honour of the other gods, which duty had originally belonged to the _pontifices_. Julius Caesar added three more, but that alteration did not last. They formed a _collegium_, and were one of the four great religious corporations at Rome with the _pontifices_, the _augures_, and the _quindecemviri_. Smith, Diet, Ant. v. _Epulones_.]
[Footnote 23: It had been explained before that Fulvia had been the widow of Clodius and of Curio, before she married Antonius.]
[Footnote 24: Riddle (Dict. Lat. in voce) says, that this was the regular punishment for deserters, and was inflicted by their comrades.]
[Footnote 25: Cnaeus Octavius, the real father of Octavius Caesar, had been praetor and governor of Macedonia, and was intending to stand for the consulship when he died.]
[Footnote 26: Bambalio is derived from the Greek word [Greek: bambala] to lisp.]
[Footnote 27: Julia, the mother of Antonius and sister of Lucius Caesar, was also a native of Aricia.]
[Footnote 28: He had intended to propose to the senate to declare Octavius a public enemy. We must recollect that in these orations Cicero, even when he speaks of Caius Caesar, means Octavius.]
[Footnote 29: It is quite impossible to give a proper idea of Cicero's meaning here. He is arguing on the word _dignus_, from which _dignitas_ is derived. But we have no means of keeping up the play on the words in English.]
[Footnote 30: The general proceeding on such occasions being to ask each senator's opinion separately, which gave those who chose an opportunity for pronouncing some encomium on the person honoured.]
[Footnote 31: Spartacus was the general of the gladiators and slaves in the Servile war.]
[Footnote 32: Lepidus had not in reality done any particular service to the republic (he was afterwards one of the triumviri), but he was at the head of the best army in the empire, and so was able to be of the most important service to either party, and, therefore, Cicero hoped to attach him to his side by this compliment.]
[Footnote 33: It has been already explained that this was the name of one legion.]
[Footnote 34: The mirmillo was the gladiator who fought with the retiarius; he wore a Gallic helmet with a fish for a crest.]
[Footnote 35: The English reader must recollect that what is called Gaul in these orations, is Cisalpine Gaul containing what we now call the North of Italy, coming down as far south as Modena and Ravenna.]
[Footnote 36: After the year B.C. 403 there were two classes of Roman knights, one of which received a horse from the state, and were included in the eighteen centuries of service, the other class, first mentioned by Livy (v. 7) in the account of the siege of Veii, served with their own horses, and instead of having a horse found them, received a certain pay, (three times that of the infantry) and were not included in the eighteen centuries of service. The original knights, to distinguish them from these latter, are often called _equites equo publico_, sometimes also ficus vanes or _trossuli_ [Footnote 37: He had been one of the septemvirs appointed to preside over the distribution of the lands.]
[Footnote 38: Janus was the name of a street near the temple of Janus, especially frequented by bankers and usurers. It was divided into Hase Janus summus ab imo Edocet [lacuna] Postquam omms res mea Janum Ad medium fracta cat.
] [Footnote 39: _I.e. tumultus_, as if it were _tumor multus_] [Footnote 40: These were the names of officers devoted to Antonius.]
[Footnote 41: The province between the Alps and the Rubicon was called Gallia _Citerior_, or _Oisalpina_, from its situation, also _Togata_, from the inhabitants wearing the Roman toga. The other was called _Ulterior_, and by Cicero often _Ultima_, or _Transalpina_, and also _Comata_, from the fashion of the inhabitants wearing long hair] [Footnote 42: Sulpicius was of about the same age as Cicero, and an early friend of his, and he enjoyed the reputation of being the first lawyer of his time, or of all who ever had studied law as a profession in Rome.]
[Footnote 43: There is some corruption of the text here.]
[Footnote 44: Brutus had been adopted by his maternal uncle Quintus Servilius Caepio, so that his legal designation was what is given in the text now, as Cicero is proposing a formal vote--though at all other times we see that he calls him Marcus Brutus] [Footnote 45: The Latin is _Samiarius_, or as some read it _Samarius_.
Orellius says, "perhaps it means some sort of trade, for I doubt its having been a Roman proper name." Nizollius says, "Samarius exul--_proverbium_." Facciolatti calls him a man whose business it was to clean the arms of the guards, &c. with Samian chalk.]
[Footnote 46: Vopiscus is another name of Bestia.]
[Footnote 47: It is impossible to give the force of the original here, which plays on the word _tabula_. The Latin is, "vindicem enim novarum tabularum novam tabulam vidimus," _novae tabulae_ meaning as is well known a law for the abolition of debts, _nova tabula_ in the singular an advertisement of (Trebellius's) property being to be sold.]
[Footnote 48: Here too is a succession of puns. Lysidicus is derived from the Greek [Greek: lyo] to loosen and [Greek: dikae], justice.
_Cimber_ is a proper name, and also means one of the nation of the Cimbri, _Germanus_ is a German, and _germanus_ a brother, and he means here to impute to Caius Cimber that he had murdered his brother.]
[Footnote 49: Compare St Paul,--"For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle?" 1 Cor. xiv 8.]
[Footnote 50: That is, without being crucified like a slave.]
[Footnote 51: The Latin here is "Itaque Caesaris munera rosit,"--playing on the name mus, mouse; but Orellius thinks the whole passage corrupt, and indeed there is evident corruption in the text here in many places.]
[Footnote 52: He means Lucius Aemilius Paullus, and Caius Claudius Marcellus, who were consuls the year after Servius Sulpicius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 704.]
[Footnote 53: These two were tribunes of the people, who had been dispossessed of their offices by Julius Caesar.]
[Footnote 54: There is some difficulty here. Many editors propose to read "offen lerint" which Orellius thinks would hardly be Latin. He says, "Antonius is here speaking of those veterans who had deserted him indeed but who, at the time of his writing this letter, had not acted against him". Therefore, he says it is open to them to become reconciled to him again (wishing to conciliate them, and to alarm his enemies). On the other hand, Cicero replies, Nothing is so open to them now as to do what their duty to the republic requires. That is to say, openly to attack you, whose party they have already abandoned.]
[Footnote 55: There were two wine feasts, Vinalia, at Rome: the vinalia urbano, celebrated on the twenty-third of April; and the vinalia rustica, on the nineteenth of October. This was the urbana vinalia; on which occasion the wine casks which had been filled in the autumn were tasted for the first time.]
[Footnote 56: There is much dispute as to who is meant here. Some say Cicero refers to Amphion, some to Orpheus, and some to Mercury; the Romans certainly did attribute the civilization of men to Mercury, as Horace says-- Qui feros cultus hominum recenti Voce formâsti catus I. 9, 2.]
[Footnote 57: This is very frequently quoted by Cicero; the Latin lines being the opening of the Medea of Ennius, translated from the first lines of the Medea of Euripides.]
[Footnote 58: The Talysus was a hunter at Rhodes, of whom Protogenes had made an admirable picture, which was afterwards brought to Rome, and placed in the temple of Peace.]
[Footnote 59: Brutus was at present propraetor in Gaul.]
[Footnote 60: Theophrastus's real name was Tyrtamus, but Aristotle, whose pupil he was, surnamed him Theophrastus, from the Greek words [Greek: Theos], God and [Greek: phrazo], to speak.]
[Footnote 61: He refers to the Menexenus.]
[Footnote 62: Cape si vis.]
[Footnote 63: "Assiduus. Prop, sitting down, seated, and so, well to do in the world, rich. The derivation _ab assis duendis_ is therefore to be rejected. Servius Tullius divided the Roman people into two classes, _assidui, i. e._ the rich, who could sit down and take their ease, and _proletarii_, or _capite censi_, the poor."--Riddle, in voc.
_Assiduus_, quoting this passage. One does not see, however, why aelius and Cicero should not understand the meaning and derivation of a Latin word. Smith's Dict. Ant. takes no notice of the word at all.]
[Footnote 64: See chap. x.]