_scio_; in the philosophical writings and in the Letters before many other verbs. -- IMMORTALITATIS GLORIAM: so Balb. 16 _sempiterni nominis gloriam_.
Cf. also Arch. 26 _trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur_.
83. NON VIDERE: either _non videre_ or _non item_ was to be expected, as Cicero does not often end sentences or clauses with _non_. -- COLUI ET DILEXI: so 26 _coluntur et diliguntur_. -- VIDENDI: Cic. for the most part avoids the genitive plural of the gerundive in agreement with a noun, and uses the gerund as here. Meissner notes that Latin has no verb with the sense 'to see again', which a modern would use here. -- CONSCRIPSI: in the mistake of Cicero's. It was not Pelias but his half-brother Aeson, father of Iason, whom Medea made young again by cutting him to pieces and boiling him in her enchanted cauldron. She, however, induced the daughters of Pelias to try the same experiment with their father; the issue, of course, was very different. Plautus, Pseud. 3, 2, 80 seems to make the same mistake. -- SI QUIS DEUS: the present subjunctive is noticeable; strictly, an impossible condition should require the past tense, but in vivid passages an impossible condition is momentarily treated as possible. So Cic. generally says _si reviviscat aliquis_, not _revivisceret_. -- DECURSO SPATIO: 'when I have run my race'. See n. on 14. Lucretius 3, 1042 oddly has _decurso lumine vitae_. -- AD CARCERES A CALCE: _carceres_ were the barriers behind which the horses and cars stood waiting for the race; _calx_ (γραμμη), literally 'a chalked line', was what we should call 'the winning post'. Cf. Lael. 101; Tusc. 1, 15 _nunc video calcem ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil sit praeterea extimescendum._ DOCTI: as Nägelsbach, Stilistik § 25, 5, remarks, Cic. always uses this phrase and not _multi docti_. One of the books Cic. has in view is no doubt that of Hegesias, a Cyrenaic philosopher, mentioned in Tusc. 1, 84. -- COMMORANDI...DIVORSORIUM: 'a hostelry wherein to sojourn'. The idea has been expressed in literature in a thousand ways. Cf. Lucr. 3, 938 _cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis_; Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 118 _vita cedat uti conviva satur_. Cicero often insists that heaven is the _vera aeternaque domus_ of the soul (cf. Tusc. 1, 118). Cf. Epist. to the Hebrews, 13, 14 'Here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come'. -- CONCILIUM COETUMQUE: so in Rep. 6, 13 _concilia coetusque hominum quae civitates vocantur_. The words here seem to imply that the real _civitas_ is above; what seems to men a _civitas_ is merely a disorganized crowd.
P. 35. -- CATONEM MEUM: see 15, 68; so Cicero in his letters often calls QUOD CONTRA: = ‛ο τουναντιον, 'whereas on the contrary'; cf. n. on Lael. 90 where, as well as here, many of the editors make the mistake of taking _quod_ to be the accusative governed by _contra_ out of place. -- MEUM: _sc. corpus cremari_. -- QUO: put for _ad quae_, as often. -- VISUS SUM: 'people thought I bore up bravely'. -- NON QUO...SED: a relative clause parallel with a categorically affirmative clause. The usage is not uncommon, though Cic. often has _non quo...sed quia_. For mood of VOLO: n. on 2 _levari volo_. -- MINUTI PHILOSOPHI: for the word _minutus_ cf. n. on 46; Cic. has _minuti philosophi_ in Acad. 2, 75; Div. 1, 62; in cf. Suet. Aug. 83 _m. pueri_. -- SENTIAM: future indicative. -- PERACTIO: the noun is said to occur only here in Cic.; cf. however 64 _peragere_; 70.
-- HAEC...DICEREM: the same words occur at the end of the Laelius; for _habeo quod dicam_ Cic. often says _habeo dicere_, as in Balb. 34.
_Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes Intulit agresti Latio._ [3] To judge rightly of Cicero it must be remembered that he was a politician only by accident: his whole natural bent was towards literature.
[4] To see the truth of this it is only necessary to refer for example to the weight given to the opinions of Cicero in the heated political discussions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
[5] Almost every branch of learning was ranked under the head of Philosophy. Strabo even claimed that one branch of Philosophy was Geography.
[6] 2, 3 _interiectus est nuper liber is quem ad nostrum Atticum de senectute misimus._ No argument can be founded on the words _interiectus est_, over which the editors have wasted much ingenuity. They simply mean 'there was inserted in the series of my works'.
[7] See 2, 23.
[10] It was certainly not written, as Sommerbrodt assumes, in the intervals of composing the _De Divinatione_. The words in 2, 7 of that work--_quoniam de re publica consuli coepti sumus_ etc.--point to the end of September or beginning of October, 44, when Cicero returned to Rome and began to compose his Philippic orations.
[11] § 1.
[12] It is perhaps not a mere accident that the prowess of L. Brutus _in liberanda patria_ is mentioned in § 75. There may be a reference to the latest Brutus who had freed his country.
[13] In March, 45.
[14] § 12.
[15] § 84.
[16] See p. iii. above.
[17] In the notes exact references will be given to the places in the original where the other passages mentioned may be found.
[18] Particularly the first book of the _Tusculan Disputations_, the _De Republica_, and the _Laelius_.
[19] See 4, below.
[20] § 3.
[21] Works on Old Age are said to have been written by Theophrastus and Demetrius Phalereus, either or both of which Cicero might have used. One passage in § 67, _facilius in morbos...tristius curantur_, is supposed by many to have been imitated from Hippocrates; but the resemblance is probably accidental. Cf. De Off. 1, 24, 83.
[22] See § 2.
[24] § 2.
[25] As Cicero's intention was to set old age in a favorable light, he slights Aristo Cius for giving to Tithonus the chief part in a dialogue on old age. See § 3; cf. also Laelius, § 4.
[26] See below (ii.), 1.
[27] On the whole subject of Aristotle's dialogues see Bernays' monograph, _Die Dialoge des Aristoteles_.
ante quam est mortuus mecum et cum Scipione disserere_ etc.
[29] Cicero always indicates this date; cf. § 14. Some other writers, as Livy, give, probably wrongly, an earlier date.
[30] He himself says (Festus, p.28l) _ego iam a principio in parsimonia atque in duritia atque industria omnem adulescentiam, abstinui agro colendo, saxis Sabinis silicibus repastinandis atque conserendis_. Cf.
_ordinarius_ says _quid mihi fieret si non ego stipendia in ordine omnia ordinarius meruissem semper?_ [33] § 10.
[34] If Plutarch may be trusted, Cato at the age of 30 had won for himself the title of 'the Roman Demosthenes'.
[35] § 10.
[36] In § 10 Cicero makes the quaestorship fall in 205, but he refers to the election, not to the actual year of office.
[37] Nepos (or pseudo-Nepos), Cat. 1.
[38] Cato afterwards made it a charge against M. Fulvius Nobilior that he had taken Ennius with him on a campaign (Tusc. 1, 3). But Cato used Ennius as soldier while Nobilior employed him as poet.
[39] It is difficult, however, to fix the date of this enactment. Some authorities place it after Cato's return from Spain.
[42] _i.e._ he was _legatus consularis_. It was at the time a common thing for ex-consuls to take service under their successors. So Liv. 36, 17, 1, [43] Cicero's statements throughout the treatise concerning the relations between Cato and Africanus the elder, particularly in § 77 where Cato calls his enemy _amicissimus_, are audaciously inexact.
[45] We possess the titles of 26 speeches delivered during or concerning his censorship.
[46] He is said to have undergone 44 prosecutions, and to have been prosecutor as often.
[49] The common view is that Cato said nothing of Roman history from 509-266 B.C.
[50] Cf. Cic. pro Arch. 7, 16.
[51] See Coulanges, 'Ancient City', Bk. II. Ch. 4.
[54] In _De Re Publica_ 2, 1 Cicero makes Scipio talk extravagantly of Cato.
[55] See Introduction to the Laelius, pp. vi, vii.
Grammar; H. = Harkness's Grammar, Rev. Ed. of 1881. In quoting from the works of Cicero reference is made to sections, not to chapters.