in the early hours of the day to all who chose to consult them about legal difficulties. -- EST PROVECTA: literally 'was carried forward', _i.e._ 'continued', 'remained'. Some wrongly take the phrase to mean 'made progress', 'increased', a sense which would require the imperfect, _provehebatur_. -- PRUDENTIA: here, as often, 'legal skill'.
28. ORATOR: emphatic position. -- SENECTUTE: causal ablative; not 'in age', but 'owing to age'. -- OMNINO -- SED TAMEN: 'no doubt -- but still'.
_Omnino_ (literally, 'altogether') has two almost exactly opposite uses -- (1) the affirmative, cf. 9; (2) the concessive, which we have here and in 45. The circumstance which is contrasted with the admitted circumstance is usually introduced by _sed tamen_ or _sed_ as in 45, but in Lael. 98 by the less emphatic _autem_, while in Lael. 69 there is no introductory particle.
-- CANORUM...SENECTUTE: _canorum_ implies the combination of power with clearness in a voice. For the mixture of metaphors in _canorum splendescit_ edd. quote Soph. Phil. 189 αχω τηλεφανης; Cic. De Or. 2, 60 _illorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari_. -- NESCIO QUO PACTO: literally, 'I know not on what terms'; quite interchangeable with _nescio quo modo_; cf. 82. A.
_nondum_, because more emphasis is thus thrown both on the time-word and on the negation. The common view that _nondum_ was avoided because it would have implied that Cato _expected_ to lose the _canorum_ is certainly wrong.
-- ET VIDETIS: 'though you see my years'. The adversative use of _et_ for _autem_ or _tamen_ after the negative is not very uncommon in Cicero, but there are few examples of the usage in the speeches. Cf. Lael. 26 _et quidquid_; so sometimes _que_ as above, 13; also Lael. 30 _ut nullo egeat suaque omnia in se posita iudicet_. -- SENI: Madvig's em. for _senis_. In Leg. 1, 11 allusion is made to the great change which advancing years had wrought in Cicero's own impassioned oratory. He was no doubt thinking of that change when he wrote the words we have here. -- SERMO: 'style of speaking'; a word of wider meaning than _oratio_, which only denotes public speaking. -- QUIETUS ET REMISSUS: 'subdued and gentle'. The metaphor in _remissus_ (which occurs also in 81) refers to the loosening of a tight-stretched string; cf. _intentum_ etc. in 37 with n. With the whole passage cf. Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 2 _nam iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam et quasi turbata non indecent; senibus placida omnia et ordinata conveniunt_. -- FACIT AUDIENTIAM: 'procures of itself a hearing for it'. In the words _per se ipsa_ there is no doubt an allusion to the custom at large meetings in ancient times whereby the _praeco_ or κηρυξ called on the people to listen to the speakers. Cf. Liv. 43, 16, 8 _praeconem audientiam facere iussit_.
Note that this is the only classical use of the word _audientia_; it has not the meaning of our 'audience' either in the sense of a body of listeners, or as used in the expression 'to give audience'. -- COMPOSITA ET MITIS: 'unimpassioned and smooth'. Cf. Quintil. 6, 2, 9 _affectus igitur hos concitatos, illos mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt_. -- QUAM...NEQUEAS: 'and if you cannot practise oratory yourself'. Evidently _quam_ refers to _oratio_ in the widest sense, not to the special style of oratory mentioned in the last sentence. With _si nequeas_ cf. _nisi exerceas_ in 21 with n. -- SCIPIONI ET LAELIO: '_a_ Scipio and _a_ Laelius'; _i.e._ 'young friends such as Scipio and Laelius are to me'. -- PRAECIPERE: here absolute, = _praecepta dare_; usually an accusative follows. -- STUDIIS IUVENTUTIS: 'the zeal of youth'. _Studiis_ does not imply here the deference of youth to age; the studia meant are the _virtutum studia_ of 26.
29. NE...INSTRUAT: _docere_ is to impart knowledge, _instituere_ (literally 'to ground' or 'establish') is to form the intellect and character by means of knowledge, _instruere_, to teach the pupil how he may bring his acquirements to bear in practical life. -- OFFICI MUNUS: 'performance of duty'; cf. 35, 72; Fam. 6, 14. In scores of passages in Cicero we find _officium et munus_, 'duty and function', as in 34. -- CN.
ET P. SCIPIONES: in Cic. the plural is always used where two men of the same family are mentioned and their names connected by et. In other writers the plural is regular, the singular exceptional, as in Sall. Iug. 42, 1 nouns the plural is regular; e.g. Cic. Phil. 2, 101 _arationes Campana et Leontina_, though a little above we have _mense Aprili atque Maio_. [See Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1², p. 1.] Gnaeus (_not_ Cnaeus -- see n. on Lael. 3) Cornelius Scipio was consul in 222 B.C. and was sent to Spain at the outbreak of the Second Punic war to command against Hasdrubal. Publius was consul in 218, and after being defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, joined his brother in Spain. At first they won important successes, but in 212 they were hemmed in and killed, after a crushing defeat. -- L. AEMILIUS: the father of Macedonicus. He was consul in 219 and defeated the Illyrii; but when consul again in 216 was defeated and killed at Cannae. See 75. For -- ETSI: see n. on 2. -- SENECTUTE: MSS. and edd. have _senectutis_, but the sense requires the abl.
P. 13. -- 30. CYRUS: the elder. -- APUD XENOPHONTEM: 'in Xenophon'; so in 79 where see n.; also 31 _apud Homerum_. See Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 6. -- CUM...ESSET: '_though_ he was very old', the clause depends on the following words, not on the preceding. -- NEGAT: in Latin as in English the present tense is used in quotations from books. -- METELLUM: was consul in 251 B.C.
and won a great victory over the Carthaginians at Panormus (Palermo); consul again in 247. See below, 61. -- MEMINI...ESSE: for the construction of _memini_ with the present or perfect infinitive, see n. on is peculiar, being abbreviated from _quod puer vidi_ or something of the kind. Quintil. 8, 3, 31 has _memini iuvenis_. In Rep. 1, 23 Cicero says _memini me admodum adulescentulo_. -- VIGINTI ET DUOS: the commoner order of the words is _duos et viginti_; see n. on 13 _centum...annos_. -- EI SACERDOTIO: 'that sacred college'; _i.e._ the pontifical college consisting of the _pontifex maximus_ and the inferior _pontifices_. -- REQUIRERET: see acc. to emphasize the person. -- ID: 'such a course'; cf. 82 _ut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier_.
31. VIDETISNE UT: here _ne_ is the equivalent of _nonne_, as it often is in the Latin of Plautus and Terence, and in the colloquial Latin of the classical period. For _ut_ after _videtis_ see n. on 26. -- NESTOR: _e.g._ 1, 250; Odyssey 3, 245. -- VERA...SE: 'if he told the truth about himself'. -- NIMIS: 'to any great extent'. _Insolens_ does not correspond to our 'insolent'; it is almost the equivalent of _ineptus_, and has no harsher meaning than 'odd', 'strange', 'in bad taste'. -- MELLE DULCIOR: Homer, Il. 1, 249 του και απο γλωσσης μελιτος γλυκιων ‛ρεεν αυδη. In Or. 32 Cic. says of Xenophon (whom the Greeks called Αττικη μελιττα) that his _oratio_ was _melle dulcior_. -- SUAVITATEM: notice the change from _dulcior_, which seems to be made for the mere sake of variety, since elsewhere (De Or. 3, 161) Cicero writes _dulcitudo orationis_. -- ET TAMEN: NUSQUAM: _i.e._ nowhere in Homer. -- AIACIS: _i.e._ Aiax Telamonius, who was the greatest Greek warrior while Achilles sulked (Iliad 2, 768). The genitive after _similis_ is the rule in Cicero, though many examples of the dative are found even with names of persons; see Madv. on Fin. 5, 12.
32. SED: see n. on 26. -- REDEO AD ME: so 45; Lael. 96, Div. 1, 97 _ad nostra iam redeo_; also below, 67 _sed redeo ad mortem impendentem._ -- CYRUS: see 30. -- QUEO: the verb _queo_ is rarely found without a negative, _possum_ being used in positive sentences; cf. however Lael. 71 _queant_, 'to the end'; cf. 38, _desudans; 44 devicerat_. -- ENERVAVIT: _enervare_ is literally 'to take out the sinews'; cf. the expressions _nervos elidere_ (Tusc. 2, 27) and _nervos incidere_ (Academ. 1, 35) both of which are used in a secondary or metaphorical sense. -- CURIA: = _senatus_. -- ROSTRA: cf.
-- ESSE: emphatic, = _vivere_; see n. on 21. -- EGO VERO etc.: 'I however would rather that my old age should be shorter than that I should be old before my time'. -- MALLEM: see n. on 26 _vellem_.
P. 14. -- NEMO CUI FUERIM: cf. Plaut. Mercator 2, 2, 17 _quamquam negotium est, numquam sum occupatus amico operam dare_.
33. AT: as in 21, where see n. -- T. PONTI CENTURIONIS: the centurions were generally men of powerful frame; cf. Veget. 2, 14 _centurio elegendus est, qui sit magnis viribus et procera statura_; Philipp. 8, 26 _centuriones pugnaces et lacertosos_; Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 72. -- MODERATIO: 'a right application'; literally 'a governing'. -- TANTUM...NITATUR: cf. 27 _quidquid agas agere pro viribus_, also 434 _quantum possumus_. -- NE: the affirmative _ne_, often wrongly written _nae_ on the absurd assumption that the word passed into Latin from the Greek ναι, is in Cicero always and in other writers nearly always followed by a pronoun. For the form of the Fin. 3, 11 (almost the same words). -- PER STADIUM: 'over the course'; cf.
vitulum_ _assueverat ferre, taurum ferebat_. As to Milo see n. on 27. For _cum sustineret_ a modern would have been inclined to use a participle, which was perhaps avoided here because of the close proximity of another participle, _ingressus_. -- UMERIS: this spelling is better than _humeris_, which is now abandoned by the best scholars. There is no sound corresponding to the _h_ in words of the same origin in cognate languages (see Curtius, Greek Etym. 1, 423 of the Eng. Trans.), and although undoubtedly _h_ was wrongly attached to some Latin words, there is no evidence to show that this happened to _umerus_. -- HAS: _i.e. Milonis_, corresponding to _Pythagorae_. -- PYTHAGORAE: chosen no doubt because tradition made Milo a Pythagorean; see n. on 27. -- MALIS: _i.e. si optandum sit_ (cf. Plaut. Miles 170). For the ellipsis see n. on 26. -- DENIQUE: 'in short'. -- UTARE: the second person of the present subjunctive hortative is very rare, excepting when, as here, the command is general.
Had the command been addressed to a particular person, Cicero might have and _cum_ evidently have here a temporal sense, the subjunctives seem due to the influence of the other subjunctives _utare_ and _requiras_. A. 342; for the metaphor cf. n. on 83; also Fam. 8, 13, 1 (a letter of Coelius) _aetate iam sunt decursa_; pro Quint. 99 _acta aetas decursaque_. For _vitae_; see n. on 5. -- EAQUE: this is a common way of introducing with emphasis a fresh epithet or predicate. Often _idque_ (και τουτο) occurs, the pronoun being then adverbially used, and not in agreement with the life is compared to a race, in which each man has to run once and only once around the course. -- TEMPESTIVITAS: 'seasonableness'; cf. 5 _maturitate tempestiva_, with n. -- INFIRMITAS: the context shows that not physical but intellectual weakness is meant; so in Acad. 2, 9 _infirmissimo tempore spirit'. -- IAM CONSTANTIS AETATIS: _i.e._ middle age, the characteristic of which is _stability_; cf. 76 _constans aetas quae media dicitur_; also _aetas iam confirmata_. -- MATURITAS: 'ripeness', _i.e._ of intellect or 34. AUDIRE TE ARBITROR: 'I think that news reaches you'. -- HOSPES: see n.
on 28 _orator_. -- AVITUS: there was a strong friendship between the elder Africanus and Masinissa, king of Numidia, who in 206 B.C. passed over from the Carthaginian alliance to that of the Romans. He was richly rewarded by Scipio, and remained loyal to Rome till his death. He lived to welcome the younger Scipio in Africa during the last Punic war, and to see the utter ruin of Carthage. See Sall. Iug. 5, 4. For the expression _hospes tuus avitus_ cf. Plautus, Miles 135 _paternum suom hospitem_. -- CUM INGRESSUS etc.: _i.e._ protracted exercise of one kind did not weary him. -- CUM...EQUO: though Cic. says _in equo vehi, esse, sedere_ etc. the preposition here is left out because a mere ablative of manner or means is required to suit the similar ablative _pedibus_. So Div. 2, 140 _equus in quo vehebar_, 'the horse on which I rode'; but ib. 1, 58 _equo advectus ad ripam_, 'brought to the bank _by the aid_ of a horse'. -- SICCITATEM: 'wiriness', literally 'dryness' or freedom from excessive perspiration, colds and the like; cf. Tusc. 5, 99 _siccitatem quae consequitur continentiam in victu_; OFFICIA ET MUNERA: see n. on 29. -- NE SINT: 'grant that age has no strength'. This formula of concession for argument's sake is frequent in -- SENECTUTE = _senibus_: see n. on 26. -- LEGIBUS ET INSTITUTIS: 'by statute and precedent'. -- MUNERIBUS EIS etc.: chiefly military service. -- NON MODO...SED NE QUIDEM: when a negative follows _non modo_ these words have the force of _non modo non_, a negative being borrowed from the negative in the subsequent clause. But often _non modo non_ is written; the negative after modo is then more emphatic, being independent. Here _non modo non quod non_ would have had a harsh sound. A. 149, _e_; G. 484, 3 and _sed vos id cogendi estis_.
35. AT: as in 21, where see n. In his reply Cato adopts the same form as that in which the objection is urged, _at id quidem_ etc. So in 68 _at senex...at est..._ P. 15. -- COMMUNE VALETUDINIS: 'common to weak health', i.e. to all in a weak state of health. _Valetudo_ means in itself neither good nor bad health; the word takes its coloring from the context. -- FILIUS IS QUI: a pause must be made at _filius_; the sense is not 'that son of Africanus who adopted you', but 'the son of Africanus, I mean the man who adopted you'.
-- QUOD NI ITA FUISSET: 'now if this had not been so'; a phrase like _quod cum ita sit_ and _hoc ita dici_. Cf. also 67 _quod ni ita accideret_; 82 _quod ni ita se haberet_. -- ALTERUM...CIVITATIS: _illud_ is put for 'Epicurus, for _he_ is your shining light'. -- VITIA: 'defects'. -- DILIGENTIA: scarcely corresponds to our 'diligence'; it rather implies minute, patient attention; 'painstaking'.
36. HABENDA...VALETUDINIS: 'attention must be paid to health'; so 35, 2; Fin. 2, 64. -- TANTUM: restrictive, = 'only so much'; so in 69, and often. -- POTIONIS: _cibus et potio_ is the regular Latin equivalent for our 'food and drink'; see below, 46; also Tusc. 5, 100; Fin. 1, 37; Varro de Re Rust. 1, 1, 5. -- ADHIBENDUM: _adhibere_ has here merely the sense of 'to employ' or 'to use'. Cf. Fin. 2, 64. -- NON: we should say 'and not' or 'but not'; the Latins, however, are fond of _asyndeton_, called _adversativum_, when two clauses are contrasted. -- MENTI...ANIMO: properly _mens_ is the intellect, strictly so called, _animus_ intellect and feeling combined, but the words are often very loosely used. They often occur together in Latin; Lucretius has even _mens animi_. -- INSTILLES: see n. on 21 _exerceas_. -- ET: 'moreover'. -- EXERCITANDO: in good Latin the verb _exercitare_ is rare except in _exercitatus_, which stands as participle to _exerceo, exercitus_ being unused. The word seems to have been chosen here as suiting _exercitationibus_ better than _exercendo_ would. So in 47 _desideratio_ is chosen rather than _desiderium_, to correspond with the neighboring _titillatio_. -- AIT: _sc. esse_; the omission with _aio_ is rare, though common with _dico, appello_ etc.; see n. on 22. -- COMICOS: not 'comic' in our sense, but = _in comoediis_, 'represented in comedy'. So Rosc. Am. 47 _comicum adulescentem_, 'the young man of comedy'. The passage of Caecilius (see n. on 24 _Statius_) is more fully quoted in Lael. 99. -- CREDULOS: in almost every Latin comedy there is some old man who is cheated by a cunning slave. -- SOMNICULOSAE: the adj. contains a diminutive noun stem (_somniculo-_). -- PETULANTIA: 'waywardness'. -- NON PROBORUM: Cic. avoids _improborum_ as being too harsh; with exactly similar feeling Propertius 3, 20, 52 (ed. Paley) says _nec proba Pasiphae_ for _et improba P._ Cf. Off. 3, 36 _error hominum non 1. n. and foot-note 4. -- DELIRATIO: 'dotage'; a rare word, used by Cic.
only here and in Div. 2, 90.
37. ROBUSTOS: 'sturdy'; implying that the sons were grown up. -- TANTAM: _sc. quantam habuit_; only a little more emphatic than _magnam_ would have been; see n. on 52. -- APPIUS: see n. on 16. -- REGEBAT: the _pater familias_ in early Roman times was an almost irresponsible ruler over his children and household. For a full discussion of the _patria potestas_ see Coulanges, Ancient City, Bk. II. Ch. 8; Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 5; Hadley, Introd. to Roman Law, Chapters 5 and 6. -- ET...SENEX: 'though both blind and old'. -- INTENTUM: commonly used of _animus_, like the opposite _remissus_ (28). -- TENEBAT etc.: the _patria potestas_ is often denoted by VIGEBAT etc.: 'in him ancestral spirit and principles were strong'. While _animus patrius_ here evidently means the strong will for which the patrician Claudii were proverbial (as _e.g._ in Rosc. Am. 46 _intellegere qui animus patrius sit in liberos_) it indicates the feeling of a particular father for his children.
P. 16. -- 38. ITA: = _ea lege_ 'on these conditions, viz...', the clause with _si_ being an explanation of _ita_. This correspondence of _ita...si_ is common in Cicero; see n. on 12 _ita...quasi_. Here translate 'age can only be in honor if it fights for itself'. -- SE IPSA: cf. Cic. Acad.
it has passed into bondage to nobody'. _Mancipium_ is a piece of property; _emancipare_ is to pass a piece of property out of its owner's hands. The word acquired two exactly opposite meanings. When used of a slave, or of a son _in patria potestate_, who was legally subject to many of the same ordinances as a slave, it means 'to set free', unless, as in Fin. I, 24 _filium in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat_, some person is mentioned to whom the original owner makes over his rights. But in Plaut. Bacchid. 1, 1, 90 _mulier, tibi me emancupo_ the sense is 'I enslave myself to you', _i.e._ 'I pass myself out of my own power into yours'. So in the well-known passage of Horace, Epod. 9, 12 (of Antony) _emancipatus feminae_ 'enslaved to a woman'; cf Cic. Phil. 2, 51 _venditum atque emancipatum tribunatum_.
-- SENILE ALIQUID...ALIQUID ADULESCENTIS: chiasmus. For the sense cf. 33 _ferocitas iuvenum...senectutis maturitas_. -- QUOD QUI SEQUITUR: 'and he who strives after this', _i.e._ to combine the virtues of age and youth.
Cf. Aesch. Sept. 622 γεροντα τον νουν σαρκα δ' ‛ηβωσαν φυει -- MIHI...EST IN MANIBUS: 'I have on hand', 'am busy with'. Cf. n. on 22. -- ORIGINUM: as to Cato's literary labors see Introd. -- OMNIA COLLIGO: referring to the materials Cato was collecting for his 'Origines'. -- QUASCUNQUE DEFENDI: 'as many as I have conducted'. _Defendere causam_ here is simply to act as counsel in a case, whether the client be defendant or plaintiff. So in Lael. 96 and often. -- NUNC CUM MAXIME: 'now more than ever', νυν μαλιστα.
The phrase is elliptic; in full it would be '_cum maxime conficio orationes, nunc conficio_', 'when I most of all compose speeches, I now compose them'; _i.e._ 'the time when I most of all compose is now'. The words _cum maxime_ generally follow _tum_ or _nunc_ and add emphasis to those words, but are sometimes used alone to express the ideas 'then' and 'now' more emphatically than _tum_ and _nunc_ would. Cf. Ver. 4, 82; Tac.
Ann. 4, 27. The orators were in the habit of working over their speeches carefully for publication and preservation. -- IUS AUGURIUM etc.: 'the law pertaining to the augurs and pontifices'; _i.e._ the principles applied by them in the performance of their duties. The pontifices had the general oversight of religious observances. See Dict. of Antiq. -- CIVILE: the meaning of _ius civile_ varies according to the context. Here it is the secular law as opposed to the sacred law, as in 50; sometimes it is the whole body of Roman law as opposed to the law of other states; often, again, it is the older portion of the Roman law as opposed to the newer or 'equity' portion. -- COMMEMORO: 'I say over to myself'. In Cicero _commemoro_ is a verb of speaking, and never has the meaning of _recordor_ or _memini_. -- CURRICULA: see nn. on 33. -- MAGNO OPERE: better so written than in one word _magnopere_; so _maximo, minimo, nimio opere_. -- ADSUM AMICIS: 'I act as counsel to my friends'. This legal sense of _adesse_ is common. -- FREQUENS: literally the word means 'crowded' (connected with _farcire_ 'to cram' or 'to crowd together'), hence _frequens senatus_ and the like phrases. Then _frequens_ comes to be used of actions or events that often recur; _e.g._ Orat. 15 _Demosthenes frequens Platonis auditor_; De Or. 1, 243 _frequens te audivi_. On the use of the adj. here see A. 191; G. 324, Rem. 6; H. 443. -- ULTRO: 'unasked', 'of my own motion', a reference to the well-known story that, whatever subject was discussed, Cato gave as his opinion '_delenda est Carthago_'. See Introd. -- TUEOR: 'advocate', 'support'. -- LECTULUS: a couch usually stood in the Roman study, on which the student reclined while reading, composing or dictating, or even writing. Cf. De Or. 3, 17, _in eam exedram venisse in qua Crassus lectulo posito recubuisset, cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse sensisset, statim recessisse..._; Suet. Aug. 78 _lecticula lucubratoria_.
-- EA IPSA COGITANTEM: = _de eis ipsis cog._: so Acad. 2, 127 _cogitantes supera atque caelestia_, and often. -- ACTA VITA: 'the life I have led'; one who lives amid these pursuits and tasks'. -- ITA SENSIM etc.: _sensim sine sensu_ (observe the alliteration) is like _mentes dementis_ in 16, where see n. _Sensim_ must have meant at one time 'perceptibly', then 'only just perceptibly', then 'gradually' and almost 'imperceptibly'.
39. QUOD...DICUNT: not strictly logical, being put for _quod careat, ut dicunt_. In cases like this the verb of saying is usually in the The indicative here is more vivid and forcible. -- MUNUS...AUFERT: to say that a gift robs one of anything is of course an _oxymoron_; cf. n. on 16 QUOD EST etc.: 'the greatest fault of youth'; _i.e._ the love of pleasure.
In this passage _voluptas_ indicates pleasure of a sensual kind, its ordinary sense, _delectatio, oblectatio_ etc. being used of the higher pleasures. In 51, however, we have _voluptates agricolarum_. -- ACCIPITE: 'hear'; so _dare_ often means 'to tell'. With _accipere_ in this sense cf.
the similar use of αποδεχεσθαι. -- ARCHYTAE: Archytas (the subject of Horace's well-known ode, 1, 28) was a contemporary and friend of Plato, and a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy. He wrote philosophical works, and was also famous as a mathematician and astronomer, besides being the leading statesman and general of the commonwealth of Tarentum. For another saying of Archytas, cf. Lael. 88. -- TRADITA EST: 'was imparted to me', _i.e._ by word of mouth. -- CUM...TARENTI: 'when as a young man I stayed honestatem ab utilitate secernens, qua nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae potuit afferri_. -- CAPITALIOREM: 'more deadly'; _caput_ was often equivalent to _vita_, so that _capitalis_ comes to mean 'affecting the life'.
P. 17. -- 40. HINC etc.: cf. Cic. Hortensius fragm. _quod turpe damnum, quod dedecus est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur voluptate?_ Observe the singular _patriae_ followed by the plural _rerum publicarum_; the plural of _patria_ is rare. On the significance of this passage see Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 211, n. (Am. ed.). -- CUM HOSTIBUS etc.: attributive phrase; cf. Phil. 12, 27 _colloquia cum acerrimis hostibus_. -- SCELUS: this word looks chiefly to the criminal intention, whether it be carried into action or not, _malum_, _facinus_ to the completed crime; _flagitium_ is sin rather than crime, _Facinus_ in sense is often rather narrower and lighter than _scelus_; cf. Verr. 5, 170 _facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare_. -- IMPELLERET: _sc. homines_; so _nos_ is omitted after _iubebat_ below. -- EXCITARI: 'stirred up'. In 39 and 41 we have the verb _in-citare_; for the difference between the two verbs cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 45 _haec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormientem excitasse, sed potius ut currentem incitasse videatur_. -- HOMINI...DEDISSET: cf. Acad. 1, 7 _nec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis datum munus homini_. Notice _homini_ 'man', in the same sense as _hominibus_, above. -- MUNERI AC DONO: the two words _munus_ and _donum_ are often found together; the difference in meaning is hardly perceptible.
_Donum_ implies the fact of giving, _munus_ the generosity of the giver. -- TAM...INIMICUM: notice the separation of _tam_ from _inimicum_.
41. LIBIDINE: = επιθυμια; temperantia = σωφροσυνη. _Dominari_ is a very strong word, 'to tyrannize'; _dominatio_ = τυραννις. For _locum_ cf. Lael.
52 _in tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae_. -- CONSISTERE: 'find a foothold'. Cf. Fin. 4, 69 _sapientia pedem ubi poneret non habebat_. -- FINGERE ANIMO: 'to imagine'. -- TANTA...QUANTA...MAXIMA: 'the greatest that could possibly be enjoyed'. The form of expression is common, _e.g._ Lael. 74 _tanta quanta maxima potest esse distantia_. -- TAM DIU DUM: this is not exactly equivalent to the ordinary _tam diu quam_, but there is ellipsis -- 'so long as this, I mean while, etc.'. Cf. Cat. 3, 16 _tam diu, MENTE...RATIONE...COGITATIONE: 'by thought, by reasoning, by imagination'. _Cogitatio_ like διανοια has often the sense of 'imagination'. The close juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous is quite characteristic of Cicero's Latin. -- QUIDEM: concessive, as in 32 and often. -- MAIOR ATQUE LONGIOR: 'very intense and protracted'. Superlatives might have been expected, in view of _quanta percipi posset maxima_ above.
_Longus_ in the sense of 'long-continued' is rare in Ciceronian Latin, excepting when, as in 66 _longa aetate_, it is joined with a word distinctly referring to time. For the general drift of the passage cf. Cic.
Hortensius (fragment) _congruere cum cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non potest; quis enim, cum utatur voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior esse, attendere animum, inire rationes, cogitare omnino quidquam potest_? -- ANIMI LUMEN: a common metaphor; _e.g._ Cic. Rep. 6, 12 _tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi tui_. Cf. 36 _haec...exstinguuntur_; also below, 42 _mentis oculos_. -- C. PONTIO: C. Pontius Herennius, the father of C. Pontius Telesinus who defeated the Romans at the Caudine Forks during the Second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. The father is several times mentioned by Livy 9, cc. 1 and 3; cf. especially 1, § 2 _C.
Pontium, patre longe prudentissimo natum_. -- NEARCHUS: mentioned by Plutarch, Cato 2, as a Pythagorean and friend of Cato. -- PERMANSERAT: _i.e._ during the siege of Tarentum. -- INTERFUISSET: not in accordance with English idiom; cf. n. on 4 _putassent_; also 44 _devicerat_. -- PLATO etc.: although Plato made two journeys to Italy and Sicily (or, as some authorities say, three) it is scarcely likely that he was present at Tarentum in the year mentioned, 349 B.C., two years before his death, when he was of advanced age. The latest date assigned by other authorities for Plato's last visit to the West is 361 B.C. -- REPERIO: _sc. in annalibus_; so in 15; cf. _videmus_ in 26.
42. EFFICERET: _efficeret, liberet_, and _oporteret_ can be properly rendered into English only by the present tense. Although these verbs express circumstances which _continue_, since the general effect of old age is being described, they are thrown into the past to suit the past tense _dicebam_ or _dixi_ which, though not expressed, is really the principal verb. Cf. below, 62, 78. -- CONSILIUM: 'deliberation'.
P. 18. -- UT ITA DICAM: this softens the metaphor, as _quasi_ or _quasi quidam_ often does, and as ‛οιον, ‛ωσπερ do in Greek [but not ‛ως επος ειπειν, which is often wrongly said to be the equivalent of _ut ita dicam_; see n. on Lael. 2]. The phrase _mentis_ or _animi aciem praestringere_ often occurs without anything to soften the metaphor; _e.g._ Fin. 4, 37. -- NEC HABET etc: 'and has no relations with virtue'. The use of _commercium_ in the metaphorical sense is common. -- INVITUS: see ref. on 38 _frequens_.
commanded the fleet under his brother Titus during the Macedonian war; in 192 B.C. he was consul. _Septem annis_ denotes seven _complete_ years (cf.
n. on 19), as Cato was censor in 184. A reference to Livy 39, 43, 2 will show that Cicero borrows his account of Flamininus' crime from the old annalist Valerius Antias. Livy also quotes (39, 42, 7) an account of the matter given by Cato himself in a speech, which is even more disgraceful to Flamininus. -- EICEREM: the phrase commonly used is not _eicere_, but _movere, aliquem senatu. Notare_ and _nota (censoria)_ are technically used of degradation or disfranchisement inflicted by the censors. For the for the mood see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1); for the tense 'when he was consul in Gaul' but 'when he was in Gaul during his consulship'. _Cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive often has a sense differing very little from that of _cum_ with the imperfect or pluperfect indicative. No doubt when the usage originally arose, the clause with _cum_ was regarded as expressing the _cause_ of the action or event denoted by the principal verb; here the presence of F. in Gaul might be regarded as _a cause_ of the crime. It is more than doubtful, however, whether in actual use the subjunctive in these phrases continued to carry with it to Latin readers any idea of cause. See Roby, 1720, Kennedy, 211; footnote 1. -- EXORATUS EST: 'was persuaded'; cf. Liv. 39, 43. -- SECURI FERIRET: the story was that L. Flamininus himself acted as executioner. -- EORUM QUI...ESSENT: the subjunctive because of the class-notion, 'of such persons as were'. -- TITO CENSORE: _i.e._ in 189 B.C.; see n. on 1. -- FLACCO: L. Valerius Flaccus was the life-long friend of Cato, and his colleague in the consulship and in the censorship. He entirely favored Cato's political views. See Introd. -- IMPERI DEDECUS: Flamininus was at the time Roman governor of the district.
43. AUDIVI E: Cic. uses _audire ex, ab_, and _de aliquo_, almost indifferently. -- PORRO: 'in turn'; literally 'farther on', here = 'farther back'; cf. Livy 27, 51. -- C. FABRICIUM: see n. on 15. -- CINEA: the famous diplomatist, minister of Pyrrhus. He was a pupil of Demosthenes and himself one of the most famous orators of his time. Cineas was the ambassador who tried to negotiate peace on the occasion mentioned in 16. -- SE SAPIENTEM PROFITERETUR: the omission of _esse_ is common in such phrases; _e.g._ Fin.
5, 13 _Strato physicum se voluit_. Epicurus, who is here meant (born 342 B.C., died 270), was blamed for calling himself σοφος or _sapiens_. Others, says Cicero, who had borne the title had waited for the public to confer it on them (Fin. 2, 7). -- EUMQUE: 'and yet he'; cf. n. on 13 _vixitque_. -- FACEREMUS: for the tense cf. n. on 42 _efficeret_; also _expeteretur_ below. -- AD...REFERENDA: 'ought to be judged by the standard of pleasure', _i.e._ anything which brings pleasure may be regarded as good, and its opposite bad. So in Greek επαναφερειν τι εις τι. On the moral teachings of Epicurus consult Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch.
19; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, § 59; Guyan, La morale d'Épicure et ses rapports avec les doctrines contemporaines. -- CURIUM...CORUNCANIUM: see n. on 15. -- ID...PERSUADERETUR: intransitive verbs are used in the when so used the dative may follow as in the active (see Madvig, 244, _b_; G. 208; H. 384, 5). A neuter pronoun in the singular sometimes, as here, accompanies the passive, and may be regarded as an adverbial accusative of respect or extent, or as a nominative qualifying the impersonal subject.