"We certainly expected that if Paaaa had been alive, every- thing would have been sooner settled; for he would at once ha,ve chosen himself a colleague, [in the room of Hirtius,] and then the Qoniitia for the elaotioQ of priesta would have taken place before those for the election of praatora; but now I foresee a great deal of delay by means of the auspices; for, while there shall be one patrician magistrate, the auspices cannot lapse into the hands of the senatora. Certainly affiurs are in a state of great confusion. I should wish you to put me ia posses- mon of your sentiments on the whole ma,tter. — The Sth oj,, May. FarewelL It it rfor LETTER XIL Brulw to Cic^o, greeting.
you to imagine, than for ma to eipresa, how much delight I felt on learning the exploits of our Brutua and the consuls. I am pleased with other things, and am glad that they happened; but I am especially delighted that the sally made by Brutus was not only advantageous to him- BcU; but of the greatest service to the attainment of the victory. As to what you say, in your letter, that the cause of the three Antonics is one and the same, aud that it is for me to determino what opinions I should entertain, I have no opinion but this, that the right of decision concerning tliose cntiBeoB who were not killed in the battle against us, belongs to the senate or people of Rome.
But, you will reply, you are wrong in this, that you call men of a hostile disposition to the republic, citizens. Nay, I am strictly right; for what the senate baa not yet decreed, ©r the Roman people ordered, I do not arrogantly pi»- ■ BITOTUS TO CICEKO.
BITOTUS TO CICEKO.
judge, or tring under my own decision. Nor do I change my feelings with regard to this piuticular in my conduct, that from him whom ciroumstaoces did not compel me to put to death.i I neither took anything away with cruelty, lior did I treat him with at all too much indulgence, but kept him in my power as long as the war lasted. I look upon it B« by ^Lf more honourable, ejad what the republic may better allow, to abstain from pereecuting the miserable in their mirfortunes, rather than to heap boundless powers on those already powerful, which may but excite their cupidity and arrc^ance.
In this respect, ray dear Cicero, best aud bravest of men, deserredly moat dear to me for my own sake, and for that of the repubhc, you seem to trust too much to your hopes, and to be too willing, as soon as any one has done auyl^iing properly, to give and entrust everythmg to him, as if it were not easy ftir a mind corrupted by bribery to be led away to evil counsels. Such is your good temper, that you will bear an admoaitjon ynA equanimity, especially in regard to the safety of the commonwealth. Still, you will do what you yourself think befit, and I will do the same when you have given me your opinion.
At present, my dear Cicero, we must take care not to exult idly at the overthrow of Antony, and not to allow our method of eradicating the first evil to cause the production of a seecmd and worse calamity; for no misfortune can now beM us, either through inadvertence, or passive permission, in vbioh there would not be something to blame in all, and especially in you, whose authority the senate and people of Home not only allow, but desire to be, as great as that of one man can possibly be in a free state; — authority which you are bound to uphold by cherisbing sentiments, not only of honour, but of prudence. Nor is any exercise of prudence, of which you have abundance, necessary to be demanded from you, except moderation in dispensing honours. All other eminent qualities arc found in you in such a degree that they may be compared to those of any of the ancients j hut this one propensity of yours, proceeding, as it does, from grateful and liberal feelings, requires to be checked by a more I BUUTUS TO OICERO.
cautious and moderate esercise of genei-osity; for tlie aenato ought to give uothing to any one, which may he either a pre- cedent or a protection to disaffected persons. I am very upprehenaivej therefore, about the consulship, lest your frier.d Ctesar should, think that he has already mounted higher through your decrees thaa ho will rise from hia present eminence, if he become consul But if Antony found jq the instruments of regal power left him by another an oppor- tunity of flBsuming regal power himself of what disposition do you think any one likely to be, who by the authority, not of a slain tyrant, but of the senate itself, imagiues that lie has a right to covet all imaginable power 1 I shall then, aooordingly, praise your good fortune and your prudence, when I begin to see clearly that Ctesar will be contented witTi the extraordinary honours which he lias al- ready received. Are you then, you will say, going to make me liable for tlie misconduot of another? For another's mis- conduct assuredly, if measures might have been taken to prevent its occurrence. I only wish that you could clearly see my fears respecting him.
After I bad wi-itten this letter, I heard that you were made consul. If I really see that come to pass, I shall then indeed begin to imagine to myself a true republic, relying on its own strength. Your son is well, and has beau sent forward into Macedonia with the cavalry.
The 15th of May. From the camp.
4 BriUui to Cicero, greeting.
No one can know better than yourself, whose exertions and anxieties for the commonwealth have been so great, how dear Lucius Bibulua ought to be to me. And, therefore, either his own virtue, or our friendship, ought sufficiently to recom- mend him to you; so that I think I need not write at any length to you. For my wiahes ought to have influence with you, provided they are reasonable, or provided they are ei- pressed in compliance with a neeessary duty. He has resolved ■ to be a candidate for Pansa's placej and we both soUoit BRUTUS TO CIOERO.
a nomination for it from you; for you cannot confer this favour on one more closely connected with yon than I am, or nominate any one more deserving tlian Bibulns.
Why need I say anything about Domitiua and Apuleina, when they ore tboronghly recommended to yon by their own good quiJities! Still yon ought to support Apuleius by yonr influence; but the character of Domitiua will be made apparent from his own letter. Do not exclude Bibulus from your confidence, a man of such merit already, that, believe me, he is likely to becomo one that may deserve the praises of the few resembling yourself.
LETTER XIV. Brutus to Cicero, greeting.
Do not wait for me to offer you any formal expression of thanks; for such formality ought long ago to have been banished from our friendship, wMch has arrived at the utmost decree of aflection.
Tour son is not with me at present; but we are to meet in Macedonia; for he has been ordered to bring the cavalry from Ambracia through Thesaaly, and I have written to him to meet me at Heraclea. When I see him, since you give me leave to do so, we will settle the matter together about hia returning to offer himself a caudidate, or to recommend him- Belf for that honour. I most earnestly recommend to you Glyeon, Pansa's physician, who ia married to the sister of our friend Achilles; for we hear that he has ikUen under sns- picion with Torquatus of having been accessory to the death of Pansa, and is kept in prison as a murderer; but nothing is leas worthy of belief; for who has suffered more misfortune by the death of Pansa J Moreover, he is a modest and pru- dent man; one whom no personal advantage seems likely to have prompted to crime. 1 entreat you, and, indeed, earnestly entreat you, (for our friend, suffers no less anxiety than is natural,) to deliver him from custody and to rave him. I think that this concerns my duty in regard to my private affairs as much as any other thing whatever.
While I was writing this letter to you, a letter was delivereii to me by Satrina, the lieutenant of Caiua Trebonius, from Tullius and Deiotarua, with the nowa that Doiabella had been defeated and put to flight I have sent you a Greek letter from a man named Cjcl reus, which waa written to Satrina.
My friend Flavins has chosen you as arbitrator pute which he haa with the people of Dyrrhachium about estate; and both I and Flaviua, my dear Cicero, entreat you to bring the affair to a aettlemeat. There is no doubt what- ever, that the city was indebted to the man who haa made Flavins his heir; nor do the Dyrrhachians themaelvea deny this; but they declare that the debt was remitted by Cteaar. Do not allow an injury to be done by your friends to my I ThelGthof May. The camp in the lower part of Candavia.* LETTER XV.
Cicero to Brvtui, greeting. Aetbh my letter bad been written and sealed up, a let) was brou^t to ma ftam yon full of newa: and, what strangest of all things, saying, that Doiabella had aent five cohorts into the Chersonese. 'Raa he auch an abundance of men with him, that he, who was said to be fleeing from Asia, can attempt to attack Europe) And did he think that he would be able to do anything with five cohorts, when yoa have in that country five legions, an esecUent body of cavalry, and a very numerous force of allies? I hope indeed thai: those cohorts are already yours, since that robber has " da.^ 'J 1 leaid'S I greatly approve of your wiadom, in not having your army iixim Apollonia and Dyrrhacliium until you hearf' of the flight of Antony, the sally of Brutus, and the victory of the Roman people. As to what you write, therefore, that yon have since determined to iKid your army into the Chersonese, and not to permit the empire of Uie Romaa people to be a aport to a most profligate enemy, you act becomes your own dignity, and for the advantage of republic.
' A moimtainoufl dietiict between Macedonia and UlTricum.
aaa_ 1 BRUTUB TO ATTICHB.
With respect to your intelligenoe of the sedition which has taken place in the fourth legion about Caius Antony, (you will take what 1 say in good part,) the severity rf the aoldlera pleases me better than yout own.
I am very glad indeed that yon have esperienoed the good- wili of the army and of the cavalry.
If you iiaye any news about Dolabella, you will send me word of it, as you promise; with respect to whom, I ara TOry mncb pleased that I had provided beforehand that your judgment should he unfettered as to carrying on war against him; it was of very great importance to the republic, as I perceived at the time; and, as I now think, to your own dignity.
As to what yon write, that ■' I have managed so as to be able to pursue the Antonies at perfect leisure," and praise me fiw having done bo, I daro say that such appears to you to bo the casBj but I myself am Cir {rata approving of the dia- tinotion which you draw; for you write, that " civil wars are to be prevented with more resolntion, than revenge is to be inflicted on the vanquished." On this point, my dear Bnitua, I most completely disagree with you; not that I yield to you in clemency; but a salutary soverity is far superior to an empty show of mercy. If we are determined to be mercifiil, we shall never be without civil wars. However, t.hi>; you must settle. As to myself, I may say what the Father in Plautua's Trinummus says, But for my part, my life ia almost ended; You are the most eonuem'd.
Take ray word for it, my dear Bnitua, yon will be cruahed, if you do not take care: for you will not always have the people in the same dispofiition as at present; nor the senate; nor the leader of the senate. You may receive this as de- clared to yon by the oracle of the Pythian Apollo; nothing can be more true. 18th of May.
LETTER XVI.
Snittts to Aftwue, greeting.
Tod write me word, that Cicero ia surprised that I never ^ve any opinion of his actions. Since you press the question, ERUTD3 TO ATIICDS.
I will, under compulaion from you, tell you what I think. I know that Cicero has done everything with the hest iaten- tions: for what is better known to ma than his dispositioa toworda the republic) Yet ho Beema to me, though of all men the most prudent, to have done some things (ivhat shall I sajl) imprudently, or with a Tiew to popularity, since in the cause of the repubhc he has not hesitated to make tho most powerful Antony his enemy. I know not what to say to you, escept this one thing, that the cupidity and boMnesB of the boy Csesar have been rather excited than repressed by Cicero; and that he givea way so much to his inddgenoe for him, na not to restrain himself from attacks upon others, attacks which recoil upon himself with double force; since he himself baa put more persons than oue to death,*^ and siucQ he must confess himself to be aa assassin before he makes the objections to Cofica's^ act which he does make, and, in his conduct to Casca, imitates Bestia.^ Because we are not every moment boasting of the ides of March, as he ia always talking of the nones* of December, will Cicero, for that reason, condemn that most laudable aot on a better pretext than that on which Bestia and Clodiua have been accustomed to inveigh against his cousulahipT Onr good friend Cicero bonats to me, that he has supported the whole war against Antony in the garb of peace. Of what profit ia that to mo, if a succession to the position occu- pied by Antony ia demanded aa the wages for having put Antony down, and if he, who has repressed that evil, has become the author of another, which will have a more solid foundation, and a deeper root, if we will but allow it t for the line of conduct which he hes taken is that of one who ^^ tora to death. — Mio.
' Tbs paBsage eecms to imply that Cioero had reproaohed him killing Cksht, and called him on assssain. — Middictoii.
' L. CalpuiiiiiiB B«Btia woa a tribune of tbe peopio, at tha expiiation of Cicero'a coDBolship; auppoaed to have Iwen dec^lj' engaged in Catilino'a conepirooy; and, when Cioero laid down his office, joined with hU colleague MetelluB in prohibiting Mm from speaking to tbe people; and waa orer after a perpetual enemy and reviler of bis admi- niBtnilJoii.— Yid. Salluat, o. 13; Plutar. in Cia.~lHiddUtan.
' It WHS on the nonea of Docembor that Cicero cruahed the con- Biuraej of CatiUoe. The whole tone of this letter proves it to be a Mbrge:y, and a yerj olimiBj one.
IS TO ATTICOa, being the ^H s&aid, not of tyranny itself, but of Antony being But I do not thank the man who, provided that sIoiTe to an aMgry master, does not object to elavery itself; but to whoja even triumphs and rewards are decreed, and who is honoured with every sort of complimentary vote. A man ought to he ashamed to desire that fortune of nhich he has uov taken on him the name 1 Is this the conduct of a man of consular ranki Does this become Cicero 1 Since you would not let me be silent, you will read what must of necessity be impleasant to you. Indeed, I feel myself with how much uneaainesa I write this to you; nor am I ignorant what your sentiments are with regard to the present state of affairs, which, though desperate, you think may still be retrieved. And in trath, my dear Atticus, I do not blame you; for your age, your habits, nnd your family, render you inactive, as, indeed, I have learned from the report of our friend Flavins.
But I return to Cicero. What difference is there between Salvidienns and him? or what more would Salvidienua pro- pose to be voted to Octavius than ho does 1 You will reply, he is still afraid of the remains of civil war. Is there then any one so afraid of a defeated enemy, as not to think that there is also reason to fear the power of one who has a vio- toriouB army, and the rashness of a boy 1 Or does he act thus, because he thinks that everj^hing ought to bo sur- rendered to Octavius, at once and voluntarily, because of his great dignity! 0 the great folly of feai', so to guard against that very object which we fear, that, when we perhaps might have avoided it, we of our own accord invite it and draw it upon ourselves! We are too much afraid of death and exile and poverty: these things appear to Cicoro to be the very estrerae of evils; and as long aa he finds people from whom ha can obtain what he wishes, and by whom he may be honoured and praised, he does not despise slavery, provided it be honourable; if indeed anything can be honourable in the worst and most wretched of all contumely.
Though Octavius, therefore, call Cicero his father; though he refer everything to him, and estol him, and thank him; yet it will be seen at lost that his words are at variance with ' ' i acts: for what can he so inconsistent with every feeling of I BBUTOB TO ATIICU a human being, as to look upon that ma.ii as a parent, who ie not even in the condition of a free man? Yet that escel- lent man directs bia efforts only to this end, makes this his aim, haatenfi to attain this object, that Octavius may be tivoumble to him. I indeed now think nothing of those accomplishments, with which I know that Cicero is bo com- pletely furnished; for of what profit to Lim are the writingB ■which he has composed in such Tast abundance, in defence of the liberty of our country, oonceming digui^, couooruing death, and exile, and poverty 1 and how much more juatly does PhilippuB ^ appear to understand thinga, who has given lees to a stepBoa than Cicei'o gives to a etrangerl Let him, cease, therefore, inhis boasting, to insult our sorrows; for what advantage ia it to ub that Antony has been defeated, if he is defeated only that what he held may he open to another! Although your letter intimates that things are doubtful.
Let Cicero then live, as he can endure to do so, a suppliant, and submissive to another; if he baa no regard either to hia age, his honoure, or his past acliievementa. Ah for me, there will assuredly bo no condition of slavery so attractive, as that I should be diverted by it from waging war witib the thing itself, that is to say, with kingly authority, with extra- ordinary commands, with absolute dominion, and with power that seeks to set itself above the laws, even though Antony be a good man, as you describe him, but as 1 never thought bim to be. But our ancestors would havo no master over them, even if he had been their father.
If I did not love you really as much as Cioero ia peffluaded that he is loved by Octavius, I should not have written this to you. I am sorry that you must be vesed at what I have now written, since you are greatly attached to all your friends, and especially to Cicero; but assure yourself that nothing is abated of my good-will towards him, though much of my favourable opinion of himj for it can never be, but that as anything appears to a man, so he will form hia opinion of it I wish you had sent mo word, what are the conditions offered to my dear Attica;^ I might have been able to tell you aome- ' PhilippuB had muried Atia, the mofierof Octarina; but tha letter is mtBtakea, for Philippua hod gone far bej-ond Cicero in the boQOUiB iriiieii lie wiahed to proonre for O-etaTias.
' Tke dangbter of AtticUB. Paul Mnnutiiu Buppoaea that the aUa- ' a uitcDded is to n propoeol of ciEimage.
CrOERO TO BBUTDS. 115 thing of my own tbelin^ on the subject. I do not wonder that the health of my dear Portia ie an object of concern to To conclude, I will cheerfully do what you aak me; for my sisters also make the same request: and I know the man, L and what it is that be wautB, ^^P LIITTBR XTII.
^^^^ Ckero to Bratm, greeting.
T SHOULD perform the same office for you, which you per- formed for me in my aon-owj' and ehould endeaTour to comfort you by letter, if I did not know that you do aot req^uiro in : your diatress the remedies with which you alleviated my grief; and I wish that you may now cure yourEelf with greater ease than I, on tbat occaaion, cured myself. For it is inoouBistent with the character of so great a man as you are, not to be able t^ do himself wbat ho baa recommended ' to another. As for myself, not only the ai-gumenta which you I had eoUeoted, but your authority, deterred me from indulging in too much sorrow; for, when I appeared to you to hear my diatreaB with less fortitude than became a man, especially one who was in the habit of addressing consolation to others, you reproached me in your letters in harsher language than was your habit. Having, therefore, a high opinion of your wisdom, and being in awe of it, I recollected myself, and attached the more weight to the things which 1 had foimerly learned and read and heard, after your authority was added to them.
And at that time, my dear Brutus, I bad to obey only duty, and my natural disposition; you have to regard, tha people, and the public stage {as we say) on wliich you are; for siuoe the eyes, not only of jour own army, but of all your bllow-citizens, and almost of all nations, are turned upon you, it least of all becomes him by whose means we are rendered bolder, to appear himself weakened in spirit You have indeed met with affliction, (for you have lost that to which there waa nothing simiior on earth,) and you must grieve at > For Mb daugllter Tullls.
I CICERO TO BROTDS.
ID BOverQ a misfortune, lest to want all sense of grief should be found more wretched than to grieve; but as Jt is bene- ficial to othera to mourn with moderation, it is for you I would Bay more, if even, what 1 have said wm much to say to you.
We are looking for you and yoor army, without whioB (though everything else may Huccced to our wish,) ' scarcely seem likely to ha^e sufficient freedom. Of thfl general aspect of the affiiira of the commonwealth, I ' write more at length; and, perhaps, with more certatntyj in a letter which 1 was thiukiag of entrusting to our friea^ - Yetus.
LETTER XVIir. Ckero to BruUu, greeting.
Although I was just going to give a letter to Mef Corvinus, still I did not Uke my friend Votus to go to yoT without a letter from me. The republic, my dear Brutus, ii^ in a situation of the greatest danger; and though victorious, we are forced to fight again; this has happened through the wickedness and folly of Marcus Lepidus.
I'or the republic, there waa nothing at which I felt greater concern, than that I was unahle to yield to the entreaties of your mother and sister; for 1 thought that I should easily satisfy you, which is on object of tho highest importance with me.
For in no way could the cause of Lepidus he distinguisht from that of Antony; indeed, in everybody's judgment it tbe worse of the two, because after Lepidus hod been c plimeotcd by the senate with tho highest honours, and after be had only a few days before sent an admirable letter to tbe senate, he suddenly not only received the relics of our defeated enemies as his friends, but is even carrying on a most vigorous war against us by land and sea, of which it is uncer- tain what will be the result. When we are asked, therefore, to show pity to his children, no ai-gument is advanced why the greatest severities are not to be endured by ua, {may oni4^H Fhoi* ^ SBurns to oioero.
Jupiter avert the omen!) if tha fiither of those children should be victoriouH.
Not indeed that it escapes mj recollectiou, how bitter a tiling it is that the crimes of fathers should be atoned for by tbe punishment of their children; but this has been admirably provided by the laws, that their affection for their children may make the parents more trnly attached to the tepublio. It is Lepidus, therefore, wiio ia cruel to his chil-, dran, not he who pronounces Lepidus a public enemy; and if he, af^r laying down his arms, had been condemned for violence to the state, in a trial for which he would have had nothing to eay in iiis defence, his children would sufFer the same punishment, — their property being confiscated; although what your mother and sister deprecate for those children, the same and many more cruel evils Lepidus, Antony, and the rest of our eucmics, are denouncing against va all.
. At this time, therefore, our gi-eatest hope is placed in you, and in your army. It is of the very greatest consequence, both to the general state of tha commonwealth, and also to your own glory and dignity, that you, as I have written before, ehould come into Italy with all possible speed; for the republic is in the greatest need, both of your forces, and of your wisdoio.
Because of your letter, I gladly embraced Vetus, out of. r^ard to his good-will and singular service to you; and I see that he really is most thoroughly attached and devoted both to you and to the republic. I shall see my Cicero, as I hope, shortly, for I trust that he will very soon come into Italy with you.
LETTER XIX.
Brvtut to Cicero, greeting. The fear that every one else entertains of Marcus Lepidus, makes me also fear. If he should withdraw himself from ua, (a BUBpicion which T hope that men have entertained of him. groundlessly and wrongfully,) I beg and entreat you, my dear Cicero, invoking our intimate friendship and your good- will to me, to forget that the children of my sister are sona w OIOSBO TO BBUTnB.
of Lepidus, and to tliiuk that I have succeeded to the placo of ikther to them; if I obtain this of you, then there is nothing, assuredly, which yira will hesitate to undertaJte in their hehalf.
Other people live with their relations oq different terms; I can do nothing for the children of my sister sufBcicnt to aatiafy either my inclination or my feelings of duty. But what ia there that good citizens can grant me, (if I aia worthy of having anything granted me,) or what is there that I can do for my mother or siater, or for these children, if their uncle Brutns has no weight with you, and the rest of the senate, to counterbalance the conduct of their Stther Lepidus! I am not able to write you a long letter, fox my ansietj and sorrow; nor, indeed, have I any reason: for if in a matter of such impoitance, and one that touches me bo closely, there is need of words to arouse or to encourage you, there ia no hope that you will do what I wish, and what you ought.
Do not, therefore, expect a long entreaty from me. Look upon me; consider who I am; a man that has a right to obtiuti this favour either from Cicero, as one closely attached to me as a private individiial, or from a man of consular rauk, and of such a character, without reference to private friendship. What you resolve to do, I should wish you as Boon a£ possible to let mo know in reply.
The iHtof July.— Ai LETTER XX.
Cicero to Brutus, greeting.
As yet I have received no letter from you; nor even any™ report to tell me that you, having received the authority of the senate for such & step, were ja^oeeding with your army to Italy; though the republic was very desirous for you to do that, and to do it with all speed. For oiu- intestine evil grows worse and worse every day; nor do we suffer more from our foreign enemies than fhmi our domestic foes, who existed, indeed, at the very beginning of the war, but who at ttiat time wore more easily put down. The senate the^ 1 ilj by my ^M ncrh. hntli ^ aanmiGd a more erect attitude, being roused not only known opinions, but also by my exhortations, la the senate, Panea waa energetic and fierce enough, botU against the rest of this faction, and espcoially againat his father-in-law, who, as consul, 'wanted neitber courage at the be^niug of his ofB-oe, nor fidelity at the end. The war was carried on at Mutina in such a way that there was no feult to be found with CEcaar. There may hare been something to blame in Hirtius; and the general fortune of tie war, if compared with prosperous ones, has been waTering; if with, disastrous ones, good. The republic was Tiotorions, the troops of Antony haTing been routed, and he himself e:!pellod by &atus. But BO many errors were afterwards committed, that^ as one may say, yictory slipped through our fingers; our genemla did not pursue the enemy, though disheartened, diaarmed, disabled j and aa opportunity was given to Lepidus, flirough which we might feel his inconstancy, often felt indeed before in stiU greater disasters. The armies of Brutua and Plancufl are good, bttt untrained. Tho ausiliary forces from the Gaula are very faithful and very uumeroua. But some persona, by moat BcandaJotia letters, and by treacherous accounts and information, have excited Cfeanr, who has hitherto been governed by my counsels, and who is himself of a. most escellent disposition and admirable steadiness, to conceive a confident hope of obtaining the consulship. And ae soon as I perceived that aueh was the case, I never ceased to warn him, as he was absent, by letter, nor to reproach his friends, who were here on the spot, and who appeared to be encouraging that desire of his: nor did I, in the senate, hesitate to lay open the true source of those most flagitious oonnaels; nor do I remember the senate or the magistrates to have been on any occasion better disposed. For it has never happened before, when there has been a qnestion about con- ferring some honour out of the usual course of things on a powerfiil man — I may even say,, on the za<»t powerful man in the state (since power now depends on force and arms) — &aX no trihnna of the people, no one invested with any other magistracy, no private individual, ever could ho foimd to propose it £at Btill, with aU this exhibition of resolution and virtue "' ■'City was nevortholess in an ansioua state; for we are I CICBaiO TO BilDTDS.
Biooked, my dear Bnitua, both by tho liaentioHsneaa of the Pioldiera and the intwilence of the generals. Every one de- ' manda to have ok much authority in the republic as he has fbrce at command. Neither reason, nor moderation, nor law, nor precedent, nor duty, nor even the deliberate judg- ment and opinion of the citizens, nor regard for the estima- tion of posterity, has any weight at aH.