a man of letters, centre of the literary group comprising also Scipio, Panaetius, Polybius, Terence, Lucilius.
Lanarius, Gaius Calpurnius, III, 66.
Latin, study of combined with Greek, I, 1-2.
Latins, the people of Latium, the province in which Rome is situated, the first territory added to Rome, I, 38; decisive battle on the Anio, III, 112.
Law, the origin of, II, 41-42; the majesty of, I, 148; as a profession, II, 65; its decline with the end of the Republic, II, 67; III, 2.
Lentulus; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, the splendour of his aedileship (63), II, 57; as consul (57) he was largely instrumental in securing Cicero's recall from banishment.
Leuctra, a town of Boeotia, where the Spartans under Cleombrotus were disastrously defeated by Epaminondas and the Thebans (371), I, 61; II, 26.
Love, how won, II, 32; _vs._ fear, II, 23-26.
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (110-56), surnamed Ponticus for his victories over Mithradates (84-66); famed for his wealth and magnificence, I, 140; for the splendour of his aedileship with his brother Marcus (79), II, 57; with him prosecuted Servilius to avenge their father whom he had accused of bribery and corruption, II, 50; patron of letters, especially of the poet Archias.
Lucullus, Marcus Licinius, associated with his brother Lucius (_q.v._), II, 50, 57; soldier and orator.
Lusitania, western Spain, practically modern Portugal, II, 40.
Lutatius; _see_ Catulus.
Lycurgus (9th century), the famous lawgiver of Sparta, author (?) of the Spartan constitution, I, 76.
Lydia, the central country of western Asia Minor, III, 38.
Lysander, the Spartan admiral who defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami (405), received the capitulation of Athens (404), established the Thirty Tyrants (403), and gave Sparta her leadership, I, 76, 109.
Lysander, the ephor (241), a descendant of the admiral, a friend of King Agis (_q.v._), sought to bring about agrarian reforms based upon the constitution of Lycurgus; for this he was banished, II, 80.
Lysis, of Tarentum, a Pythagorean; expelled from Italy, he came to Thebes and taught Epaminondas, I, 155.
Macedonia, until the time of Philip a small country north of Thessaly, I, 37.
Macedonians, the people of Macedon, I, 90; II, 53; deserted to Pyrrhus, II, 26; Paulus and their wealth, II, 76.
Maelius, Quintus, tribune (321), more probably tribune-elect, as tribunes could not leave the city, III, 109.
Magnificence, in the home, I, 140.
Mamercus; Aemilius Lepidus Mamercus Livianus, a kinsman of Caesar; though defeated once, II, 58, he was later (77) consul.
Mancia, Quintus Mucius, unknown, I, 109.
Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius; in his consulship (137) he was defeated by the Numantines; his delivery to the enemy, III, 109.
Manlius; Aulus Manlius Capitolinus, father of Lucius (_q.v._), III, 112.
Manlius; Lucius Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus; named dictator to mark the year (363), he used his office to engage in a war; that he transgressed but a "few days" was due to the intervention of the tribunes, III, 112.
Manlius; Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, his son, a famous hero of Roman story; as consul at the time of the battle on the Veseris he executed his own son for disobeying orders, though the disobedience won the _spolia opima_, III, 112.
Marathon, a plain about twenty miles north of Athens where (490) Miltiades and his ten thousand defeated the hosts of Darius, I, 61.
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, campaigned against Hannibal in Italy, took Syracuse (212), five times consul, a brave but cruel soldier, over-praised by the Romans, I, 61.
Marcus; _see_ Cicero--Marcus Tullius, the son.
Marcius; _see_ Philippus.
Marius, Gaius (157-87), seven times consul; gained his first consulship dishonourably, III, 79, 81; conquered Jugurtha (107); saved Rome from the invading Cimbri (102) and Teutons (101); cruel and selfish, he flooded the streets of Rome with her best blood in the civil war with Sulla.
Marius; Marcus Marius Gratidianus, the son (or grandson) of Marcus Gratidius whose sister married Cicero's grandfather; adopted by a kinsman of the great Marius; hence his name; twice praetor; murdered by Catiline during Sulla's proscriptions, III, 67; his unbounded popularity in his first praetorship (86), III, 80-81.
Mars, the god of war, III, 34.
Marseilles (Massilia), a Greek city on the southern coast of Gaul, independent of the province; it sided with Pompey; Caesar captured the city after a protracted siege and exacted cruel vengeance, II, 28.
Maximus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, consul four times; in his second dictatorship (217) he won his surname by harassing Hannibal, watching his plans and working on the defensive, I, 84, 108.
Medes, the people of Media, a great kingdom in central Asia Minor added to Persia by Cyrus, II, 41.
Medus, a son of Medea and Aegeus; wandering in search of his mother he came to Colchis, where Medea saved his life; the subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, I, 114.
Melanippa, mother of Boeotus and Aeolus by Posidon (Neptune); blinded and imprisoned by her father, she was at last rescued by her sons and her sight was restored by Posidon; subject of a tragedy of Ennius, I, 114.
Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, won his surname by his victories over Andriscus (148); a political rival and yet a good friend of the younger Scipio, I, 87.
Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, nephew of the preceding, statesman and soldier; as consul (109), carried on the war with Jugurtha with distinguished success, III, 79.
Metrodorus, of Lampsacus (330-277), the most distinguished of the disciples of Epicurus; his Epicureanism was of the grossly sensual sort; his conception of happiness misunderstood by Cicero, III, 117.
Milo, Titus Annius, an unscrupulous and turbulent fellow; as tribune (57) he did much for Cicero's recall and made a sworn enemy of Clodius (_q.v._); hired gladiators to force his own election, II, 58; defended without success by Cicero for killing Clodius.
Minerva, goddess of thought, temperament, wit, I, 97.
Minos, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and king of Crete; because of his upright life he was made judge with Aeacus (_q.v._) in Hades, I, 97.
Moderation, defined, I, 142.
Mucius; _see_ Scaevola.
Mummius; Lucius Mummius Achaicus, as consul (146) broke up the Achaean League, razed Corinth to the ground, I, 35; II, 46; carried to Italy untold treasures of wealth and art, II, 76.
Naples, the beautiful Greek city of Campania, I, 33.
Nasica; _see_ Scipio.
Neptune, god of the sea, I, 32; III, 94.
New Academy; _see_ Academy.
Nicocles, tyrant of Sicyon, II, 81.
Nola, a city in Campania, loyal to Rome, I, 33.
Norbanus, Gaius, tribune (95), impeached (94) for treason, II, 49; consul (83).
Numantia, the capital of Celtiberia, razed to the ground after a long siege by the younger Scipio, I, 35, 76; treacherously treated by Rome, III, 109.
Numicius, Tiberius, colleague of Quintus Maelius (_q.v._), III, 109.
Oath, significance of, I, 39, 40; III, 102 fg.; violation of, III, 113 fg.; _see_ Perjury.
Octavius, Gnaeus, as praetor commanded the fleet against Perseus (168) and gained a triumph; Octavius, Marcus, tribune (120); had the corn law of Gaius Gracchus repealed and secured the passage of a new and more conservative one, II, 72.
Old Age, duties peculiar to, I, 123; worst vices of, I, 123.
Old Comedy, that of Aristophanes, Cratinus, Eupolis, etc., the comedy of personal abuse, I, 104.
Orata, Gaius Sergius Silus, praetor (97), III, 67.
Oratory, a division of speech, I, 132; divisions of, II, 49; a means for winning favour, II, 48; a means for service, II, 65-71; a power to save, II, 51.
Orderliness, defined, I, 142; of action, I, 142-145.
Orestes; Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes Aurelianus, consul (71), II, 58.
Palamedes, the inventor; exposed Ulysses's trick, III, 98; treacherously done to death in revenge.
Palatine, the hill above the forum on the south; east of the capital, I, 138.
Panaetius, of Rhodes (180-111 _ca._), Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes and Antipater (_q.v._) at Athens, close friend of Laelius popularized philosophy, II, 35; wrote a book on moral duty, III, 7; failed to define duty, I, 7; classification of duty, I, 9; omits third division, I, 152, 161; II, 88; reasons for omission, III, 7-18, 34; how it would have been met, III, 33; other omissions, II, 86; on co-operation, II, 16; defends lawyer's efforts in a bad case, II, 51; on expensive public buildings, II, 60; Cicero's model, II, 60; III, 7; Hecaton's teacher, III, 63.
Papius, Gaius, as tribune (65), revived the law of Pennus (_q.v._), III, 47.
Patriotism, I, 83; duty to country, I, 160; III, 90, 95; to die for country, I, 57; sacrifice for, I, 84; III, 100; right to do wrong for one's country, I, 159; III, 93, 95.
Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul (216), defeated and slain at Cannae, I, 114.
Paulus; Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, son of the preceding; in his second consulship he conquered Perseus of Macedon at Pydna (168) and enriched Rome with spoils, II, 76; the father of the younger Africanus, I, 116, 121.
Pausanias, king of Sparta, commander-in-chief of the forces of Greece at Plataea (479) to the glory of Sparta, I, 76.
Peloponnesian War, the death-struggle of Athens with Sparta (431-404), I, 84.
Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the chief city, I, 84.
Pelops, son of Tantalus and king of Mycenae, father of Atreus and Thyestes, III, 84.
Pennus, Marcus Junius; as tribune (126) he secured a law expelling all foreigners from Rome, III, 47.
Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, II, 16; philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates; orator of mighty power, serious and deep, I, 108; general, I, 144; his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her public buildings, II, 60.
Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle (_q.v._), empiricists, II, 16; students of exact science; lack the poetry and eloquence of Plato but not very different from the New Academy, I, 2; III, 20; followers of Socrates and Plato, I, 2; their right to teach ethics, I, 6; seek the golden mean, I, 89; moral rectitude the supreme good, III, 11; moral wrong the supreme evil, III, 106; young Cicero their follower, I, 1; II, 8.
Perjury, III, 106-103, 113.
Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus (_q.v._), I, 37.
Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia; under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon (490), I, 61; under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), I, 61; III, 48, 49; and at Plataea (479), I, 61.
Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus (_q.v._), III, 94.
Phaëthon, his story, III, 94.
Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty, slain in an uprising of his people, II, 26; typical of Caesar.
Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, I, 3; II, 60.
Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus; of Jason, I, 108; of Alexander, II, 25.
Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes, cultured, I, 90; wise, II, 48; eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, II, 53.
Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus (_q.v._), II, 48.
Philippus, Lucius Marcius, orator second only to Crassus and Antonius, I, 108; statesman, II, 59; as tribune (104), proposed agrarian reforms, II, 73; dishonest policy toward the Asiatic states, III, 87.
Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169), II, 59; III, 87.
Philosophers, why righteous, I, 28; attitude toward civic duty, I, 28; as teachers, I, 155.
Philosophy, the study of, I, 1-4; theoretical speculation, I, 153; meaning, II, 5; spirit of, II, 7; as a discipline, II, 4; worth while, II, 5 fg.; why Cicero turned to it, II, 2-8; III, 1-6.
Phintias, the friend of Damon (_q.v._) III, 45.
Phoenissae, the Phoenician Women, a tragedy of Euripides dealing with the war of the Seven against Thebes, III, 82.
Picenum, state of north-east Italy, on the Adriatic, III, 74.
Pinthia, Marcus Lutatius, unknown, III, 77.
Piraeus, the great, landlocked harbour of Athens, about five miles from the city, III, 46.
Piso; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, so surnamed for his integrity; author and statesman; tribune (149); law against extortion, II, 75; consul (133).
Plaetorian Law, enacted (192), III, 61.
Plataea, the heroic little city at the foot of Mount Cithaeron in Boeotia; alone with Athens at Marathon (490); the scene of the final defeat of the Persians in Hellas (479), I, 61.
Plato (429-347), pupil and friend of Socrates, profound philosopher and might have been a great orator, I, 4; founder of the Academy (_q.v._); Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184), the greatest of Rome's comic poets; rich in wit, I, 104.
Po, the great river of Cisalpine Gaul, III, 88.
Poeni; _see_ Carthaginians.
Polybius, of Megalopolis (204-122), president of the Achaean League, detained at Rome in the house of Aemilius Paulus; friend of Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius; author of a history of Rome, III, 113.
Pompey; Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48), warrior, I, 76; (II, 20;) politician, the enemy of Caesar, the idol of Cicero, II, 2; conquered the pirates, Sertorians, Mithradates, Judaea, I, 78; triumvir; married Julia, III, 82; adorned Rome with great buildings, II, 60; magnificent shows, II, 57; defeated at Pharsalus (48), II, 45.
Pompey; Quintus Pompeius Rufus, consul (141); as commander in the war with Numantia (140) made the unfortunate peace, III, 109.
Pompey, Sextus, cousin of Pompey the Great, Stoic, scholar, Pomponius, Marcus, tribune (363); accuser of Lucius Manlius, III, 112.
Pontius, Gaius, the Samnite general, victor at the Caudine Forks (321), II, 75; faithlessly treated, defeated (292), and executed in Rome.
Poor, services to the, II, 61 fg.; their gratitude, II, 63, 69-71.
Popilius [Marcus Popilius Laenas, as consul (172) campaigning in Liguria, I, 36].
Popular esteem, a means to glory, II, 31; how gained, II, 44 fg.
Posidonius, of Apamea (135-51), a Stoic, disciple of Panaetius at Athens, III, 8; established a school at Rhodes where Cicero studied under him; later he lived with Cicero in Rome; author of many works, I, 159; III, 10.
Postumius; Spurius Postumius Albinus, defeated in his second consulship (321) at the Caudine Forks, III, 109.
Prodicus, of Ceos (fifth century), a respected sophist; his "Choice of Hercules," I, 118.
Profession; _see_ Vocation.
sacred though given to an enemy, I, 39-40.
Property, private, how obtained, I, 92; public, rights of, I, 21, 51.
Propriety, defined, I, 96; its relations to the Cardinal Virtues, I, 93-100; poetic, I, 97; moral, I, 98-99; conduct in accord with personal endowment, I, 110-117; in choosing a career, I, 115-121; in outward appearance, I, 130; in speech, I, 132 fg.; in the home, I, 138-140.
Propylaea, the magnificent gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, built (437-431) by Pericles and Mnesicles at a cost of £500,000, II, 60.
Prosecution, II, 49; to be rarely undertaken, II, 50; a public service, II, 50.
Prudence; _see_ Wisdom.
Ptolemy, Philadelphus (309-247), king of Egypt, patron of art and letters, had the Bible translated; vastly rich, II, 82.
Public Lands, private occupation to be maintained, I, 21.
Public Service, as a career, I, 70 fg.; as a duty, I, 72; as an honour, I, 73; free from partisanship, I, 85-86; anger, I, 89; guided by wisdom, I, 155-156.
Public shows, extravagant expenditures, II, 55-60; expected of an aedile, II, 57-60.
Pulcher, Gaius Claudius, son of Appius, aedile (99), II, 57; consul (92).
Punic Wars; _see_ Carthage.
Pyrrho, of Elis (fourth century), founder of the school of the Sceptics; held that virtue is the only good, that truth and knowledge are unattainable; his ethical theories rejected, I, 6.
Pyrrhus (318-272), king of Epirus, descended from Achilles and Aeacus, I, 38; a daring soldier and a gallant enemy, I, 38; a career of adventure and conquest, I, 38; III, 86; invaded Italy (280-275); the story of the poisoner, I, 40; III, 86; invaded Macedonia (273) and the enemy's troops joined him, II, 26; killed in Argos (272).
Pythagorean, a follower of Pythagoras or member of his secret Pythagoras, of Samos (sixth century), studied in the Orient, great mathematician; moral and religious teacher; serious, ascetic, I, 108; taught transmigration of souls; founded a secret brotherhood of ideal friendship, I, 56; asceticism was the rule of practice, with deep meditation and lofty aspiration.
Pythian, epithet of Apollo, from Pytho, another name for Delphi, II, 77.
Pythius, of Syracuse, his dishonesty, III, 58.
Quirinus, the Sabine name for the deified Romulus, III, 41.
Recklessness, to be avoided, I, 81, 83.
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, a favourite hero of old Rome; consul (267 and 256), annihilated the Carthaginian fleet, took many towns, was finally (255) defeated and taken prisoner, I, 39; III, 99; his famous embassy and the ethics of his conduct, III, 99-115.
Remus, twin brother of Romulus, slain for leaping in derision over the new walls of Rome, III, 41.
Reproof, how administered, I, 136.
Republic, the Roman; its glory, II, 2; the protectorate of the world, II, 27; the tyrant's sway, II, 23-29; III, 81-85; enslaved, III, 84-85.
Retirement, the life of, I, 69-70.
Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Caria, III, 50.
Rhodian, a native of Rhodes, III, 50, 57; III, 63.
Riches, the object of acquiring, I, 25; proper use of, I, 68; compared with virtue, III, 24; (_see_ Wealth).
Roman, of or belonging to Rome, III, 58; the people of Rome, II, 75; celebrated for courage, I, 61; champion of justice, I, 36; II, 26; hatred of tyranny and injustice, III, 19; atonement for tyranny and injustice, II, 27-29; their enslavement, III, 85-86.
Rome, the capital of the Empire and mistress of the world, I, 39, 40; Romulus, the mythical king, founder of Rome, III, 40; builder of its walls; not justified in slaying his brother, III, 41.
Roscius, Sextus, of Ameria, accused by Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla's, of murdering his father; bravely and successfully defended by Cicero at the age of twenty-six, II, 51.
Rupilius, an actor otherwise unknown, I, 114.
Rutilius; Publius Rutilius Rufus, a disciple of Publius Scaevola, II, 47; of Panaetius, III, 10; with Quintus Scaevola in Asia he repressed the extortion of the publicans, was banished, and devoted his life to philosophy and literature, III, 10.
Sabine, belonging to the province of central Italy, III, 74; the Sabines, unfriendly to Rome till subdued and added to the empire (290), I, 35, 38.
Sacred Laws; the _Leges Sacratae_, laws for the violation of which the offender was nominally consecrated to some god--i.e., laden with a curse, III, 111.
Salamis, the island and straits directly in front of the Piraeus (_q.v._), where (480) Themistocles and the allied Greeks virtually annihilated the fleets of Persia, I, 61, 75.
Sale, fraud in sale of real estate, III, 54-64; laws concerning, III, 65-71; of slaves, III, 71-72.
Salmacis, a fountain (and nymph) at Halicarnassus, whose waters made men who drank them weak and effeminate, I, 61.
Samnites, the brave, liberty-loving people of Samnium, a province of south-central Italy; after seventy-one years (343-272) of war with Rome admitted to citizenship, I, 38; famous for their victory at the Caudine Forks, III, 109; Gaius Pontius, II, 75.
Sanitation; _see_ Health.
Sardinia, the large island north of Sicily, made a province (238), misgoverned, II, 50.
Satrius; Marcus Minucius Basilus Satrianus, adopted by Lucius Minucius Basilus, his inheritance, III, 74.
Scaevola, Publius Mucius, father of the pontifex maximus, consul (133) and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, an expert in the pontifical law, II, 47.
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Augur, son of the preceding, son-in-law of Laelius, friend of Africanus, consul (117), preceptor to Cicero; simple in his greatness, I, 109.
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Pontifex Maximus, son of Publius, preceptor of Cicero; orator, jurist; authority on the civil law, his business honour, III, 62, 70; followed his father's calling, I, 116; magnificent aedileship, II, 57; consul (95), III, 47.
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (115); partisan rather than statesman, I, 76; ambassador to Jugurtha (112), notorious corruptionist, but loyal aristocrat; Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, son of the preceding, step-son of Sulla, aedile (58) with extraordinary magnificence, II, 57; governor of Sardinia (56), which he plundered outrageously; successfully defended by Cicero and Hortensius; later (52) condemned and banished, I, 138; palace on the Palatine, I, 138.
Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, brother of Publius (_see_ following); consul (222) with Marcus Marcellus; with Publius in Spain (217-211); Scipio, Publius Cornelius, brother of Gnaeus and father of the elder Africanus, I, 121; consul (218), defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus; waged war in Spain (217-211); Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (234-183), the son of Publius, I, 121; grandfather of the Gracchi, II, 80; defeated Hannibal at Zama (202) and closed the war; never idle in his zeal for Rome, III, 1-4.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, son of Africanus Major, adoptive father of Africanus Minor; gifted mentally but physically disqualified for an active career, I, 121.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius adopted son of Publius Africanus's son, I, 121; friend and pupil of Panaetius, I, 90; intimate friend of Laelius (_q.v._) and devoted to literature; serious, earnest, I, 108; at Pydna (168) with his father; captured and destroyed Carthage (136) and Numantia (133), I, 35; II, 76; statesman of high ideals, a bitter rival and yet a friend of Quintus Metellus, I, 87.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, known chiefly as the man who led the riot and murdered Tiberius Gracchus, I, 76, 109.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of the preceding; died in his consulship (111); a charming gentleman and a brilliant speaker, I, 109.
Secret sin, II, 37 fg.
Seius, Marcus, reduced the price of corn and regained his lost popularity, II, 58.
of Regulus, III, 97-115.
Sergius, Gaius; _see_ Orata.
Sicily, the great island south-west of Italy, fertile and rich, occupied along the coasts by prosperous Greek colonies, a Roman province (212 on), an easy prey for rapacious governors, as Verres whom Cicero prosecuted (70), II, 50.
Sicyon, a city near Corinth, famous as a centre of art; Aratus and the tyranny, II, 81-82.
Silanus, Decimus Junius, stepfather of Marcus Brutus, consul (62), aedile, II, 57.
Slaves, duty toward, I, 41; III, 89.
Social Instinct, man and beast, I, 12, 50; bees, I, 157; leads to justice, I, 157; weighed against justice, I, 159 fg.
Society, principles of, I, 50-57; III, 53; rights of, I, 21; Socrates (469-399), the great philosopher and teacher, II, 43; his ethics, III, 11, 77; his perfect poise, I, 90; brilliant dialectician, with a profound meaning in every word, I, 108; personal eccentricities, I, 148.
"The noblest, ay, and the wisest and most righteous man that we have ever known."
Socratic, following Socrates, I, 104, 134; II, 87; most schools of philosophy are based on the teaching of Socrates--the Academy, I, 2; the Peripatetic, I, 2; III, 20; the Cynic, I, 128; the Cyrenaic, III, 116; the Stoic, I, 6; etc.
Sol, the sun-god, father of Phaëthon, III, 94.
Solon, the great lawgiver of Athens (638-558 _ca._), poet, soldier, statesman; his feigned madness and the acquisition of Salamis, I, 108; his constitution and the reorganized Areopagus, I, 75.
Sophocles, the great tragic poet (495-406), supreme on the Athenian stage (468-441); general in the war against Samos (440), I, 144.
Sparta, capital of Lacedaemon in the south-eastern part of the Peloponnesus, III, 99; constitution of Lycurgus, I, 76; national character, I, 64; position at end of Persian wars, I, 76; at end of Peloponnesian war, I, 76; her arsenal, III, 49; disasters, I, 84; despotic, II, 26; cause of her fall, II, 77, 80.
Stoics, adherents of the school founded by Zeno, an offshoot from Cynicism, I, 128; refounded by Chrysippus; philosophy with them is practical, making life accord with Nature's laws, III, 13; virtue and philosophy are identical; virtue the only good, I, 6; III, 11, 12; moral wrong the only evil, III, 106; pain no evil, III, 105; no degrees of right or wrong, I, 10; define fortitude, I, 62; temperance, I, 142; duties, III, 14; controversies, III, 91; their right to teach ethics, I, 6; Cicero adopts their teaching, I, 6; III, 20; common interests, I, 22; their theology a pantheistic materialism, God working in his providence, III, 102; representative Stoics, II, 51, 86; III, 51.
Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138-78), noble, profligate, brilliant genius; would stoop to anything, I, 109; soldier against Jugurtha, Mithradates, Marius, Rome; statesman; reformed the constitution; absolute monarch of Rome (81-79); treatment of tributary allies, III, 87; overturned the old morals, II, 27; Cicero opposed him, II, 51.
Sulla, Publius Cornelius, nephew of the dictator, II, 29; defended by Cicero on charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.
Sulla, Cornelius, a freedman of the dictator, II, 29.
Sulpicius; Gaius Sulpicius Galus, consul (166); famous astronomer, I, 19; predicted an eclipse of the moon.
Sulpicius; Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88), an eminent orator of little character, II, 49.
Sungod; _see_ Sol.
Superbus; _see_ Tarquin.
Syracuse, a great Greek city in south-eastern Sicily, rich in art and in goods; ruled by Dion, I, 155; Dionysius, II, 25; III, 45; a popular resort, III, 58.
Tantalus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Pelops (_q.v._), III, 84.
Tarquin; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome (535-510), a cruel tyrant, expelled by Brutus and Collatinus, III, 40.
Tarquins, the kinsmen of Tarquinius Superbus, all expelled (510), III, 40.
Taxation, levying of, II, 74.
Temperance, the fourth Cardinal Virtue, I, 93-151; definition, I, 93; the passions, I, 102; speech, I, 103; essential to success, II, 77; _vs._ apparent Expediency, III, 116 fg.
Terence; Publius Terentius Afer (195-159), a comic poet, friend of Laelius and Scipio; six plays are left; Thebe, daughter of Jason and wife of Alexander of Pherae, II, 25.
Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, home of Pindar and Epaminondas, I, 155.
Themistocles, brilliant statesman of Athens, II, 16; gave Athens her fleet and saved Greece at Salamis (480), I, 75; consummate general, I, 108; not always scrupulous in his methods, III, 49; his valuation of character, II, 71.
Theophrastus, of Lesbos, favourite pupil and successor of Aristotle, a marvellous teacher, master of Demetrius of Phalerum, I, 3; a prolific author; cited, II, 56, 64.
Theopompus, of Chios (fourth century), pupil of Isocrates, orator and historian, II, 40.
Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the seashore between Thessaly and Locris, held by Leonidas and his three hundred against the hosts of Xerxes (480), I, 61.
Theseus, the great legendary hero of Athens, benefactor of the world; uniter of Athens and Attica; father of Hippolytus (_q.v._) by Antiope; husband of Phaedra; Thrace, the vast country north of the Aegean; though the home of Orpheus, Linus, etc., it was generally considered barbarous, II, 25.
Thyestes, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus (_q.v._), (III, 102).
Timotheus, admiral of the Athenian fleet (378-356), compared with his father Conon, I, 116.
Torquatus; _see_ Manlius.
Trades; _see_ Vocation.
Troezen, a city of Argolis, near the shore opposite Aegina; the asylum of the Athenians at the approach of Xerxes, III, 48.
Trusts, when not to be restored, III, 95.
Truth, the search after, I, 13.
Tubero, Quintus Aelius, the Stoic, a pupil of Panaetius, praetor (123); a talented jurist, III, 63.
Tusculum, a town in the Alban hills, the oldest municipium in Italy, public lands of, I, 21; Cicero's favourite country home.
Twelve Tables, the laws of, drawn up (450); Tyranny, II, 23-29; inspired by false perspective, III, 36; right and duty toward the tyrant, III, 19, 85.
Tyre, the great commercial city on the coast of Phoenice, II, 86.
Ulysses (Odysseus), son of Laertes of Ithaca, the shrewdest of the Greek heroes at Troy, III, 97; the hero of the Odyssey, I, 113.
Varro, Gaius Terentius, consul (216) with Paulus, responsible for the disaster at Cannae, III, 114.
Venus (Aphrodite), the goddess of beauty and love; of Cos, III, 10.
Veseris, a little stream near Mount Vesuvius; scene of the battle of Manlius Torquatus and the elder Decius, III, 112.
Veturius; Titus Veturius Calvinus, consul with Spurius Postumius (321) at the Caudine Forks, III, 109.
Vice, luxurious living, I, 123; avarice, II, 77; untruth, I, 150; corrected by observing others, I, 146; by the criticism of the wise, I, 147.
Viriathus, II, 40.
Virtue, defined, II, 18; chief function of, II, 17; the four Cardinal Virtues described, I, 15-17; the sources of moral rectitude, I, 152; III, 96; endangered by sensual pleasure, II, 37; rulers chosen for, II, 41.
Vocation, choice of, I, 115-120; change of, I, 120-121; vulgar and liberal, I, 150-152.
Volscians, a people of lower Latium, subdued (303), given full War, rights of, to be enforced, I, 34; excuse for war, I, 35, 80; justice in war, I, 38; war for supremacy, I, 38; for glory, I, 38; needless cruelty, I, 82.
Wealth, Theophrastus on, II, 56; insatiable thirst for, I, 25; why sought, I, 25-27; the real good of wealth, II, 56; _see_ Riches.
Wisdom, the first of the Cardinal Virtues, I, 15-19; most important, I, 153; II, 6; absolute, III, 16; confounded with cunning, II, 10; III, 72, 96; in Epicurus's system, III, 117.
Wit, kinds of, I, 103-104; representatives of, I, 108.
Xanthippus, a Spartan soldier of fortune, whose generalship defeated Regulus, III, 99.
Xenocrates, of Chalcedon (396-314), a pupil of Plato, president of the Academy, industrious and severe, I, 109.
Xenophon, soldier, historian, disciple of Socrates, II, 87; the story of Hercules's choice, I, 118.
Xerxes, king of Persia (485-465), son of Darius, invaded Greece (480), came to grief at Salamis and Plataea, III, 48.
Youth, duties peculiar to, I, 123; II, 52; time for choosing profession, I, 117.
Zeno, of Cytium (fourth century), pupil of Crates the Cynic and founder of the Stoic school (_see_ Stoics), III, 35.
LETCHWORTH: AT THE ARDEN PRESS.
CORRECTIONS: page original text correction 190 sn Fab. inc. Valhen^2, 402 Fab. inc. Vahlen^2, 402 344 set etiam adiuvat iniuriam? sed etiam adiuvat iniuriam?
413 treacherous and crue, I, 38. treacherous and cruel, I, 38.
421 friend o Quintus Metellus, friend of Quintus Metellus, 422 father of Phaethon, III, 94. father of Phaëthon, III, 94.