GNEISS.—A rock approaching granite in composition, but more or less laminated, and really produced by the alteration of a sedimentary deposit after its consolidation.
which are generally furnished with long legs, bare of feathers above the heel, and have no membranes between the toes.
GRANITE.—A rock consisting essentially of crystals of felspar and mica in a mass of quartz.
HABITAT.—The locality in which a plant or animal naturally lives.
HEMIPTERA.—An order or sub-order of insects, characterised by the possession of a jointed beak or rostrum, and by having the fore-wings horny in the basal portion and membranous at the extremity, where they cross each other. This group includes the various species of bugs.
HERMAPHRODITE.—Possessing the organs of both sexes.
HOMOLOGY.—That relation between parts which results from their development from corresponding embryonic parts, either in different animals, as in the case of the arm of man, the fore-leg of a quadruped, and the wing of a bird; or in the same individual, as in the case of the fore and hind legs in quadrupeds, and the segments or rings and their appendages of which the body of a worm, a centipede, &c., is composed. The latter is called _serial homology_. The parts which stand in such a relation to each other are said to be _homologous_, and one such part or organ is called the _homologue_ of the other. In different plants the parts of the flower are homologous, and in general these parts are regarded as homologous with leaves.
HOMOPTERA.—An order or sub-order of insects having (like the Hemiptera) a jointed beak, but in which the fore-wings are either wholly membranous or wholly leathery, The _Cicadæ_, frog-hoppers, and _Aphides_, are well-known examples.
HYBRID.—The offspring of the union of two distinct species.
HYMENOPTERA.—An order of insects possessing biting jaws and usually four membranous wings in which there are a few veins. Bees and wasps are familiar examples of this group.
HYPERTROPHIED.—Excessively developed.
ICHNEUMONIDÆ.—A family of hymenopterous insects, the members of which lay their eggs in the bodies or eggs of other insects.
IMAGO.—The perfect (generally winged) reproductive state of an insect.
INDIGENES.—The aboriginal animal or vegetable inhabitants of a country or region.
INFLORESCENCE.—The mode of arrangement of the flowers of plants.
INFUSORIA.—A class of microscopic animalcules, so called from their having originally been observed in infusions of vegetable matters. They consist of a gelatinous material enclosed in a delicate membrane, the whole or part of which is furnished with short vibrating hairs (called cilia), by means of which the animalcules swim through the water or convey the minute particles of their food to the orifice of the mouth.
INSECTIVOROUS.—Feeding on insects.
INVERTEBRATA, or INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS.—Those animals which do not possess a backbone or spinal column.
LACUNÆ.—Spaces left among the tissues in some of the lower animals and serving in place of vessels for the circulation of the fluids of the body.
LAMELLATED.—Furnished with lamellæ or little plates.
LARVA (pl. LARVÆ).—The first condition of an insect at its issuing from the egg, when it is usually in the form of a grub, caterpillar, or maggot.
LARYNX.—The upper part of the windpipe opening into the gullet.
LAURENTIAN.—A group of greatly altered and very ancient rocks, which is greatly developed along the course of the St. Laurence, whence the name. It is in these that the earliest known traces of organic bodies have been found.
LEGUMINOSÆ.—An order of plants represented by the common peas and beans, having an irregular flower in which one petal stands up like a wing, and the stamens and pistil are enclosed in a sheath formed by two other petals. The fruit is a pod (or legume).
LEMURIDÆ.—A group of four-handed animals, distinct from the monkeys and approaching the insectivorous quadrupeds in some of their characters and habits. Its members have the nostrils curved or twisted, and a claw instead of a nail upon the first finger of the hind hands.
LEPIDOPTERA.—An order of insects, characterised by the possession of a spiral proboscis, and of four large more or less scaly wings. It includes the well-known butterflies and moths.
LITTORAL.—Inhabiting the seashore.
LOESS.—A marly deposit of recent (Post-Tertiary) date, which occupies a great part of the valley of the Rhine.
MALACOSTRACA.—The higher division of the Crustacea, including the ordinary crabs, lobsters, shrimps, &c., together with the woodlice and sand-hoppers.
MAMMALIA.—The highest class of animals, including the ordinary hairy quadrupeds, the whales and man, and characterised by the production of living young which are nourished after birth by milk from the teats (_Mammæ_, _Mammary glands_) of the mother. A striking difference in embryonic development has led to the division of this class into two great groups; in one of these, when the embryo has attained a certain stage, a vascular connection, called the _placenta_, is formed between the embryo and the mother; in the other this is wanting, and the young are produced in a very incomplete state. The former, including the greater part of the class, are called _Placental Mammals;_ the latter, or _Aplacental Mammals_, include the Marsupials and Monotremes MAMMIFEROUS.—Having mammæ or teats (see MAMMALIA).
MANDIBLES.—in insects, the first or uppermost pair of jaws, which are generally solid, horny, biting organs. In birds the term is applied to both jaws with their horny coverings. In quadrupeds the mandible is properly the lower jaw.
MARSUPIALS.—An order of Mammalia in which the young are born in a very incomplete state of development, and carried by the mother, while sucking, in a ventral pouch (marsupium), such as the kangaroos, opossums, &c. (see MAMMALIA).
MAXILLÆ.—in insects, the second or lower pair of jaws, which are composed of several joints and furnished with peculiar jointed appendages called palpi, or feelers.
MELANISM.—The opposite of albinism; an undue development of colouring material in the skin and its appendages.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS.—Sedimentary rocks which have undergone alteration, generally by the action of heat, subsequently to their deposition and consolidation.
MOLLUSCA.—One of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, including those animals which have a soft body, usually furnished with a shell, and in which the nervous ganglia, or centres, present no definite general arrangement. They are generally known under the denomination of “shellfish”; the cuttle-fish, and the common snails, whelks, oysters, mussels, and cockles, may serve as examples of them.
MONOCOTYLEDONS, or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.—Plants in which the seed sends up only a single seed-leaf (or cotyledon); characterised by the absence of consecutive layers of wood in the stem (endogenous growth), by the veins of the leaves being generally straight, and by the parts of the flowers being generally in multiples of three. (_Examples_, Grasses, Lilies, Orchids, Palms, &c.)
MORAINES.—The accumulations of fragments of rock brought down by glaciers.
MORPHOLOGY.—The law of form or structure independent of function.
MYSIS-STAGE.—A stage in the development of certain crustaceans (prawns), in which they closely resemble the adults of a genus (_Mysis_) belonging to a slightly lower group.
NASCENT.—Commencing development.
NATATORY.—Adapted for the purpose of swimming.
NAUPLIUS-FORM.—The earliest stage in the development of many Crustacea, especially belonging to the lower groups. In this stage the animal has a short body, with indistinct indications of a division into segments, and three pairs of fringed limbs. This form of the common fresh-water _Cyclops_ was described as a distinct genus under the name of _Nauplius_.
NEURATION.—The arrangement of the veins or nervures in the wings of insects.
NEUTERS.—Imperfectly developed females of certain social insects (such as ants and bees), which perform all the labours of the community.
Hence, they are also called _workers_.
NICTITATING MEMBRANE.—A semi-transparent membrane, which can be drawn across the eye in birds and reptiles, either to moderate the effects of a strong light or to sweep particles of dust, &c., from the surface of the eye.
OCELLI.—The simple eyes or stemmata of insects, usually situated on the crown of the head between the great compound eyes.
ŒSOPHAGUS.—The gullet.
OOLITIC.—A great series of secondary rocks, so called from the texture of some of its members, which appear to be made up of a mass of small EGG-LIKE calcareous bodies.
OPERCULUM.—A calcareous plate employed by many Molluscæ to close the aperture of their shell. The OPERCULAR VALVES of Cirripedes are those which close the aperture of the shell.
ORBIT.—The bony cavity for the reception of the eye.
ORGANISM.—An organised being, whether plant or animal.
ORTHOSPERMOUS.—A term applied to those fruits of the Umbelliferæ which have the seed straight.
OSCULANT.—Forms or groups apparently intermediate between and connecting other groups are said to be osculant.
OVA.—Eggs.
OVARIUM or OVARY (in plants).—The lower part of the pistil or female organ of the flower, containing the ovules or incipient seeds; by growth after the other organs of the flower have fallen, it usually becomes converted into the fruit.
OVULES (of plants).—The seeds in the earliest condition.
PACHYDERMS.—A group of Mammalia, so called from their thick skins, and including the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, &c.
PALÆOZOIC.—The oldest system of fossiliferous rocks.
PALPI.—Jointed appendages to some of the organs of the mouth in insects and Crustacea.
PAPILIONACEÆ.—An order of plants (see LEGUMINOSÆ), The flowers of these plants are called _papilionaceous_, or butterfly-like, from the fancied resemblance of the expanded superior petals to the wings of a butterfly.
PARASITE.—An animal or plant living upon or in, and at the expense of, another organism.
PARTHENOGENESIS.—The production of living organisms from unimpregnated eggs or seeds.
PEDUNCULATED.—Supported upon a stem or stalk. The pedunculated oak has its acorns borne upon a footstool.
PELORIA or PELORISM.—The appearance of regularity of structure in the flowers of plants which normally bear irregular flowers.
PELVIS.—The bony arch to which the hind limbs of vertebrate animals are articulated.
PETALS.—The leaves of the corolla, or second circle of organs in a flower. They are usually of delicate texture and brightly coloured.
PHYLLODINEOUS.—Having flattened, leaf-like twigs or leafstalks instead of true leaves.
PIGMENT.—The colouring material produced generally in the superficial parts of animals. The cells secreting it are called _pigment-cells_.
PINNATE.—Bearing leaflets on each side of a central stalk.
PISTILS.—The female organs of a flower, which occupy a position in the centre of the other floral organs. The pistil is generally divisible into the ovary or germen, the style and the stigma.
PLACENTALIA, PLACENTATA.—or PLACENTAL MAMMALS, See MAMMALIA.
PLANTIGRADES.—Quadrupeds which walk upon the whole sole of the foot, like the bears.
PLASTIC.—Readily capable of change.
PLEISTOCENE PERIOD.—The latest portion of the Tertiary epoch.
PLUMULE (in plants).—The minute bud between the seed-leaves of newly-germinated plants.
PLUTONIC ROCKS.—Rocks supposed to have been produced by igneous action in the depths of the earth.
POLLEN.—The male element in flowering plants; usually a fine dust fecundation of the seeds. This impregnation is brought about by means of tubes (_pollen-tubes_) which issue from the pollen-grains adhering to the stigma, and penetrate through the tissues until they reach the ovary.
POLYANDROUS (flowers).—Flowers having many stamens.
POLYGAMOUS PLANTS.—Plants in which some flowers are unisexual and others hermaphrodite. The unisexual (male and female) flowers, may be on the same or on different plants.
POLYMORPHIC.—Presenting many forms.
POLYZOARY.—The common structure formed by the cells of the Polyzoa, such as the well-known seamats.
PREHENSILE.—Capable of grasping.
PREPOTENT.—Having a superiority of power.
PRIMARIES.—The feathers forming the tip of the wing of a bird, and inserted upon that part which represents the hand of man.
PROCESSES.—Projecting portions of bones, usually for the attachment of muscles, ligaments, &c.
PROPOLIS.—A resinous material collected by the hivebees from the opening buds of various trees.
PROTEAN.—Exceedingly variable.
PROTOZOA.—The lowest great division of the animal kingdom. These animals are composed of a gelatinous material, and show scarcely any trace of distinct organs. The Infusoria, Foraminifera, and sponges, with some other forms, belong to this division.
PUPA (pl. PUPÆ).—The second stage in the development of an insect, from which it emerges in the perfect (winged) reproductive form. In most insects the _pupal stage_ is passed in perfect repose. The _chrysalis_ is the pupal state of butterflies.
RADICLE.—The minute root of an embryo plant.
RAMUS.—One half of the lower jaw in the Mammalia. The portion which rises to articulate with the skull is called the _ascending ramus_.
RANGE.—The extent of country over which a plant or animal is naturally spread. _Range in time_ expresses the distribution of a species or group through the fossiliferous beds of the earth’s crust.
RETINA.—The delicate inner coat of the eye, formed by nervous filaments spreading from the optic nerve, and serving for the perception of the impressions produced by light.
RETROGRESSION.—Backward development. When an animal, as it approaches maturity, becomes less perfectly organised than might be expected from its early stages and known relationships, it is said to undergo a RHIZOPODS.—A class of lowly organised animals (Protozoa), having a gelatinous body, the surface of which can be protruded in the form of root-like processes or filaments, which serve for locomotion and the prehension of food. The most important order is that of the Foraminifera.
RODENTS.—The gnawing Mammalia, such as the rats, rabbits, and squirrels. They are especially characterised by the possession of a single pair of chisel-like cutting teeth in each jaw, between which and the grinding teeth there is a great gap.
RUBUS.—The bramble genus.
RUDIMENTARY.—Very imperfectly developed.
RUMINANTS.—The group of quadrupeds which ruminate or chew the cud, such as oxen, sheep, and deer. They have divided hoofs, and are destitute of front teeth in the upper jaw.
SACRAL.—Belonging to the sacrum, or the bone composed usually of two or more united vertebræ to which the sides of the pelvis in vertebrate animals are attached.
SARCODE.—The gelatinous material of which the bodies of the lowest animals (Protozoa) are composed.
SCUTELLÆ.—The horny plates with which the feet of birds are generally more or less covered, especially in front.
SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS.—Rocks deposited as sediments from water.
SEGMENTS.—The transverse rings of which the body of an articulate animal or annelid is composed.
SEPALS.—The leaves or segments of the calyx, or outermost envelope of an ordinary flower. They are usually green, but sometimes brightly coloured.
SERRATURES.—Teeth like those of a saw.
SESSILE.—Not supported on a stem or footstalk.
SILURIAN SYSTEM.—A very ancient system of fossiliferous rocks belonging to the earlier part of the Palæozoic series.
SPECIALISATION.—The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function.
SPINAL CORD.—The central portion of the nervous system in the Vertebrata, which descends from the brain through the arches of the vertebræ, and gives off nearly all the nerves to the various organs of the body.
STAMENS.—The male organs of flowering plants, standing in a circle within the petals. They usually consist of a filament and an anther, the anther being the essential part in which the pollen, or fecundating dust, is formed.
STIGMA.—The apical portion of the pistil in flowering plants.
STIPULES.—Small leafy organs placed at the base of the footstalks of the leaves in many plants.
STYLE.—The middle portion of the perfect pistil, which rises like a column from the ovary and supports the stigma at its summit.
SUBCUTANEOUS.—Situated beneath the skin.
SUCTORIAL.—Adapted for sucking.
SUTURES (in the skull).—The lines of junction of the bones of which the skull is composed.
TARSUS (pl. TARSI).—The jointed feet of articulate animals, such as insects.
TELEOSTEAN FISHES.—Fishes of the kind familiar to us in the present day, having the skeleton usually completely ossified and the scales horny.
TENTACULA or TENTACLES.—Delicate fleshy organs of prehension or touch possessed by many of the lower animals.
TERTIARY.—The latest geological epoch, immediately preceding the establishment of the present order of things.
TRACHEA.—The windpipe or passage for the admission of air to the lungs.
TRIDACTYLE.—Three-fingered, or composed of three movable parts attached to a common base.
TRILOBITES.—A peculiar group of extinct crustaceans, somewhat resembling the woodlice in external form, and, like some of them, capable of rolling themselves up into a ball. Their remains are found only in the Palæozoic rocks, and most abundantly in those of Silurian age.
TRIMORPHIC.—Presenting three distinct forms.
UMBELLIFERÆ.—An order of plants in which the flowers, which contain five stamens and a pistil with two styles, are supported upon footstalks which spring from the top of the flower stem and spread out like the wires of an umbrella, so as to bring all the flowers in the same head (_umbel_) nearly to the same level. (_Examples_, Parsley and Carrot.)
UNGULATA.—Hoofed quadrupeds.
UNICELLULAR.—Consisting of a single cell.
VERTEBRATA or VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.—The highest division of the animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a backbone composed of numerous joints or _vertebræ_, which constitutes the centre of the skeleton and at the same time supports and protects the central parts of the nervous system.
WHORLS.—The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
WORKERS.—See neuters.
ZOËA-STAGE.—The earliest stage in the development of many of the higher Crustacea, so called from the name of _Zoëa_ applied to these young animals when they were supposed to constitute a peculiar genus.
ZOOIDS.—In many of the lower animals (such as the Corals, Medusæ, &c.)
reproduction takes place in two ways, namely, by means of eggs and by a process of budding with or without separation from the parent of the product of the latter, which is often very different from that of the egg. The individuality of the species is represented by the whole of the form produced between two sexual reproductions; and these forms, which are apparently individual animals, have been called _zooids_.
INDEX.
Aberrant groups, 379.
Abyssinia, plants of, 340.
Acclimatisation, 112.
Adoxa, 173.
Affinities of extinct species, 301.
—, of organic beings, 378.
Agassiz on Amblyopsis, 112.
—, on groups of species suddenly appearing, 289.
—, on prophetic forms, 301.
—, on embryological succession, 310.
—, on the Glacial period, 330.
—, on embryological characters, 368.
—, on the latest tertiary forms, 278.
—, on parallelism of embryological development and geological succession, 396.
—, Alex., on pedicellariæ, 191.
Algæ of New Zealand, 338.
Alligators, males, fighting, 69.
Alternate generations, 387.
Amblyopsis, blind fish, 112.
America, North, productions allied to those of Europe, 333.
—, boulders and glaciers of, 335.
—, South, no modern formations on west coast, 272.
Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 297.
Anagallis, sterility of, 236.
Analogy of variations, 127.
Andaman Islands inhabited by a toad, 350.
Ancylus, 345.
Animals, not domesticated from being variable, 13.
—, domestic; descended from several stocks, 14.
—, acclimatisation of, 112.
Animals of Australia, 90.
—, with thicker fur in cold climates, 107.
—, blind, in caves, 110.
—, extinct, of Australia, 310.
Anomma, 232.
Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 355.
Antechinus, 373.
Ants attending aphides, 207.
—, neuters, structure of, 230.
Apes, not having acquired intellectual powers, 181.
Aphides attended by ants, 207.
Aphis, development of, 390.
Apteryx, 140.
Arab horses, 26.
Archeopteryx, 284.
Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species, 299.
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 114.
Ascension, plants of, 347.
Asclepias, pollen of, 151.
Asparagus, 325.
Aspicarpa, 367.
Asses, striped, 127.
—, improved by selection, 30.
Ateuchus, 109.
Aucapitaine, on land-shells, 353.
Audubon, on habits of frigate-bird, 142.
—, on variation in birds’ nests, 208.
—, on heron eating seeds, 346.
Australia, animals of, 90.
—, dogs of, 211.
—, extinct animals of, 310.
—, European plants in, 337.
—, glaciers of, 335.
Azara, on flies destroying cattle, 56.
Azores, flora of, 328.
Babington, Mr., on British plants, 37.
Baer, Von, standard of Highness, 97.
—, comparison of bee and fish, 308.
—, embryonic similarity of the Vertebrata, 387.
Baker, Sir S., on the giraffe, 178.
Balancement of growth, 117.
Baleen, 182.
Barberry, flowers of, 77.
Barrande, M., on Silurian colonies, 291.
—, on the succession of species, 299.
—, on parallelism of palæozoic formations, 301.
—, on affinities of ancient species, 302.
Barriers, importance of, 317.
Bates, Mr., on mimetic butterflies, 375, 376.
Batrachians on islands, 350.
Bats, how structure acquired, 140.
—, distribution of, 351.
Bear, catching water-insects, 141.
Beauty, how acquired, 159, 414.
Bee, sting of, 163.
—, queen, killing rivals, 164.
—, Australian, extermination of, 59.
Bees, fertilizing flowers, 57.
—, hive, not sucking the red clover, 75.
—, Ligurian, 75.
—, variation in habits, 208.
—, parasitic, 216.
—, humble, cells of, 220.
Beetles, wingless, in Madeira, 109.
—, with deficient tarsi, 109.
Bentham, Mr., on British plants, 37.
—, on classification, 369.
Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt-water, 324.
Bermuda, birds of, 348.
Birds acquiring fear, 208.
—, beauty of, 161.
—, annually cross the Atlantic, 329.
—, colour of, on continents, 107.
—, footsteps, and remains of, in secondary rocks, 284.
—, fossil, in caves of Brazil, 310.
—, of Madeira, Bermuda, and Galapagos, 349, 349.
—, song of males, 70.
—, transporting seeds, 328.
—, waders, 345.
Bizcacha, 318.
—,, affinities of, 379.
Bladder for swimming, in fish, 147.
Blindness of cave animals, 110.
Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indian cattle, 14.
—, on striped Hemionus, 128.
—, on crossed geese, 240.
Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish pointer, 26.
Bory St. Vincent, on Batrachians, 350.
Bosquet, M., on fossil Chthamalus, 284.
Boulders, erratic, on the Azores, 328.
Branchiæ, 148, 149.
—, of crustaceans, 152.
Braun, Prof., on the seeds of Fumariaceæ, 174.
Brent, Mr., on house-tumblers, 210.
Britain, mammals of, 352.
Broca, Prof., on Natural Selection, 170.
Bronn, Prof., on duration of specific forms, 275.
—, various objections by, 170.
Brown, Robert, on classification, 366.
Brown-Sequard, on inherited mutilations, 108.
Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa, 193.
Butterflies, mimetic, 375, 376.
Buzareingues, on sterility of varieties, 258.
Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, 78.
Calceolaria, 239.
Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids, 240.
Cape de Verde Islands, productions of, 354.
—, plants of, on mountains, 337.
Cape of Good Hope, plants of, 101, 347.
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 308.
Carthemus, 173.
Cats, with blue eyes, deaf, 9.
—, variation in habits of, 209.
—, curling tail when going to spring, 162.
Cattle destroying fir-trees, 56.
—, destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 56.
—, breeds of, locally extinct, 86.
—, fertility of Indian and European breeds, 241.
—, Indian, 14, 241.
Cave, inhabitants of, blind, 110.
Cecidomyia, 387.
Celts, proving antiquity of man, 13.
Centres of creation, 320.
Cephalopodæ, structures of eyes, 151.
—, development of, 390.
Cercopithecus, tail of, 189.
Ceroxylus laceratus, 182.
Cervulus, 240.
Cetacea, teeth and hair, 115.
—, development of the whalebone, 182.
Cetaceans, 182.
Ceylon, plants of, 338.
Chalk formation, 297.
Characters, divergence of, 86.
—, adaptive or analogical, 373.
Charlock, 59.
Checks to increase, 53.
—, mutual, 55.
Chelæ of Crustaceans, 193.
Chickens, instinctive tameness of, 211.
Chironomus, its asexual reproduction, 387.
Chthamalinæ, 271.
Chthamalus, cretacean species of, 384.
Circumstances favourable to selection of domestic products, 29.
—, to natural selection, 80.
Cirripedes capable of crossing, 79.
—, carapace aborted, 118.
—, their ovigerous frena, 148.
—, fossil, 284.
—, larvæ of, 389.
Claparède, Prof., on the hair-claspers of the Acaridæ, 153.
Clarke, Rev. W.B., on old glaciers in Australia, 335.
Classification, 363.
Clift, Mr., on the succession of types, 310.
Climate, effects of, in checking increase of beings, 54.
—, adaptation of, to organisms, 112.
Climbing plants, 147.
—, development of, 96.
Clover visited by bees, 75.
Cobites, intestine of, 147.
Cockroach, 59.
Collections, palæontological, poor, 270.
Colour, influenced by climate, 107.
—, in relation to attacks by flies, 159.
Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons, 17.
Colymbetes, 345.
Compensation of growth, 117.
Compositæ, flowers and seeds of, 116.
—, outer and inner florets of, 173.
—, male flowers of, 398.
Conclusion, general, 421.
Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility, 251.
Convergence of genera, 100.
Coot, 142.
Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of reproduction, 149.
Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, 326.
—, reefs, indicating movements of earth, 326.
Corn-crake, 143.
Correlated variation in domestic productions, 9.
Coryanthes, 154.
Creation, single centres of, 320.
Crinum, 238.
Croll, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267, 269.
—, on the age of our oldest formations, 286.
—, on alternate Glacial periods in the North and South, 336.
Crosses, reciprocal, 244.
Crossing of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds, 15.
—, unfavourable to selection, 80.
Crüger, Dr., on Coryanthes, 154.
Crustacea of New Zealand, 338.
Crustacean, blind, 110.
air-breathers, 152.
Crustaceans, their chelæ, 193.
Cryptocerus, 231.
Ctenomys, blind, 110.
Cuckoo, instinct of, 205, 212.
Cunningham, Mr., on the flight of the logger-headed duck, 108.
Currants, grafts of, 246.
Currents of sea, rate of, 325.
Cuvier on conditions of existence, 205.
—, on fossil monkeys, 283, 284.
Cuvier, Fred., on instinct, 205.
Cyclostoma, resisting salt water, 353.
Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals, 111.
—, on relations of crustaceans of Japan, 334.
—, on crustaceans of New Zealand, 338.
Dawson, Dr., on eozoon, 287.
De Candolle, Aug. Pyr., on struggle for existence, 49.
—, on umbelliferæ, 116.
—, on general affinities, 379.
De Candolle, Alph., on the variability of oaks, 40.
—, on low plants, widely dispersed, 359.
—, on widely-ranging plants being variable, 43.
—, on naturalisation, 89.
—, on winged seeds, 117.
—, on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, 135.
—, on distribution of plants with large seeds, 326.
—, on vegetation of Australia, 340.
—, on insular plants, 347.
Degradation of rocks, 266.
Denudation, rate of, 268.
—, of oldest rocks, 287.
—, of granitic areas, 274.
Development of ancient forms, 307.
Devonian system, 305.
Dianthus, fertility of crosses, 243.
Dimorphism in plants, 35, 252.
Dirt on feet of birds, 328.
Dispersal, means of, 323.
—, during Glacial period, 330.
Distribution, geographical, 316.
—, means of, 323.
Disuse, effect of, under nature, 108.
Diversification of means for same general purpose, 153.
Division, physiological, of labour, 89.
Divergence of character, 86.
Dog, resemblance of jaw to that of the Thylacinus, 374.
Dogs, hairless, with imperfect teeth, 9.
—, descended from several wild stocks, 15.
—, domestic instincts of, 210.
—, inherited civilisation of, 210.
—, fertility of breeds together, 241.
—, of crosses, 256.
—, proportions of body in different breeds, when young, 392.
Domestication, variation under, 5.
Double flowers, 230.
Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in America, 66.
Dragon-flies, intestines of, 147.
Drift-timber, 326.
Driver-ant, 232.
Drones killed by other bees, 164.
Duck, domestic, wings of, reduced, 8.
—, beak of, 183.
Duckweed, 344.
Dugong, affinities of, 365.
Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi, 108.
Dyticus, 345.
Earl, Mr., W., on the Malay Archipelago, 351.
Ears, drooping, in domestic animals, 8.
Earth, seeds in roots of trees, 326.
—, charged with seeds, 328.
Echinodermata, their pedicellariæ, 191.
Eciton, 230.
Economy of organisation, 117.
Edentata, teeth and hair, 115.
—, fossil species of, 417.
Edwards, Milne, on physiological division of labour, 89.
—, on gradations of structure, 156.
Edwards, on embryological characters, 368.
Eggs, young birds escaping from, 68.
Egypt, productions of, not modified, 169.
Electric organs, 150.
Elephant, rate of increase, 51.
—, of Glacial period, 113.
Embryology, 386.
Eozoon Canadense, 287.
Epilipsy inherited, 108.
Existence, struggle for, 48.
—, condition of, 167.
Extinction, as bearing on natural selection, 96.
—, of domestic varieties, 93.
—,, 293.
Eye, structure of, 144.
—, correction for aberration, 163.
Eyes, reduced, in moles, 110.
Fabre, M., on hymenoptera fighting, 69.
—, on parasitic sphex, 216.
—, on Sitaris, 394.
Falconer, Dr., on naturalisation of plants in India, 51.
—, on elephants and mastodons, 306.
—, and Cautley on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds, 311.
Falkland Islands, wolf of, 351.
Faults, 268.
Faunas, marine, 317.
Fear, instinctive, in birds, 211.
Feet of birds, young molluscs adhering to, 345.
Fertilisation variously effected, 154, 161.
Fertility of hybrids, 238.
—, from slight changes in conditions, 252.
—, of crossed varieties, 255.
Fir-trees destroyed by cattle, 56.
—, pollen of, 164.
Fish, flying, 140.
—, teleostean, sudden appearance of, 285.
Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh water, 83.
—, electric organs of, 150.
—, ganoid, living in fresh water, 296.
—, of southern hemisphere, 338.
Flat-fish, their structure, 186.
Flight, powers of, how acquired, 140.
Flint-tools, proving antiquity of man, 13.
Flower, Prof., on the larynx, 190.
—, on Halitherium, 302.
—, on the resemblance between the jaws of the dog and Thylacinus, 375.
—, on the homology of the feet of certain marsupials, 382.
Flowers, structure of in relation to crossing, 73.
—, of compositæ and umbelliferæ, 116, 173.
—, beauty of, 161.
—, double, 230.
Flysch formation, destitute of organic remains, 271.
Forbes, Mr. D., on glacial action in the Andes, 335.
Forbes, E., on colours of shells, 107.
—, on abrupt range of shells in depth, 135.
—, on poorness of palæontological collections, 270.
—, on continuous succession of genera, 293.
—, on continental extensions, 323.
—, on distribution during Glacial period, 330.
—, on parallelism in time and space, 361.
Forests, changes in, in America, 58.
Formation, Devonian, 305.
—, Cambrian, 287.
Formations, thickness of, in Britain, 268.
Formica rufescens, 216.
—, sanguinea, 217.
—, flava, neuter of, 231.
Forms, lowly organised, long enduring, 99.
Frena, ovigerous, of cirripedes, 148.
Fresh-water productions, dispersal of, 343.
Fries on species in large genera being closely allied to other species, 45.
Frigate-bird, 142.
Frogs on islands, 350.
Fruit-trees, gradual improvement of, 27.
—, in United States, 66.
—, varieties of, acclimatised in United States, 114.
Fuci, crossed, 249, 343.
Fur, thicker in cold climates, 107.
Furze, 388.
Galapagos Archipelago, birds of, 348.
Galaxias, its wide range, 343.
Galeopithecus, 139.
Game, increase of, checked by vermin, 55.
Gärtner on sterility of hybrids, 237, 241.
—, on reciprocal crosses, 243.
—, on crossed maize and verbascum, 257, 258.
—, on comparison of hybrids and mongrels, 259, 260.
Gaudry, Prof., on intermediate genera of fossil mammals in Attica, 301.
Geese, fertility when crossed, 307.
—, upland, 142.
Geikie, Mr., on subaërial denudation, 267.
Genealogy, important in classification, 369.
Generations, alternate, 387.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on balancement, 117.
—, on homologous organs, 382.
—,, Isidore, on variability of repeated parts, 118.
—, on correlation, in monstrosities, 9.
—, on correlation, 115.
—, on variable parts being often monstrous, 122.
Geographical distribution, 316.
Geography, ancient, 427.
Geology, future progress of, 427.
—, imperfection of the record, 427.
Gervais, Prof., on Typotherium, 302.
Giraffe, tail of, 157.
—, structure of, 177.
Glacial period, 330.
—, affecting the North and South, 335.
Glands, mammary, 189.
Gmelin, on distribution, 330.
Godwin-Austin, Mr., on the Malay Archipelago, 280.
Goethe, on compensation of growth, 117.
Gomphia, 174.
Gooseberry, grafts of, 246.
Gould, Dr. Aug. A., on land-shells, 353.
Gould, Mr., on colours of birds, 107.
—, on instincts of cuckoo, 214.
—, on distribution of genera of birds, 358.
Gourds, crossed, 258.
Graba, on the Uria lacrymans, 72.
Grafting, capacity of, 245, 246.
Granite, areas of denuded, 274.
Grasses, varieties of, 88.
Gray, Dr. Asa, on the variability of oaks, 40.
—, on man not causing variability, 62.
—, on sexes of the holly, 74.
—, on trees of the United States, 79.
—, on naturalised plants in the United States, 89.
—, on æstivation, 174.
—, on Alpine plants, 330.
—, on rarity of intermediate varieties, 136.
Gray, Dr. J.E., on striped mule, 128.
Grebe, 142.
Grimm, on asexual reproduction, 387.
Groups, aberrant, 378.
Grouse, colours of, 66.
—, red, a doubtful species, 38.
Growth, compensation of, 117.
Günther, Dr., on flat-fish, 187.
—, on prehensile tails, 189.
—, on the fishes of Panama, 317.
—, on the range of fresh-water fishes, 343.
—, on the limbs of Lepidosiren, 399.
Haast, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335.
Habit, effect of, under domestication, 8.
—, effect of, under nature, 108.
—, diversified, of same species, 141.
Häckel, Prof., on classification and the lines of descent, 381.
Hair and teeth, correlated, 115.
Halitherium, 302.
Harcourt, Mr. E.V., on the birds of Madeira, 348.
Hartung, M., on boulders in the Azores, 328.
Hazel-nuts, 325.
Hearne, on habits of bears, 141.
Heath, changes in vegetation, 55.
Hector, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand, 335.
Heer, Oswald, on ancient cultivated plants, 13.
—, on plants of Madeira, 83.
Helianthemum, 174.
Helix, resisting salt water, 353.
Helix pomatia, 353.
Helmholtz, M., on the imperfection of the human eye, 163.
Helosciadium, 325.
Hemionus, striped, 128.
Hensen, Dr., on the eyes of Cephalopods, 152.
Herbert, W., on struggle for existence, 49.
—, on sterility of hybrids, 238.
Hermaphrodites crossing, 76.
Heron eating seed, 346.
Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 70.