
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate XXXIV.
se - hetep -f He pacifieth 1-Mli f dbaui en dru the divine Fighters who keep guard upon n AA/VAA* II ^ D D nefer dnu terp se- hetep -f what is fair. Bringing an offering he pacifieth dn x life.
\\ qetnatn - f He hath made dbaaiu en the divine Fighters over what l-fl belongeth to them. He hath cut off dakenbu the locks j /www He hath made an end of I l %ennu disasters er dbaaiu - sen from their adversaries, er serdu ah nekek-f from [their] children. He hath removed (?)
the injury of the souls. May I gain the power over it, may I know it. I have sailed - ip; in its waters that I may come forth to its towns. I have power over M vfc* fe /WWW I I I re - a sept yu an seyem - sen dm - a my mouth, being provided [with] enchantments. Not let have power them over me vM lie.
AAAAAA an A/WWN I I I teb - a the shining ones, not let have power them over me. May I be equipped there in JUA:.
Se^et - £ hetepet merert - £ #rzV - £ ent (sic) Fields thy of Hetep. What thou wishest mayest thou do Variant j: O D •aa^M an-nef hetep se-hetep-f dbaui.
B.D. Chap. CXLVIII.] the papyrus OF AM. 239 PLATE XXXV.
/'*/ tf« Ausdr Ani maayetu dnef-hrd-k em enti neb Saith Osiris Ani, triumphant: Homage to thee who art the lord, «*£ moat udu neb teh drit t'etta the lord of right and truth, the One, the lord of eternity, the maker of everlastingness, i - nd %er - k neb Rd seuaf - kud en neb kauri I have come to thee, O [my lord] Ra. I have made food offerings to the lord of the cows III SJ *X e f tend • • • • (sic) ka dri fdfdiu tau heqt en seven together with the bull belonging thereto. O ye who give cakes and ale to the shining ones, grant ye to my soul [to be] with you. May he come into being upon /VWV/VS I I I peyt - te/s «« - nef md ud dm - ten er neteh tend fetta your thighs. May he be like one of you for ever and for ever.
yut - f em Amentat nefert an Ausdr Ani madyem May he be glorious in Amenta the beautiful, Osiris Ani, triumphant 24O THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATE XXXVI.
PLATE XXXVI.
a sexem nefer hemi nefer en pet mehtet a rer Hail, power beautiful, rudder beautiful of heaven north. Hail, revolver of pet sent taut hemi nefer en pet dmentet a yu heaven, pilot of the two earths, rudder beautiful of heaven west. Hail, shining one, her tept het dsemu hemi nefer en pet dbtet d above the temple of the gods in visible forms, rudder beautiful of heaven east. Hail, X&tti her tept /iet Mi hemi nefer en pet resi d neteru dweller above the temple of sand, rudder beautiful of heaven south. Hail, ye gods, heri ta semu tuat d neteru mutet fieri above the earth, pilots of the underworld. Hail, ye gods, mothers, who are above ta em Neter-%ert em per Ausdr sep sen d neteru semu the earth, who are in the underworld, and in the house of Osiris, twice. Hail, ye gods, pilots Ta - sert fieru ta semu tuat a iesu Rd of Tasert, who are above the earth, pilots of the underworld. Hail, followers of Ra, ami - %et Ausdr who are in the train of Osiris.
B.D. Chap. CLXXXV. (?)] THE PAPYRUS OF ANI. 24 1 «1« 32 JUG )IZ mi T? UfWS.
tua Ausdr x en ** Amentet Un-nefer her-db Abtu an Ausdr A hymn of praise to Osiris, dweller in Amentet, Un-nefer, within Abydos. Osiris Ani, triumphant, saith he: Hail, my lord, traversing eternity, his existence (tic) AVWVS . er t'etta neb nebu suten suteniu dOi neter neteru uneniu being for ever, lord of lords, king of kings, prince, god of the gods who live ma ten sen %er - k em neteru put red art - kud with you they, [I have come] to thee gods men. Make thou for me duset sen %enti Neter-yert senemeh - sen tut en ka - k enti a seat [with] them in the underworld, they adore the images of thy ka, who are em I en heh en heh pehu meni among those who come for millions of millions of years. Arriving, coming into port...dr - £#tf £tf/z */# x a * l ier sen ne k A* 1 X e P er & s 9 em which is in the body Not may arise delay in Ta-merd sen em dma - k i - sen nek tern Ta-Mera their Grant thou that they may come to thee all [of them] THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate XXXVII.
*fe* 21 ^ oalll i i I uru ma ketet fa - / aq per em Neter^ert an great as well as little. May he grant entrance and exit in the underworld, without www j\ ientu 14 I her MS seba en ® tuat en u i ka en Ausdr repulse at the gates of the underworld to the ka of Osiris i I I Ani Ani.
u PLATE XXXVII.
Het-hert nebt Amentet dmt Urt nebt Ta-sert maat Rd dtnt Hathor, lady of Amentet, dweller in Urt, lady of Ta-sert, the eye of Ra, dweller in o i i I- &b. as hat - / //ra »^r/ em uda en heh duset hetep en dri his brow, face beautiful in the boat of millions of years. The seat of peace for doing z& maat em what is right and true yennut among (?)
en the I i i hesiu favoured ones ta set er an to make «*&/ «r/ er fa pa madti the bark of the sun great to sail forth the right and truth.
TRANSLATION.
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
PLATE I.
Vignette: The scribe Ani *^\ Wl^f * standing with hands raised in adoration before a table of offerings consisting of haunches of beef c?v, loaves of bread and cakes /\, c«D, Q, vases of wine and oil JJ, ^>, fruits, lotus W, ^>, and other flowers. He wears a fringed white and saffron-coloured linen garment; and has a wig, necklace, and bracelets. Behind him stands his wife " Osiris, the lady of the house, the lady of the choir of Amen, Thuthu," 1 similarly robed and holding a sistrum S and a vine (?)-branch in her right hand, and a menat (w in her left. 2 8 The menat) which is often called " the counterpoise of a collar," consists of a disk, with a handle attached, and a cord. It was an object which was usually offered to the gods, with the sistrum; it was presented to guests at a feast by their host; and it was held by priestesses at religious festivals. It was either worn on the neck or carried in the left hand; and it was an emblem which brought joy to the bearer. Interesting examples of the pendent menat in the British Museum are No. 17,166, inscribed, i=e (1(1, " Beautiful god, lord of the two lands, maker of things, King of the North and South, Khnem-ab-Ra, son of the Sun, Aahmes (Amasis), beloved of Hathor, lady of sycamore trees"; and No. 13,950* in faience; and Nos. 8172, 8173, an( * 2 °>6o7 in hard stone. No. 18,109 is the disk of a menat in faience, inscribed, iih © » " Hathor, lady of the town of Anitha." No. 20,760 is a disk and handle in bronze, the 1 disk having, in hollow work, the figure of a cow, sacred to Hathor, and the handle, the upper part of which is in the form of the head of Hathor, having a sistrum. On the one side is the prenomen of Amenophis III. ( O ^ ^3?, and on the other is ^v A, " Hathor, lady of the sycamore." The meaning and use of the menat is discussed by Letebure in Le Menat et le Nom de Veunuque (Proc. Soc.
* A duplicate is in the Louvre; see Perrot and Chipiez, Histoirc de VArt % VEgypte, p. 821, No. 550.
246 THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATE I.
Text: [Chapter XV.] (i) 1 A Hymn of Praise to Ra when he riseth in the Eastern part of Heaven. Behold Osiris Ani the scribe who recordeth the holy offerings of all the gods, (2) who saith: " Homage to thee, O thou who hast come as "Khepera, 2 Khepera, the creator of the gods. Thou risest, thou shinest, (3) making "bright thy mother [Nut], crowned king of the gods. [Thy] mother Nut 3 " doeth homage unto thee with both her hands. (4) The land of Manu 4 " receiveth thee with content, and the goddess Maat 5 embraceth thee at the two " seasons. May he give splendour, and power, and triumph, and (5) a coming-forth "\j.e. 9 resurrection] as a living soul to see Horus of the two horizons 6 to the 1 The numbers in parentheses indicate the lines of the papyrus.
8 The god Khepera is usually represented with a beetle for a head; and the scarab, or beetle, was sacred to him. The name means "to become, to turn, to roll," and the abstract noun kheperu W ^ \ \\ 1 may be rendered by "becomings," or "evolutions." The god was self-created, and was the father of all the other gods; men and women sprang from the tears which fell from his eyes; and the animal and vegetable worlds owed their existence to him. Khepera is a phase of Tmu, the night- sun, at the twelfth hour of the night, when he " becomes " the rising sun or Harmachis (i.e., Horus in the horizon). He is also described as " Khepera in the morning, Ra at mid-day, and Tmu in the evening." See Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 927 ff.; Gr^baut, Hymne H Ammon-Rd, p. 164, note 2; Pierret, Pantheon, pp. 74, 75; Lefebure, Traduction Comparee des Hymnes au Soleil, p. 39; De Rouge\ Inscription d i A Ames,' p. no; Archaeologia, vol. 52, p. 541 ff.; Wiedemann, Die Religion der Alter* Aegypter, p. 17; Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie, p. 245, etc.
8 The goddess Nut represented the sky, and perhaps also the exact place where the sun rose. She was the wife of Seb, the Earth-god, and gave birth to Isis, Osiris, and other gods. One of her commonest titles is " mother of the gods." She is depicted as a woman bearing a vase Q upon her head, and some- times wears the disk and horns usually characteristic of Isis and Hathor. She was the daughter and mother of Ra. See Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 392; Pierret, Pantheon y pp. 34, 36; Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie, pp. 603-610.
4 Manu is the name given to the mountains on the western bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes, wherein was situated Jp tu Manu, " the mountain of Manu," the chief site of rock-hewn I cnm — r^v/i tombs. See Brugsch, Diet. Geog., p. 259.
6 Maat, " daughter of the Sun, and queen of the gods," is the personification of righteousness and truth and justice. In many papyri she is represented as leading the deceased into the Hall of Double Maat, where his heart is to be weighed against her emblem. She usually wears the feather [), emblematic of Truth, and is called the "lady of heaven": see Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 276 (and tav. 109, where the twin-goddesses Maat are shown); Pierret, Pantheon, p. 201. She is sometimes represented blind-fold: see Wiedemann, Religion der alten Aegypter, p. 78. For figures of the goddess in bronze and stone, see Nos. 380, 383, 386, 11,109, and 11,114 in the British Museum.
8 Heru-khuti, i.e., "Horus of the two horizons," the Harmachis of the Greeks, is the day-sun from hib rising in the eastern horizon to his setting in the western horizon; for the various forms in which he is represented, see Lanzone, Dizionario, tav. 129. Strictly speaking, he is the rising sun, and is one of the most important forms of Horus. As god of mid-day and evening he is called Ra- Harmachis and Tmu-Harmachis respectively. The sphinx at Gizeh was dedicated to him.
B.D. Chap. XV.] THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. 247 " ka l of Osiris, 2 the scribe Ani, triumphant 8 before Osiris, (6) who saith: Hail " all ye gods of the Temple of the Soul, 4 who weigh heaven and earth in the " balance, and who provide food and abundance of meat. Hail Tatunen, 5 One, " (7) creator of mankind and of the substance of the gods of the south and of the " north, of the west and of the east. Ascribe [ye] praise unto Ra, the lord of " heaven, the (8) Prince, Life, Health, and Strength, the Creator of the gods, and " adore ye him in his beautiful Presence as he riseth in the atet* boat. (9) They 41 who dwell in the heights and they who dwell in the depths worship thee. " Thoth 7 and Maat both are thy recorders. Thine enemy 8 is given to the (10) " fire, the evil one hath fallen; his arms are bound, and his legs hath Ra taken "from him. The children of (n) impotent revolt shall never rise up again.
1 According to the Egyptian belief man consisted of a body 3Tl x a t a sou l ^^ ba, an intelligence ^^ x w, and LJ a ka. The word ka means "image," the Greek eiSwXou (compare Coptic K(V, Peyron, Lexicon, p. 61). The ka seems to have been the "ghost," as we should say, of a man, and it has been defined as his abstract personality, to which, after death, the Egyptians gave a material form. It was a subordinate part of the human being during life, but after death it became active; and to it the offerings brought to the tomb by the relatives of the dead were dedicated. It was believed that it returned to the body and had a share in its re-vivification. See Birch, Memoire sur une patere itgyptienne (in Trans. Soc. Imp. des Antiquaires de France, 1858; Chabas, Papyrus Magique, pp. 28, 29; Maspero, £tude sur quelques peintures, p. 191 ff.; Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., vol. vi., p. 494 if.; Brugsch, Aegyptologie, p. 181; Wiedemann, Religion der alten Aegypter, p. i26f.).
8 The deceased is always identified with Osiris, or the sun which has set, the judge and god of the dead. As the sun sets in the west and rises again in the east, so the dead man is laid in his tomb on the western bank of the Nile, and after being acquitted in the Hall of Judgment, proceeds to the east to begin a new existence.
8 madxeru or madtx^ru. On this word, see Naville, Litanie du Soleil, p. 74; Dev^ria, L Expression Mdd-xerou (in Recueil de Travaux, torn, i., p. 10 ff.).
5 Tatunen, or Tenen aJS* M), was, like Seb with whom he was identified, the god of the earth; his name is often joined to that of Ptah, and he is then described as the creator of gods and men, and the maker of the egg of the sun and of the moon. See Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 1259; Wiedemann, Religion, p. 74; Pierret, Pantheon, p. 6; and Naville, La Litanie du Soldi, pp. 118, 119, and plate xxiv., 1. 3. This god was, in one aspect, a destroyer of created things; compare ^^ 1. V §\ 8 A name for the boat of the evening sun.
8 The enemy of Ra was darkness and night, or any cloud which obscured the light of the sun. The darkness personified was Apep, Nak, etc., and his attendant fiends were the mesu betesh, or * children of unsuccessful revolt."
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate I.
The House of the Prince l keepeth festival, and the sound of those who rejoice is in the (12) mighty dwelling. The gods are glad [when] they see Ra in his rising; his beams flood the world with light (13) The majesty of the god, who is to be feared, setteth forth and cometh unto the land of Manu; he maketh bright the earth at his birth each day; he cometh unto the place where he was yesterday. (14) O mayest thou be at peace with me; may I behold thy beauties; may I advance upon the earth; may I smite the Ass; may I crush (15) the evil one; may I destroy Apep 2 in his hour 3; may I see the dbtu* fish at the time of his creation, and the ant fish in his creation, and the (16) ant* boat in its lake. May I see Horus in charge of the rudder, with Thoth (£!, more fully Q CD , " the great house of the old man," i.e., the great temple of Ra at Heliopolis: see Brugsch, Diet. Geog., p. 153.
2 Apep, the serpent, personifying darkness, which Horus or the rising sun must conquer before he can re-appear in the East.
8 Compare the following scenes which represent Apep in the form of a serpent and crocodile and ass being pierced by the deceased.
4 The abtu and the ant fishes are sometimes depicted on coffins swimming at the bows of the boat of the sun.
B.D. Chap. XV.] THE BOOK OF THE DEAIX 249 "and Maat beside him; may I grasp the bows of the (17) sektet 1 boat, and the " stern of the atet boat. May he grant unto the ka of Osiris Ani to behold the " disk of the Sun and to see the Moon-god without ceasing, every day; and "may my soul (i&) come forth and walk hither and thither and whithersoever it " pleaseth. May my name be proclaimed when it is found upon the board of the " table of (22) offerings;. may offerings be made unto me in my (24) presence, even " as they are made unto the followers of Horus; may there be prepared for me a " seat in the boat of the Sun on the day of the going forth of the (26) god; and " may I be received into the presence of Osiris in the land (28) of triumph! "* Appendix r The following versions of this chapter are taken from: I. Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., PI. xiv.; II. Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., PL xv.; III. British Museum Papyrus No. 9901; and IV. British Museum Papyrus No. 10,471.
I. (1) A Hymn of Praise to Ra when he riseth in the Eastern part of Heaven. Behold Osiris, Qenna the merchant, (2) who saith: " Homage to thee, " in thy rising thou Tmu in thy crowns of beauty. Thou risest, thou risest, thou Ra " shinest, (3) thou shinest, at dawn of day. Thou art crowned like unto the king of "the gods, and the goddess Shuti doeth homage unto thee. (4) The company " of the gods praise thee from the double-dwelling. Thou goest forth over the "upper air and thy heart is filled with gladness. (5) The sektet boat draweth "onward as [Ra] cometh to the haven in the atet boat with fair winds. Ra u rejoiceth, Ra rejoiceth. (6) Thy father is Nu, thy mother is Nut, and thou art crowned " as Ra-Harmachis. Thy sacred boat advanceth in peace. Thy foe hath been cast " down and his (7) head hath been cut off; the heart of the Lady of life rejoiceth in that " the enemy of her lord hath been overthrown. The mariners of Ra have content of " heart and Annu rejoiceth."
(8) The merchant Qenna saith: " I have come to thee, O Lord of the gods, " Tmu-Harmachis, who passest over the earth (9) I know that by which thou