of the equality of the colonists in political rights with the mothei country. The king and his party, it will be remembered, claimed in the Declaratory Act the right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. Examine carefully Burke's treatment of this question Legal competency: the legal right of the colonists to tax them- selves for their own government and for aids to the king.
Public aids. Aids, technically, were voluntary grants of money by the Parliament or Assembly to the king.
f 92. Temple of British concord: an allusion to the temple dedi- cated by the liomans to concord. Burke again refers to this in t 140. With Burke this was no rhetorical flourish. What is the etymology of the word " concord " I And what is the full signifi- cance of the word as Burke meant it I t 93. That the colonies, etc. Note carefully that this resolution has the same wording as the Chester resolution, f 85. Why did Burke present it thus?
The second is like unto the first: a reference to Matthew xxii, 37- 39: "Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. " This is the first and great commandment. " And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighboi as thyself."
Show fully the applicability of this quotation. f 95. Study carefully Burke's method of argument here. See. note on f 85.
Non meus hie sermo, etc.: " This is no doctrine of mine, but what Ofellus the peasant, a philosopher without rules, taught me." — Hor- ace, Sat. II, ii, 2, 3 (Smart's translation).
To touch with a tool. The student should not fail to note the profound significance of this allusion to Exodus xx, 25, which reads as follows: " And if thou wilt make me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build it of hewn stone; for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast polluted it." Burke compares the reverence of the English- man for the English Constitution to the reverence in which the He- brews held the altar upon which they sacrificed to Jehovah. The English Constitution was too sacred to have even a word of one of its ancient petitions altered.
The student should note carefully here that the only value of a quotation or of a figure lies in its perfect applicability, and in its NOTES ON THE TEXT 165 power to strengthen the expression of the thought, and not to show erudition.
Wise beyond what was written: I Cor. iv, 6.
Form of sound words: II Tim. i, 13.
•R" 96. When a man is robbed. Burke speaks of the same thing in his Speech on American Taxation as follows: " Xo man ever doubted that the commodity of tea would bear an imposition of threepence. But no commodity will bear threepence, or will bear a penny, when the general feelings of men are irritated, and two mil- lions of people are resolved not to pay. The feelings of the colonies were formerly the feelings of Great Britain. Theirs were formerly the feelings of Mr. Hampden when called upon for the payment of twenty shillings. Would twenty shillings have ruined Mr. Hamp- den's fortune? No! But the payment of half twenty shillings, on the principle it was demanded, would have made him a slave."
The sixth of George the Second: a reference to what is known as the ''Molasses Act " of 1733. The title was, " An act for the better securing the trade of his Majesty's sugar colonies in America." This act provided that when a ship from the northern colonies had taken a cargo of colonial products, as fish, lumber, etc.. to sell in the West Indies, the return cargo of rum, molasses, and sugar should be sub- ject to duty on entering an American port if bought in any other than the British West Indies. See Speech on American Taxation.
Duties of 1767: the well-known act providing duty on glass, paper, painters' materials, etc.
Lord Hillsborough: Secretary of State for the colonies, 1768 to 1772. Burke's reference is to Lord Hillsborough's circular letter sent to the colonies in May, 1769. The special reference had been used by Burke in his Speech on American Taxation. It is as fol- lows: " I can take upon me to assure you, notwithstanding insinua- tions to the contrary, from men with factious and seditious views, that his Majesty's present administration have at no time enter- tained a design to propose to Parliament to lay any further taxes upon America for the purpose of RAISING A REVENUE; and that it is at present their intention to propose, the next session of Parliament, to take off the duties upon glass, paper, and colors, upon consider- ation of such duties having been laid contrary to the true princt pies of commerce.
"These have always been, and still are, the sentiments of his Majesty's present servants; and by which their conduct in respect 16(5 BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION to America has been governed. And his Majesty relies upon youf prudence and fidelity for such an explanation of his measures, as may tend to remove the prejudices which have been excited by the misrepresentations of those who are enemies to the peace and pros- perity of Great Britain and her colonies; and to re-establish that mutual confidence and affection upon which the glory and safety of the British Empire depend."
Resolution of the noble lord: reference to "the project," ^f 10, which see in note upon.
TJ 98. Freemen: those who have inherited full rights of citi- zenship.
Freeholders: those who hold titles to landed property.
General Assembly or General Court: the legislative assembly of any colony.
^[ 99. Competence: the legal right " to raise, levy, and assess du- ties and taxes toward defraying all sorts of public services."
Those who have been pleased paradoxically to deny. Burke here alludes to Grenville and his followers. In the Speech on American Taxation Burke says: " He (Grenville) was of the opinion, which he has declared in this House a hundred times, that the colonies could not legally grant any revenue to the crown, and infinite mis- chiefs would be the result of such a power."
By " paradoxically " he means, as he shows in ^ 100-104, that, although the ministers had denied the right of the colonies to grant aids, yet they had repeatedly accepted these aids.
Law servants of the crown: the chief justice, attorney-general, solicitor-general, etc., who held that aids and grants of money, except by act of Parliament itself, were illegal on account of a clause in the Bill of Rights, passed October 16, 1689, and reading as follows: " That levying money for or to the use of the crown by pretense and prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal."
If the crown could be responsible. The king himself was not responsible or amenable to trial by English law on the assumption that " the king can do no wrong." The defense set up by Charles the First was a denial of the jurisdiction of the court over the king for the above reason. The king's ministers, and not the king, are held responsible to the people.
The council: the Privy Council, consisting of the king's chosen advisers.
NOTES ON THE TEXT 167 First lords of trade: a committee of the council whose duty is t« advise as to affairs of commerce and industry.
All attorneys and all solicitors-general. The attorney-general is "the chief law officer appointed to manage all legal affairs and suits in which the crown is interested...His assistant...is the solicitor-general, who has full power to act in the absence of his principal, and by almost invariable usage succeeds to his office when it becomes vacant." — Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. iii, p. 63.
^[ 100. Great expenses. These are sufficiently mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. A statement concerning them may also be found in Dr. Franklin's Examination before Parliament. The fol- lowing will suffice: " The colonies raised, paid, and clothed near twenty-five thousand men during the last war (French and Indian), a number equal to those sent from Britain, and far beyond their proportion; they went deeply into debt in doing this, and all theii taxes and estates are mortgaged for many years to come for dis- charging that debt."
Every student of Burke's Speech on Conciliation should read Dr. Franklin's Examination before Parliament, which may be found in full in Larned's History for Ready Reference, p. 3198.
Exertion in foreign ones. " They are zealous for the honor and prosperity of this nation, and while they are well used will always Tae ready to support it, as far as their little power goes. In 1739 they were called upon to assist in the expedition against Carthagena, and they sent three thousand men to join your army. It is true Carthagena is in America, but as remote from the northern colonies as if it had been in Europe. They made no distinction of wars, as to their duty of assisting in them."— Franklin's Examination.
So high as: as far back as.
In the year 1695: in King William's War, 1689-'97. See any United States history.
In the year 1710: in Queen Anne's War, or the War of the Aus- trian Succession, 1702-'13. In this war the New England troops, in a third desperate attempt, captured Port Hoyal. N<>va Scotia.
T 101. On the 4th of April. 1748: at the close of King George's War. in which Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, was captured by New England troops.
^ 102. On the 28th of January, 1756: in the French and Indian War.
T 104. This nation has formally acknowledged two things. Note carefully how Rurke sums up his argument here and clinches his 168 BUEKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION point. The student should remember that to understand this is far more important than to learn the historical references.
Miserable stories. Burke here refers to accounts in papers, pam- phlets, and speeches, misrepresenting the colonists, and thus cre- ating in England a spirit of resentment toward the colonies, thus- leading to wars, and consequently great expense.
Misguided people: the English people.
Unhappy system: of revenue by imposition rather than by grant.
Who paid no taxes: sarcastic reference to the " miserable stories." See note on "great expenses," T 100.
When Mr. Grenville began to form his system: in 1763.
Those untaxed people: as they, the colonists, were called by Burke's opponents.
Bequisitions: requests from the British Government for appro- priations or aids from the colonies.
T 105. Observe Burke's double contrast in this paragraph, that revenue by grant has been productive of immense revenues; that revenue by imposition has resulted in nothing; that revenue by grant has left the colonies at peace with the mother country; that revenue by imposition has brought on the trouble that Parliament is now endeavoring to settle. This seems unanswerable.
T 107. Utmost rights: of taxing a people unrepresented in Par- liament.
T[ 109. An act for granting certain duties: the act of 1767, which provided for a duty on glass, paper, red and white lead, painters' colors, and tea.
Drawback. Duties on goods under this act were rebated or paid back wholly or in part if the goods were again exported.
Clandestine running of goods: smuggling.
An act to discontinue: the Boston Port Bill.
An act for the impartial administration of justice. The act of May, 1774, declared that Massachusetts was in a state of rebellion, and provided that any one committing any act of violence while up- holding the law should be removed for trial to England or to an- other colony, as it was thought that a Massachusetts jury would not give such a person a fair trial.
An act for the better regulating. See note on • 119) carried out his illustration of Chester and Durham it would have proved the opposite of his statement.
Immediate jewel. Othello, Act III, sc. iii, 155, 156.
" Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls."
A great house is apt to make slaves haughty. It is a well-known fact that the retainers of a great nobleman look down upon the retainers in like positions of a nobleman of lower rank.
What is the application as regards Englishmen and colonists?
NOTES ON THE TEXT 1Y1 The cords of man: Hosea xi, 4: " I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love."
Aristotle. Ethics, I, iii.
Delusive geometrical accuracy. What is the meaning of this?
TJ" 121. Superintending legislature...which is itself the secu- rity. How true Burke's statement is is shown by an editorial in the Toronto World, 1899, in discussing the relation of Canada to Eng- land on the Alaska boundary question of that year. The editorial says: " In dealing with the United States on the boundary question, <Janada has the power of the whole empire behind her. Do we ade- quately grapple with the significance of this fact? Just imagine where we would stand on that question [Alaska boundary question] if we were depending on our own resources. By this time the United States would be in possession of the whole Yukon. We would have little or no status as an independent nation. The United States would treat Canada just as it treats Venezuela, or any other small American state. Let Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Canadian Gov- ernment remember these facts when debating whether Canada shall send a contingent to South Africa [to aid in the Transvaal War 1 122. Separate...legislature. This ceased to be true in 1801, when the Irish Parliament was abolished and Ireland was given representation in the British Parliament.
The proposition. See note on " the project," 1 10.
7 124. Ransom by auction. See note on " auction of finance," Experimentum in corpore vili: let us malte the experiment on something worthless.
1 125. Antechamber of the noble lord: the room where the cabi- net held its meetings.
Back door of the Constitution: that is, it would be considered, arranged, and passed upon by some committee of the cabinet, and upon its proposal to the House a subservient majority would pass it without discussion.
1 126. Quantum...mode: neither the amount nor the manner.
1 128. The outcry: the auction, or the crying of the sale of privileges to the colonies, as in ^[ 10.
Who refuse all composition: to settle by compromise. A debtor is said to "compound" his indebtedness when he pays to his cred- itors a certain per cent of his indebtedness, and thereupon is released 172 BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION from further liability. Apply this to Bui'ke's statement as to the " auction " for settling the claims of the mother country upon the colonies.
Give its death-wound to your English revenue. Tobacco was almost the sole product of Virginia. Under the Navigation Acts this tobacco could reach its European consumers only by being entered at some port of England, where, by the imposition of a heavy duty, it yielded a large revenue. Now, if Virginia refused to barter at " the auction," would the home government try to raise revenue from Virginia by placing a tax upon tobacco in Virginia, which tax would have to be assessed at the ports of Virginia by an export duty? This would discourage the production of tobacco in Virginia, thereby reducing the revenue arising from its shipment to England, and also destroying the profitable trade in tobacco with Continental Europe. It would also render the Virginia colonists unable to buy English manufactures. Thus, according to Burke's reasoning, by the imposition in Virginia of a tax on tobacco the English would lose in three different ways. Enumerate them.
Colony bounds are so implicated. Any colony could avoid the export duty on any product by simply sending it across the border into another colony which had purchased immunity in " the auc- tion," and exporting it thence.
Bill for prohibiting the New England fishery. To what bill does he refer?
Tf 130. Treasury extent: a writ by which the property of a debtor to the crown might be valued for the purpose of satisfying the debt. Why could this not be put into effect against a colony? Why does Burke say that "You can not issue a treasury extent against a fail- ing colony "? See ^f 60 — " I do not know the method of drawing up an indictment against a whole people."
Empire of Germany: not the present German Empire, but the Holy Roman Empire, which went out of existence in 1806, after an existence of ten hundred and six years.
T[ 131. His project: to "divide and govern." See note on "uni- versal discord, fomented from principle," ^[ 9.
To their taste. Observe how Burke turns Lord North's state- ment against him. Lord North's resolution (" project ") proposed to conciliate the colonies; yet he admits that it would not be " to their taste."
I will not suspect. What does Burke really intend the House to understand by this?
NOTES ON THE TEXT 173 ^f 132. Note Burke's summing up by comparison. Show in what paragraphs or by what arguments he has offered proof of ths contrasted statements he makes here.
You have heard me with goodness. This seems to discredit the statement sometimes made that he " emptied the benches."
T 133. Power of refusal. The power to give or not to give, as a subject pleases — the underlying principle of " revenue by grant."
Posita luditur area: the money chest is put up as a stake. Juve- nal, Satires, I, 90.
As a Roman gambler staked his treasure box or money chest — that is, his entire fortune — upon a throw of the dice, so we are staking "whole America" upon the policy that we may choose in this matter. The figure Burke uses here was not likely to be mis- understood, as gambling was almost universally indulged in.
A House of Commons: that is, can not the House of Commons, which itself has for centuries raised all its revenues by grants, trust to another part of the English people to raise revenues by the same method as that which the House has been using?
Trust to the principle: the principle of raising revenue by grant and not by imposition, on which see note on ^[ 91; also read ^[^[ 100-104 for statistics on raising revenue by grant.
Accumulated a debt. A nation's credit is measured by the amount of money it can borrow.
^[ 134. Here again Burke resorts to the useful figure of the gaming table.
Ease would retract, etc.: Paradise Lost, IV, 96, 97. Milton has " recant " instead of " retract."
T 135. Observe how Burke again appeals to the English com- mercial instinct.
^[ 136. Bengal: in India. The payment of an annual sum of £400,000 was imposed upon the East India Company by the English Government in return for the privilege of exclusive trade and the management of governmental affairs in India, but in 1773 Lord North's government found it necessary, on account of the financial condition of the company, to loan it £1,400,000 at four per cent, and to suspend the annual payment above mentioned unt.il the loan should l)e paid. In what way docs I hi.- aiifonl Burke an argument!
The enemies that we are most likely to have. What enemies are meant? and why were they likely 1o make trouble in the English colonial quarter of the globe? What one did afterward make trouble for England there?
174: BUEKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION f 137. Ties...light as air: Othello, Act III, sc. iii, 322-324, Links of iron: Julius Ccesar, Act I, sc. iii, 94.
Grapple to you: Hamlet, Act I, sc. iii, 63.
Turn their faces: I Kings viii, 44, 45.
For proof of the statements made in this paragraph, read Franklin's Examination before Parliament in Franklin's Works? or in Larned's History for Ready Reference.
Commodity of price: freedom, which they can have from no nation but England.
This is the true Act of Navigation. Burke means that obedience to the Acts of Navigation is not due to the binding force of the acts themselves, but to the love of the colonists for the freedom which they could find only in being a part of the nation which made the acts. It is this reverence for the mother country, and not stringent laws, which binds to England the commerce of the colonies. (Reas- sertion of Burke's proposition to admit the colonies to a share in the government, ^[ 69.)
Kegisters. bonds, affidavits, sufferances, cockets, clearances. Find in the dictionary Burke's particular use of these words.
Spirit of the English Constitution: a paraphrase of the lines from Dryden's translation of the ^Eneid, VI, 982-985: " One common soul Inspires and feeds and animates the whole. This active mind, infused through all the space, Unites and mingles with the mighty mass."
^[ 138. Land Tax Act: an act annually passed by Parliament for raising revenue.
Annual vote. Money for the support of the arrny is voted annu- ally in order to reassert every year the right of Parliament to pro- vide and maintain the army as against the similar prerogative for- merly asserted by the kings.
Mutiny Bill: another act annually passed by Parliament for the discipline of the army and navy to reassert every year its right to control the army and navy, for the same reason as given in the pre- ceding note.
•fl" 139. Profane herd: aptly quoted from Horace, Odes, III, i. 1. The line, translated, reads, " I hate the profane herd."
Sursum corda. Lift up your hearts. The beauty and applica- bility of this quotation and Burke's fervor as he delivered the words will be understood when it is remembered that this phrase is used respectively in the Roman Catholic mass and in the Episcopal NOTES ON THE TEXT 175 communion service, just as the priest proceeds to consecrate the elements. What is Burke's application of the quotation I Tf 140. Quod felix faustumque sit: may it be happy and fortu- nate. This may be said to be the " Amen " of the Romans.
TI" 141. In the English Parliament the purpose of putting "the previous question " is to suppress the main question, which, in this case, was Burke's first resolution, ^[ 140, without voting directly upon it. Burke's first resolution was simply a " question of fact" not of opinion. It will be seen that no sensible man could vote " nay " upon this resolution, for it stated a simple fact that was familiar to every one present. But Burke's opponents did not wish to commit themselves by voting upon it at all; so they called for " the previous question," which was put by the Speaker as follows: "Shall the main question be put?"* or, in other words, Shall we proceed to vote upon Mr. Burke's first resolution? A majority vote in the affirmative would have compelled a vote to be taken upon the resolution. Upon the putting of the previous question, Burke's opponents, of course, voted in the negative, the resulting vote being 78 that a vote should be taken on the main question, Burke's first resolution, ^[ 140, and 270 that such a vote should not be taken. The use of the " previous question " thus enabled the ministerial party to avoid committing themselves upon the resolution.
This remarkable adverse vote following Burke's superb effort was produced by a brief speech from Attorney-General Thurlow, who appealed to the despicable party spirit and prejudice of the Tory party.
The previous question was put in the same manner to the second, third, and fourth resolutions (J^ 144-146) and to the last (1 155), and, in the same manner, they were voted down. The other reso- lutions were defeated by votes taken directly upon them.
If the student will now read again the first and second para- graphs of the great speech, where Burke says that he had an object depending which strongly engaged his hopes and fears; that he was full of anxiety about the event of his motion; that it was " an awful subject, or there is none so on this side of the grave "; and that he had taken " more than common pains to instruct " himself in it, he will be able to imagine, to some small degree, Burke's deep dejec- tion at this dastardly vote.
* See Robert's Rules of Order, footnote, p. 51. for a clear dis- cussion of English use of *' the previous question."
INDEX (Figures in bold-faced type indicate paragraphs of the text. All other fig- ures indicate pages. All page numbers after 134 indicate reference to notes.)
Abeunt studio, in mores, 43, 150.
Abrogated, we wholly, 47, 151.
Abstract ideas of right, 14, 144.
Abstract liberty, 39, 149.
Accepting the resolution, 11, 142.
Acknowledged two things, this nation has formally, 104, 167.
Act, for granting certain duties, 109, 168; for the better regu- lating the government of Mas- sachusetts Bay colony, 109, 168; for the impartial admin- istration of justice, 109, 168; for the trial of treason, 109, Henry the Eighth, 63, 88, this is the true, 137, 174; to discontinue (Boston Port Bill), Ada parentum jam legere, 25, Acts of Navigation, 72, 75, 116; provisions of, 157.
Address to the king concerning treason in the colonies, 63, 154.
Admiralty, courts of, 115, 169.
Admit the people of our colonies into an interest in the Consti- Aids, by grant, an agreeable method of taxation, 106; granting of, 99; granted by colonists, 100; proof of grants by colonists, 103.
African trade, 20, 146.
African vessel, 57, 153.
Algebra, beyond all the powers Alterative course, 59, 153.
Altered, the religion, 80, 159; the succession, 80, 159.
America, number of inhabitants, American Committee, filled the American financiers, 71, 156.
American Taxation, Speech on, American trade statistics, 21-23.
Annual vote, 138, 174.
Antechamber of the noble lord, Apprentice law of Queen Eliza- beth revived, 139.
BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION Aristotle, 120, 171. Armada, 158. Artificial media, 46, 151. Attorneys and solicitors-general.
Auction of finance, 10, 127-131, Austerity of the Chair, 1, 135. Authority, seat of, 6, 138. Awful subject, 2, 137.
Back door of the Constitution, Barre, Colonel, quoted, 9, 139.
Bathurst, Allen Apsley, Lord, 25, 146; Henry, Lord Chan- Bibliographies, 40-42.
Bill of Rights, quoted, 166.
Blackstone's Commentaries, cit- ed, 158; sale of, in the colo- Board of Trade, footnote, 14.
Bog, Serbonian, 67, 155.
British concord, temple of, 92, Brunswick, third prince of the Burgoyne, General, speech in Parliament, 32, 148.
Burke, Edmund, birth, 25; par- entage, 25; schooldays, 26; college life, 26; first years in London, 27; first writings, 27; editor Dodsley's Annual Regis- ter, 27; marriage, 27; secretary to Hamilton, 27; first pension, 27; secretary to Rockingham, 28; enters Parliament, 28; purchases Beaconsfield, 34; in debt, 34; keynote of political life, 28; income, 34; leaves Parliament, 31; second pen- sion, 32; death and burial, 32; method of argument, 11, 12, speaker, 35, 38, 135; habit of refining argument, 35; love of children, 37; loss of friends, 37; mock epitaph on, by Gold- smith, 35.
Burke, Richard, 31; William, 33.
Burney, Frances, quoted, 37.
Capital sources of difficulty in government of colonies, six, Ch«,nge that spirit as inconven- Changed the people, 80, 159.
Characteristic mark and seal of British freedom, 66, 155.
Chatham, Lord, cites Chester, Durham, and Wales acts, 119, Chester Act as a precedent, 85- Chester, county palatine of, 85, 161; petition of, 85.
Chicane, successful, 43, 150.
Church of England in the South, Civility, 80, 159.
INDEX Civil litigant, 62, 154. Clandestine running of goods, Clouds indeed, and darkness Coercion and restraint, 1, 137. Coercion, effects of, 46, 64. Coke, Sir Edward, 60, 153. Colonists will go further, 76, Colony bounds are so implicated, Colony government, principles Commerce of colonies discussed, Commodity of price, 137, 174. Commons, a House of, 133, Comparison of Burke's and North's plans for conciliation, Competence, legal, 99, 166. Complaint, 4, 138. Complexions, 32, 148. Composition, who refuse all, 128, Conciliation, four great examples of, 79-88; incline to the side Concurrence, in perfect, 3, 137. Confidence, former unsuspecting, Confident, those who have been Confusion of mighty troubles, 80, Congress, complains, 116, 170; first Continental, 43, 149; largely composed of lawyers, Consequential propositions, three, Courts, of admiralty, 115, 169; incommodiously situated, 116, 169; resolutions for correcting, Davenant, Sir Charles, 19, 146: Sir William, 146.
Davies, Sir John, 80, 159.
Death-wound to your English Declaratory Act, 91, 164.
Declared and admitted, 12, 143.
Declaring strongly in favor of his Dejure or de facto, 119, 170.
Deposed kings, 80, 159.
Disarm, as you attempted to, 82, Dissidence of dissent, 41, 149.
Distance prevents the subjuga- tion of the colonies, 44.
Distemper, 4, 138.
Distinguished person, 17, 145.
Drawn from the sea, 30, 148.
Draw the line and strike the har- Dryden's translation of the JEne- Dunmore, Lord, 46, 151.
Durham, county palatine of, 87, BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION Ease would retract, 134, 173. East India Company's affairs, Edward the First, 81, 160. Electric force of virtual represen- Empire, Burke's definition of, 61. Empire of Germany, 130, 172. Enemies that we are most likely English Constitution, spirit of English Tartars, 51, 152. Enlarged view, 4, 138. Event of my motion, 1, 136. Evidence-room full of titles, 67, Exception to prove the rule, 80, Expenses of the colonies, great, Experimentum in corpore vili, Exertion in foreign wars, 100, Ex vi termini, 61, 154.
Falkland Island, 30, 148.