effort, 20 f., 25; of cause, trans ferred to quality of effect, 42, 70; pitch and, 45, 46; increase of sensation as, 48; difference be tween hues of a colour as, 60; psychophysics makes intervals be tween sensations into a, 62, 65, 66, 68 f.; no point of contact between quality and, 70; how quantitative relations set up between sensations, 71; quantitative distinctions, 121 f., 204; without quality, 123; time as, 129; cause of psychic phenomena as, 224; quality as sign of, 224; intensity as com promise between quality and, 225.
Rage, Darwin on, 29; James on, 29.
Reality, of space, 91 f., 95, no; two kinds of, 97, no; real dura tion, no, 125 ff., 154; of facts for dynamism, 141; of laws for mechanism, 141; time as a, 155; attempt to produce, from alge braical relations, 205; physics treats sensations as signs of, 223.
Reason, beliefs adopted without, 135; decisions taken without or against, 170; in ancient hylozoism, 214; the discursive, 229, 237; Kant's doctrine of the Practical, 234; Critique of Pure, 235.
Refraction through space, self per ceived by, 128, 129, 137, 167, 183, 217, 223; of " things in them selves," Kant's view, 233.
Renouvier, on freedom, 237 n.
Representation, see Symbolical Re presentation.
Resolution, how feeling leads to, 133, 171.
Revue philosophique, referred to, 52 «.
Revue scientifique, Tannery's criti cism of Fechner in, 67.
Rhythm, connecting dancer and spec tator, 12; effect in music, 14; in poetry, 15; and architecture, 15; Nature does not command, 16; succession of conscious states compared to, 100.
Ribot, on attention and movements, 27 f.
Richet, on pain, 35 f.; on disgust, 36.
Rood, on changes of hue, 51.
Saturation, of a colour, 54.
Scale, notes of, why classified as higher and lower, 45 f.
Science, eliminates duration from time and mobility from motion, 115 £E., 228; and hypothetical acceleration of motions of universe.
250 INDEX 1 1 6, 193 ff.; attempts to do away with duration and causality, 208 f.; separates ideas of free effort and necessary determination, 218; attempts to measure intensive quantity, 225; separates extensity and duration, 228, 230; main object of, 230; could deal with time if homogeneous, 234.
Scottish philosophers, 72.
Sculpture, ancient, 15.
Self, whole, reflected in each conscious state, 98, 165; recovery of the fundamental, 100, 128, 129, 231, 233, 236, 240; introduces distinc tions derived from external objects into its own states, 109, 125, 237; superficial, with mutually external states, 125, 128, 136, 138, 167, 237; deep-seated, with interpenetrating states, 125, 128, 136, 164, 236; many conscious states never blend with whole mass of, 135, 166, 168; perceived by refraction through space, 128, 129, 137, 167, 183, 217, 223; the two aspects of the, 129 ff-, 137, 231; tendency to form secondary, 138, 166; not an association of terms, 139, 159 ff., 164, 165, 226; recourse to living and concrete, necessary to solve problems of causality, freedom, etc., 139; activity of, cannot be com pared to that of any other force, 143, 216; perception of, through forms borrowed from external world, 154, 217, 223; self-deter mination, 165; parasitic, as result of education, 166; free decisions spring from whole or fundamental, 167, 172, 231, 240; covered over with crust of clean-cut psychic states, 167; does not intervene in carrying out e very-day acts, 168; uprush of deep-seated, at moment of crisis, 169; distinction of psychic states leads to mechanical concep tion of, 171; constantly changing and growing, 171, 175 f.; view of, involved in geometrical represen tation of process of deciding, 176 f.; infallible in affirming its immediate experiences, 183; as a free force, 216, 235; Kant put free, outside space and duration, 233; Kant and phenomenal, 233; as a free cause, 235.
Sensations, intensity of, i f!., 7 ff., 20 ff., 40, 42, 47, 72 f.; art yielding only, 17; and external causes, 20 ff.; peripheral, and muscular effort, 24, 26; peripheral, and violent emotions, 31; magnitude of, 31, 32, 47, 72; affective and representative: affective, 32 fi., 72 f.; and organic disturbance, 32 f.; pleasure and pain, 33 ff.; affective, and free movements, 33; representative, 39 ff., 73, 90; medium, 41; representative, mea sured by external causes, 42; of sound, 43 f.; of heat and cold, 46 f., 64; of pressure and weight, 47 f.; increase of, and sensation of increase, 48; as quantity or qua lity, 48; of movement, 50; of light, 50 ff.; measurement of luminous, 52 ff.; psychophysics attempts to measure, 55 ff., 62, 63, 225! equal and identical, 57, 62, 63, 64, 69; law connecting stimu lus and, 60 f.; as quantities, 62, 65, 66; addition of, 64; considered as a sum, 65, 67; how quantitative differences set up between, 71 f.; as pure quality, 72; and space, 92, 93, 95; can space be built up from, 94; simultaneous and iden tical 95; of motion, indivisible, 112 influence of language on, 131 not objects but processes, 131 altered by repetition, 131; physics treats, as signs of reality, 223.
Series, natural, of numbers, 2, 80 } double aspect of each term in a, 124, 226; physical and psychical, 210.
" Several," use of, implies space, 122.
Shape, as quality of matter, 205.
Simplicity, different senses of, in dynamism and mechanism, 141.
Simultaneity, implies space, 95; measuring duration and counting, 108 f.; as connecting link between space and duration, no; defini tion of, no; in measuring velo city, 114, 117; used in defining equal intervals of time, 116, 119; in space nothing but, 116, 206, 227; and astronomical prediction, 116 f., 193 ff.; dealt with by mathematics, 119; attempted re presentation of succession by, 180, 221; all relations not translatable into, are scientifically unknowable, 234- Sleep, and perception of duration, 126. Smell, illustration from associations of, 161 f. Social life, self with well-defined states better adapted to, 128, 137, INDEX 251 than our inner life, 130; intuition of homogeneous medium as step towards, 138, 163, 236.
Solidification, of an act, in space, 112; of changing feelings, pro moted by language and external objects, 129 f.; of sensations owing to language, 131; of ideas on surface of consciousness, 135, 166, 168; of conscious states, promotes social life, 231; of con scious states, how brought about, 237.
Sorrow, an increasing, n.
Sound, sensations of, 43 ff.; inten sity of, 43 ff.; pitch of, 45; why classified as higher and lower, 45 f.
Space, and magnitude, 2; introduced into perception of duration, 74; article on number and, 75 n.; intuition of, implied in counting, 77 ff., 83 f., 225; material objects counted in, 85 f.; conscious states not countable unless symbolically represented in, 86 f., 89, 90; idea of impenetrability shows inter connexion of number and, 89; projection of psychic states into, 90, 101, 106, 231; time, but not duration, as spatial, 90 f.; reality of, 91 f., 95, up; as common ele ment in certain sensations, 92; Kant's theory of, 92, 93; nativistic and empirical theories of, 93; Mviller's theory, 93; Lotze's theory, 93; Bain's theory, 93; Wundt's theory, 93; attempt to build up, from inextensive sensations, 93 f., 99 f., 222; definition of, 95, 98; as a homogeneous medium without quality, 95 ff., 98; not so homo geneous for animals, 96; intuition of homogeneous, peculiar to man, 97, 236; intuition of, necessary to counting, abstraction and speech, 97; is time, as homogeneous medium, reducible to, 98 f.; time as ghost of, 99; duration expressed in terms of, 101, no; order of succession implies, 101 f.; sym bolical representation of succession as line implies, 103; time as fourth dimension of, 109; simultaneity as connecting link between time and, no; and motion, no ff.; projection of act into, 112, 181; Infinitely divisible, 113, 114; as homogeneous element in motion, 115; the only measurable element in motion, 116, 118, 119; nothing but simultaneities in, 116, 206, 227; alone homogeneous, 120; no duration or succession in, 120 227; self perceived by refraction through, 128, 129, 137, 167, 183, 217, 223; intuition of homogene ous, as step towards social life, 138, 163, 236; connexion between perception of, and general ideas, 163; is time space? 181, 190, 221; time confused with, in pre diction, 191 ff.; as result of stripping matter of concrete quali ties, 205; separated from time by Kant, 222; must be eliminated in studying inner phenomena, 229; Kant confused time with, 232; Kant put the free self outside, 233; we usually live and act in, not in duration, 233; Kant on time and, 233; existence of homogeneous, assumed, 236; as a "form of sensibility," 236; intuition of, what it accomplishes, 236.
Spectrum, colours of the, 51, 54, 57.
Spencer, H., on gracefulness, 13; on expression of fear, 30.
Spinoza, on modes of thought and modes of extension, 147; on causality and apparent succession in time, 208; conception of causality which leads to, 208, 213; Spinozistic mechanism, 209.
Spontaneity, idea of, simpler than that of inertia, 141; force as a free, 217; settlirg down into inertia, 220.
Stimulus, law connecting sensation with, 60 ff.; effect of slight but continuous, 106.
Subjective, definition of, 83.
Succession, attempt to derive exten- sity from, 99 f., 222; of conscious states compared to rhythm of tune, 100; without distinction, 101; order of, implies distinction and therefore space, 101 f.; cannot be symbolized as a line without idea of space, 103 f.; within the ego succession, without, only externality, 108, 227; exists only for conscious spectator, 108, 120, 227; endosmosis between exter nality and, 109, 228; none in space, 120, 227; attempt to repre sent by simultaneity, 180, 221; causality as regular, 202 f.; no regular in deep-seated psychic states, 203; attempt to transform into inherence, 209; apparent, of phenomena, 201, 227; of pheno mena and conscious states, 212, 216; Leibniz and, 213; attributed to things, 228; idea of measurable 422087 252 INDEX time arises from compromise between simultaneity and, 228. Suggestion, in art, 14 ff.; in music, 15, 44- Symbolical Representation, necessary to counting of conscious states, 86 f., 89, 90; of a line, implies idea of space, 103; pure duration cannot be measured without, 105; of duration, derived from space, no; of time as homogeneous medium, 124 f.; of elements of a conscious state, 163; of the self and its feelings, given by deter minism, 171; of process of coming to a decision, 175 ff.; leads to determinism, 178; of time as a line, 182; cannot be substituted for dynamic process, 190; of ego, confused by Kant with ego itself, 232.
Sympathy, physical, and grace, 13; with Nature. 16; with misfortune, 19.
Tannery, J., as critic of Fechner, 67.
Taste, as changeable, 131.
" Things in themselves," Kant and, 233, 234, 238.
Time, sounds not counted in, 87, 91; as homogeneous medium in which conscious states are ranged, 90, 121; as homogeneous medium, nothing but space, 91, 98; dis tinct from pure duration, 91, 98; is it unbounded medium distinct from space? 98 f.; as ghost of space, 99; attempt to derive extensity from succession in, 99 f.; two possible conceptions of, 100; is it measurable? 107 f.; appar ently homogeneous, 107; as dealt with by the astronomer and physicist, 107, 192 ff.; as measured by clocks, 108 f.; as fourth dimen sion of space, 109; concrete and abstract, 114; science eliminates duration from, 115 f.; definition of equal intervals of, 115; how it comes to be represented as homo geneous, 124 f., 237; as symbolical image of duration, 125 f.; as quality and quantity, 129; con fusion of, with concrete duration, 155; is time space? 181, 190, 221; uot a line, 181; confused with number, 195, 197; separated from space by Kant, 222, 232; idea of measurable, arises from com promise, 228; Kant's mistake about, 232; Kant on space and, 233; science could deal with, if homogeneous, 234; Kant put freedom outside, 235; hetero geneous duration replaced by homogeneous, 237.
Tortoise, and Achilles, 113 f.
Town, objects in, seem to live and grow old, 129 f.
Tradesmen, their avoidance of round numbers, 123.
Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant's theory of space in his, 92, 93.
Units, those forming a number identical, 76; also distinct, 77; space implied in counting, 79; every number both unit and synthesis of. 80; two kinds, ultimate and provisional, 80 f.; if divisible, then extended, 82; split up by arithmetic, 84; re garded by common sense as indi visible, 84.
Unity, attaching to number, 76; all, due to simple act of the mind, 80 f.; of act and of object, 81, 83; Spinoza and the divine, 208.
Universe, hypothetical acceleration of motions of, 116, 193 ff.; mole cular theory of, 143; vague per sonality ascribed to, 213.
Velocity, measurement of, 107, 114; notion cf, analysed, 117; uniform and variable, 117 f. Vis inertiae, 38; vis viva, 151. Vulpian, on hemiplegia, 22.
Weber, his law, 60 f.
Weight, sensation of, 25 f.; 47 ff.
Will, see also Free Will: willing for willing's sake, 157, 158. Words, see language. Wundt, on paralytic's sensation of force, 21; on connexions of vocal and auditory nervous filaments, 44; theory of space, 93.
Zeno, on Achilles and tortoise, n;)f THB RrvERsmn ruRas MMITHD. EDINBURGH.
Bergson B Time and free will E62