P. 195, 1. I. Noch weniger...zu achten, ' still less value is to be ascribed to.'
1. 4. Name und Name, = tlie similarity of names, 1. 5. derenwegen...befugt ist, ' on account of which we are far from being authorised; ' or, more freely: * which is far from authorising US.' More nsually, derentwegen, for euphony's sake. ' Befugt,' from an obs. inf. 'befugen ' = * berechtigen, antorisiren; ' of this verb we only nse the form ' befugt,' ' authorised.' From the same root ' die Befugniss,' ' the authority,' ' the Warrant.' The root itself is ' der Fug,' ' the fitness of things ' (from which ' fügen,' ' to fit '); this word is obsolete except in the phrase ' mit Fug und Recht,' ' with legal authority,' ' by right.'
1. 13. Similiter is translated lower down by ' gleicher Gestalt,' in the same way.
1. 16. "Wie unschicklich, adverb with ' thun.' Sense; if an author who cares for accuracy of expression has to pass from them to the modern at one skip, how clumsy would he be to make this skip with a word like * similarly.'
1. 22. in Ansehung des Zeitalters, and 1. 23. in Betrachtung der Zeit, ' in point of time.'
1. 25. hätten, subj. depending on another subj. Hede, oblique narrative after man wird einwenden; so 'wären,' 1. 32, and 'sei,'l. 33.
P. 196. 1. S. Onatas, Greek sculptor about 46S B. c, is considered the head of the school of Aegina. Kalliteles, son and disciple of Onatas. Timokles and Timarchides, two sculptors who produced in common a statue of Asclepios (about 160 B. c).
1. 14. sollte, ' would Pliny,' ' are we to suppose that Pliny,' etc.
1. 19. ITnbegreiflichkeiten, * incomprehensible circumstances.'
1. 29. oder wenn Pausanias...bekommen hätte, 'or if Tansanias had seen of their other works all over Greece as little as he saw of the Laokoon.'
P. 197, 1. 4. seiner refers to ' Meisterstück '; that Pliny mentioned it for the first time.
1. 7. ' She would bring reputation on any other place. In Rome, it is true, the number of great works obscures her, and the pressure of business and obligations of all kinds draw every one away from the contemplation of such works, to the füll appreciation of whicli leisure and quiet are indispensable.'
LAOKOON. XXVIT. 297 1. 19. Asinius Pollio, a great scholar and patron of art a1 the court of Augustus.
1. 25. Servius, a Roman gramniarian of the fourth Century, A.D.; he wrote a valuable commentary on Virgil.
P. 198, 1. I. ' Being of ardent and ambitious temper, he desired to have public memorials of himself seen.'
1.2. das Cabinet, ' the art collection.* XXVII.
P. 198, 1. 12. als sie...ausgiebt; ' ausgeben,' 'to give ont,' *to State,' is generally used without an object with ' dass.'
1. 15. Antium, a town of Latium, situated about fifteen miles to the south of Rome, on the sea-coast, was the favourite summer resort of the fashionable world of ancient Rome. The temples and villas of the place contained splendid works of art, and some of the finest statues we have were found there; for instance the Apollo Belvidere and the Borghese gladiator.
1. 16. Alexander Albani, one of the riebest and most accomplished princes of the Church, the patron and friend of Winckelmann. He was bom in 1692 of an ancient and illustrious family, became in 1721 car- dinal and head librarian of the Vatican. He was a passionate friend of art, and owned one of the finest coUections of Greek and Roman anti- quities. His magnificent villanear Rome is even now one of the greatest sights of the Etemal City.
P. 199, 1. 13. in vollendeter und bestimmter Zeit, 'in perfect and completed time,' i. e. in the perfect or aorist tense, ' he made,' as opposed to the imperfect tense, ' he was making.'
1. 22. The Doric dialect made use of the broad ä for e.
1. 25. mag hingehen. ' may pass.'
1. 29. Apollonius und Taviriscus were brolhers, bom at Tralles in Asia Minor. They are the sculptors who produced the famous group called the Famesian Bull (once in the possession of the Farnese family, now in the Naples Museum; more correctly known as the group of Dirke), a work which belongs to the time after Alexander the Great when Greek art was declining. Pliny reports, in regard to Ihebrothers, that when there was a difference of opinion about their parents, they declared in public that Menecrates was evidently their real father, Artemidorus only extemally. The former was their master in the art they had embraced, — their intellectual father.
P. 200, 1. I. sich zu einer That bekennen, is ' to confess having done a thing; ' so here ' to claim as their work,' compare p. 201, 1. 14.
1. 5. auf der Statue des Germanicus. The statue referred to in this passage is now no longer considered to represent Germanicus, but 298 NOTES.
from its attitude and costume is generally supposed to represent a Roman orator. It is now in the Louvre at Paris.
1, 6. KX€0(ji€VT)s; there are two sculptors bearing the name of Cleo- menes, father and son, born at Athens, where they lived in the latter half of the Century before Christ. The father is said to be the author of the Medicean Venus (now at Florence), the son the author of the so- called Statue of Germanicus. The inscriptions on these statues are of doubtful genuineness.
1. 7. Vergötterung; a translation of the Greek word commonly used in this sense: The apotheosis of Homer. This is a basso-relievo, now in the British Museum, apparently a Roman work of the first Century B. c. The Salpion Vase is at Naples.
1. 12. Seinem Vorgeben...widorsprochen; ' his assertion has b^en contradicted; ' ' widersprechen ' takes a dative in the active and is used impersonally in the passive.
1. 1 7. sondern...hineingetragen, ' but only the addition which Winckelmann has introduced into the assertion of Pliny.'
1. 26. inscriptiones, etc., ' inscriptions which might make a man neglect a court-summons ' in order to hear them. Vadimonium was the ' bail ' taken as security for appearance on a given day. er sich ein wenig aufgehalten; ' Ich halte mich über etwas auf,' lit. I detain myself on a certain subject; I find fault with it, criticise, ridicule it.
1. 27. ' Yet lest I should seem to be altogether attacking the Greeks, I should like to be ihought to belong to those first masters of painting and modelling, whom you will find in these books writing on their com- pleted works ^works which we are never tired of admiring) an inscription denoting incompleteness, as " Apelles was making," or " Polycletus," as if the work was ever inchoate and imperfect; so that from the varying judgments of critics the artist might take refuge in the plea that he was ready to correct what was lacking, if he had not beeii cut off. How modest it was in them to inscribe all their works, as if they were their last, and as if in each case death had interrupted the work. Three works and no more, I believe, which I shall describe in their turn, are said to have been inscribed, as if finished, " he made,"' by which it appcared that the artist found the completest satisfaction in his work, and for this reason all these were regarded with jealousy.'
P. 201, 1. 14. sich zu seinem "Werke zu bekennen, see note, 1. 20. stillschweigend, ' by his silence.'
1. 29. ihre Urheber; ' ihre ' refers to ' Werke.'
1. 31. Nicias, an Athenian painter about 350 B. c.; he was a friend and assistant of Praxiteles.
P. 204, 1. 4. Archelaus, the author of the apotheosis of Homer mentioned above.
LAOKOON. XXV in. 299 1.14. so wohl anstehende Besclieidenheit; * anstehen ' = ' gezie- men,' ' to behove,' ' to become.'
1. 16. sich gestellet haben, 'sich stellen,' 'to pretend.' Note. Lessing's ingenious theory that the use of the imperfect or of the aorist in the inscriptions left on ancient statues by their authors can help US to fix the period in which those statues were produced, has found many opponents, and may indeed be considered as exploded. There can be no longer a doubt that the aorist tense iiroirjae occurs on statues of every possible date. Consequently Lessing's argument, taken from the assumed difference in the use of the tenses in the inscriptions of the artists, does not strengthen his case, viz. the theory that the Laokoon dates from the time of the first emperors. Compare Blümner's Laokoon, p. 307.
XXVIII.
XXVIII.
P. 204, 1. 20. auf die ich mir alles einbilde, was...kann, 'of which I am as proud as one can be of such discoveries.'
P. 205, 1. 6. dass meine Besorgniss nicht eingetroffen, ' that my apprehension was not realised.' ' Eintreffen ' is said of events Coming to pass as expected or prophesied. ' Deine Vorhersagung ist einge- troffen,' ' yoiir prophecy has been fulfiUed.'
1. 9. mit dem Disco; a modem writer wonld say ' mit dem Discus.'
1. II. Baron Philipp von Stosch, 1691-1757, a Prussian nobleman who lived for many years in Italy as a political agent of his govemment. He distinguished himself by a very remarkable knowledge of ancient art. When he died he left behind him one of the finest coUections of gems and cameos. Winckelmann was invited to make the catalogue of it, and executed his task with great care. The whole coUection was sold to Frederic the Great by the heir of von Stosch, and now forms one of the chief attractions of the Museum at Berlin.
1. 12. des Standes; a modem writer would say ' der Stellung.'
1. 28. den Fechtern in Schauspielen, gladiators a*- public shows.
1. II. Chabrias, a celebrated Athenian general who distinguished himself in the wars which Athens carried on against Sparta and, at a later time, against her allies between 396 and 356 B.c. The passage, taken from the Life of Chabrias by Cornelius Nepos, refers to a military manceuvre which he conducted in the battle near Mount Cithaeron, in 378 B.c., in which Athens fought as an ally of Thebes against the Spartan king Agesilaus. In his ' Antiquarische Briefe' Lessing himself wilhdrew the conjecture which he here ventures in regard to the Borghese gladiator, adducing, with that love of truth which is so characieristic of him, the arguments which make against it. What we know at present about this statue amounts to this: The statue, once found ia 300 KOTES.
Antium, now to be seen in the Louvre at Paris, named from ils having for many years adomed the Palazzo Borghese in Rome, is the work of the Greek sculptor Agasias, son of Dosith-os of Ephesus. It represents a warrior defending himself against a horseman. The statue was made in the reign of Angustus. Some consider it a runner in armour; see Murray, Greek Sculpture, vol. ii. eh. 28.
1. 13. ' He too was reckoned among the greatest generals, and accom- plished many memorable deeds. But the most brilliant among these was the manoeuvre he invented in the battle near Thebes, when he came to the assistance of the Boeotians. For when in that battle Agesilaus, the commander-in-chief, was now sure of victory, as he had already beaten back the mercenaries, Chabrias forbade the remainder of his phalanx to stir from the spot, and taiight them how to receive the onset of the enemy, planting their knees against their shields and stretch- ing their lances forward. When Agesilaus perceived this new manceuvre he did not dare to advance, and recalled his men, who had begun the attack, with the trampet. This deed became so famous in all Greece that Chabrias wished for himself a statue in that attitude, and it was erected to him in the market-place at Athens at the expense of the State. Hence it came to pass that afterwards athletes and other artists had themselves represented in their statues in such attitudes in which they had gained the victory.'
1. 27. anstehen, 'pause.'
P. 207, 1. I. obnixo in scutum (genn), obfirmato genu ad scu- tum, ' the knee pressed against the shield.'
1. II. qui...excipit, ' who receives the attack of the enemy with the knee bent forward, throwing forward the shield and the lance.'
1. 18. die Form der Buchstaben; Lessing is quite mistaken on this point; it is just the shape of the letters in the inscription which proves that the statue could not have been made before the age of Sulla. Cp. Overbeck, Geschichte der Plastik (18S2), vol. ii. p. 399.
1. 25. so dürfte ich mich schmeicheln; modern writers use ' schmeicheln ' with the dative, as ' Ich schmeichle mir; ' the accusative, though occasionally found, is rarer.
XXIX.
P. 208, 1. 5. Sich an, er, über etwas machen, 'to apply oneself to,' ' undertake,' a thing.
1. 13. Sie stossen...auf; 'they strike one at the first cursory reading.' ' Aufstossen ' is used of something accidentally occurring to ns, of something we chance upon without premeditation. E.g. 'ein Fehler ist mir aufgestossen, den Sie hätten vermeiden können.'
1. 16. gewisse Leute; that is, there are mean critics who would LAOKOON. XXIX. 301 gladly take the opportunity to carp at so distinguished a scholar as Winckelmann.
1. 21. Junius; vide chap. II.
1, 22. ein Cento; a poem made up of verses and phrases of various poets. Here it is used of Junius' work De pictura veterum, in which almost eveiy word was borrowed from ancient writcrs.
1. 24. an ihrem Orte, in the place in which they originally stand.
P. 209, 1. 10. die zwei grössten Kunstrichter, Aristotle and Longiiius; the former recommends to the poets the -niQavov abivarov (Poet. c. 25), i.e. the impossible that is probable, in Opposition to he äiüQavov KoX Swaröv, the improbable and possible.
1. 14, ' And that the rhetorical Imagination requires one thing and that of poets anothcr, you will not fail to perceive, nor that the end of iniagination in poetry is to astonish, and in oratory to make vivid. Not but that the language used by the poets has an cxtravagance more fabulous, and every way transcending what is credible, but the best part of the rhetorical Imagination is ever that which is practicable and true.'
1. 16. Terentianus is perhaps only a fictitious person, to whom Longinus addresses his work, though he is believed by some to be identical with Terentianus Maurus, the author of the poem De Metris, who lived towards the end of the third Century of our Christian era.
1. 24. ' Especially when the end of the poetical imagination is to astonish, but that of painting to make vivid. And among the poets, as the same Longinus says,' etc.
P. 210, 1. 2. Parenthyrsus; irapivövpffos, expression of a false, un- timely enthusiasm; false pathos in speech.
L 6. auch nur dem einzigen Theodor eigen, ' peculiar to Theo- dorus alone,' This use of 'einzig' for 'allein' is rare. It is impossible to say who this Theodorus was; some suppose that the Greek rhetor from Gadara is meant, who taught his art at Rhodes in the time of Tiberius. ' Next to this is a third sort of deformity in pathetic writing, which Theodorus calls Parenthyrsus. It is an unseasonable and empty grief where none is needed, or an uncontroUed one where one under control is required.'
1. 31. Ijances Parthenio factas; 'lanx' is an open cnp of any kind; therefore 'lances ' may mean ' scales.' in dem Catalogo, ' in the list.'
P. 211, 1. II. Sat. xii. 43, etc.: ' " Away with all that's mine," he cries, " away I ** And plunges in the deep without delay, Purples, etc.
With these, neat baskets from the Brilons bought, Rieh silver chargers by Parthenius \vrought, 302 NOTES.
A huge two-handed goblet, which might straiQ A Pholus, or a Fuscus' wife to drain; Followed by numerous dishes, heaps of plate Piain and enchased, which served, of ancient date, The wily chapman of the Olynthian State.'
Gifford. 1. i6. Schwenkkesseln, 'ums.'
1. 19. Teller von getriebener Arbeit, 'embossed plates.' 1. 21. caelatoris nomen, 'the name of the chaser,' 1. 24. auf gutes Glück, ' at haphazard.'
P. 212, 1. 5. ' But he showed favour also to Tychios, the worker in leather, who received him when he came to his shop, by inserting the following passage in the Iliad: ' Ajax approached; before him, as a tower His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound, The werk of Tychius, best artificer That wrought in leather; he in Hyla dwelt.'
Lord Derby. P, 213, 1. 4. Krokylegmus; from «po/a's, a flock of wool. and A«7£u, to gather; it is originally used of delirious people who twitch flocks of wool from their dresses or their blankets; it means here a dis- play of carping pedantry; in German ' Kleinigkeitskrämerei,' lit. trading in trifles, Compare the English expression, ' His wits are gone a-wool- gathering.'
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By G. W. Kitchin, D.D. In three Volumes. Crown 8vo, each los. 6d. Vol. I. to 1453. Vol. II. 1453- Kyd. The WorJcs of Thomas Kycl. Edited from the original Texts, with Introduction, Notes, and Facsimiles. By F. S. Boas, Lewis {Sir G. Gornewall).
An Essay on the Government of De- pendencies. Edited by C. P. Lucas, B.A. Svo, half-roan. 14s.
Lucas. Historical Geography of the British Colonies. By 0. P.Lucas, B.A. With Maps. Cr. Svo.
The Origin and Growth of the English Colonies and of their System of Government (an Intro- duction to Mr. C. P. Lucas' Historical Geography of the Colonies). By H. E. Egerton. 2S. 6d. Also in binding uniform with the Series. 3s. 6fZ.
Vol.I. The Mediterranean and Eastern Colonies (exclusive of India). 5s. Vol. II. The VSTest Indian Colo- nies. 7s. dd. Vol. III. West Africa. Second Edition, revised to the end 0/1899, Vol. IV. South and East Africa. Historical and Geographical. Also Vol. IV in two Parts — Part I. Historical, 6s. 6d. Part II. Geographical, 3s. 6d. Vol. V. The History of Canada (Part I, New France). 6s.
Ludlow. The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant-General of ' the Horse in the Army of the Common- wealth of England, 1625-1672. Edited by C. H. Firth, M.A. 2 vols. 36s.
Lyly. TheWorL^ofJohn Lyhj.
Collectrd and editeil, with facsim- iles, by R. W. Bond, M.A. In 3 vols. Svo, uniform with Kyd. 42s. net.
Maehiavelli. R Principe.
Edited by L. Arthur Burd, M.A. With an Introduction by Lord Merriman. Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell. With a Ptirtrait and Facsimile. By R. B. Merriman, B.Litt. 2 vols. Svo. iSs. net.
Morris. The Wehh Wars of Edward I. With a Map. By J. E. Morris, M.A. Svo. 9s. 6d. net.
Oman. A Hiatory ofthePeninsular War. 6 vols. Svo. With Maps, Plans, and Portraits. By C. Oman, Vol. II, Jan. -Sept., 1809 (from the Battle of Corunna to the end of the Talavera Campaign). 14s. net.
Payne. History of the New World called America. By E. J. Payne, M.A. Svo.
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Plummer. The Life and Times of Alfred the Great. By Charles Plummer, M.A. Crown Svo. 5s.
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Poole. Hibtorical Atlas of