The Right of Translation is Reserved.
BY HAIlltlSON 3V Nh KON'H, ST. MAUTIN\S I.AM1!, rrtitfn'* in Ordinary tu //ft* Mnjt\ify> PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
THIS third edition of the I'r-hici-jilcs of Psychology differs from preceding editions, mainly by containing anew division; which, occurs in the second volume, under the title — ee Part VIII., Congruities."
By the preface to ihe first edition, it will be seen that I bad originally intended to write, under the title of "{Summary and Conclusion/7 a division having forifcs purpose <e to bring the several lines of argument to a focus:" believing that t>f the harmony thai, may be shown to subsist between the doctrines elaborated in the respective divisions, is a strong confirmation of their truth." When I began to prepare the second and great ly enlarged edition, I looked forward to fulfilling this intention, which disturbed health bad before obliged me to abandon. Eventually, however, I left the additional part unwritten— partly because tho work had already become too bulky, and partly because 1 thought that, the harmonies I proposed to point out were so conspicuous tluit all readers would perceive thorn.
This last reason proved, to bo ill-grounded. Par from re- cognising the harmonics which I thought conspicuous, sundry cridics have enlarged on the incongruities. In a/ review pub- lished in (he Academy For April I, 187;.$, Mr. Henry Hidgwiek speaks of ** the masy inconsistency of his [niy] metaphysical results/' Similarly, a, writer in the fy we fat or for the 21st, of June, 187!», asserts thai. "Mr. Spencer's system has the incurable defect of fundamental incoherence." Prof. Oreon, also, in two articles which appeared in the CoiiJani-iiomrij Itw'irw for December, IS77, and March, 1878, dovoten much space to showing, as ho thinks, that my views aro not coherent. Tims I find ii>, if not necessary, at any rate desirable, to fulfil my first intention.
VI IMtEFACK TO THE TITIRT) EDITION, It is a common remark that where party feeling, political or theological, runs high, one who, believing that neither side is wholly right or wholly wrong, declines to commit himself entirely to either, is usually looked upon by both with suspicion, if not with aversion. And it is curious to see how, analogously, in a controversy so remote in its issues fro inhuman interests as that between '.Realism and Idealism, the enunciation of a view which recognises an. element ol: truth in each, seems to beget antipathy rather than sympathy. The adherents of either doctrine, believing that it. in entirely true-, or entirely false, are averse to a, conciliation which requires any sacrifice. Surrender of a part of their doctrine is almost as offensive to (heir a-ninnr propm as surrender of the whole; and the proposer of it is censured all round.
Recognizing, thus, the disfavour with which both Realists and Idealists naturally regard that Transfigured Realism which, accepts from each a moiety of his doctrine but rejects the rest., I scarcely expect that when* they before discovered only incongruities, tins new division will show them that there are cougruitios. 1 can do no more than exhibit those, in the belief that they will, be apparent to all who have not yet committed, themselves to one side or the other. I may add that inability to rooogni/,0 these cougruitios admits of two interpretations, conveniently sug- gested by a Rvnrilo which I have before employed in another relation. Taken at different angles from the same object', tho two photographs placed in a stereoscope, when iirsi. viewed, not unfroquontly form a confused double imago; but after persevering contemplation, most observers find them suddeidy unite into a single clear representation of the object. Meanwhile, there arc some eyes which to the lasJL fail in combining thorn; and, to which they continuously appear conflicting ami confused.
"London, October, 1880.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
WORDS are somewhat strained in their meanings by calling that a Second Edition, of which the new portion greatly ex- ceeds the old portion in amount;. as happens with this volume, and as will happen with its successor. Of the five Parts here bound together, the two that have previously ap- peared cover 217 pages; while the three that now appear for the first time cover 425 pages.
Nevertheless, the fact that sundry of the cardinal ideas contained in this work were enunciated many years ago, must not be lost sight of. When, in 1855, the First Edition of The Principles of Psychology was issued, it had to en- counter a public opinion almost universally adverse. The Doctrine of Evolution everywhere implied in it, was at that time ridiculed in the world at large, and frowned upon even in the scientific world. Naturally, therefore, the work, passed over, or treated with but small respect, by re- viewers, received scarcely any attention; and its contents remained unknown save to the select few. The great change of attitude towards the Doctrine of Evolution in general, which has taken place during the last ten years, has made the Doctrine of Mental Evolution seem less unacceptable; and one result has been that the leading conceptions set forth in the First Edition of this work, have of late obtained considerable currency. In France, some of them have been made known incidentally by the treatise of M. Taine, Da I' Intelligence; and the lucid exposition of Pxof. Ribot in ViU I'liWWAWiu TO 'THM fiKOON'l) MWTloN".
his Psychologic A Hylaiw Ot^/'w/^m///'1, has presented them all in a systematic for.nk^.'hi Hu^lnnd, they have spread througli various eJiann'ofe.' Amon^* these I may m<»re espe- cially name r/%o> Physiology and /VA<>A>:/// n/* ////•,1//W, by Dr. Maudsloy, the first division of which work is pervaded by thorn. A.s most of those who will road this Seeund Edition of the Pruid}>lrs of J.^t/rJutlot/i/, never s:i\v the First, Edition, and cannot now #eli access to it; and a,s, in I*a,rts III. and IV., they will meet wiiJi ideas thai, havo been already made, in the ways indicated, more or less familiar to them; it is needful that L should si ale these facts to prevent misapprehensions.
Part V., which closes this volume, is the Part referred i<» in the final paragraph of the Preface to the First Mditinn, as omitted for the reasons ^'iven. In now fulfilling the half- promise there made, eventually to add it to Urn rest, 1 have the satisfaction of fooling that during the. fifteen years that, have elapsed, the hypothesis set forth in it has assumed a much higher development.
The successive instalments of the* tft/slr-in- of /-'//-//as** >/>//// which compose this volume, were issued to the subscribers at the following dates:- — No. 4JO (pp. 1— -80) in June l»Si»H; No. 21 (pp. 81—100) in October 18<»S; No. r>2 (pp. 'Hi I - 2-iO)in July I860.; No. 23 (k2U~:}:W) in IKn^mber ]80!»; No. 24 (pp. 337—416) in January 1870; No. 25 (pp. 417 — 496) in March 1870; and No. 20 (pp. 4<>7 ••<•<;;>:>) in December 1870. The long delays in the issues of those insiaU. merits, have arisen in part from disturl»anees of health thai have from time totimooompollod me to dosist. from work, and in part from the continuous attention ta.ken in arnittging and superintending a systematic collection of materials for the Prindples of Sofiioloyij, presently to bo commenced. I havt^ I'eason to hope that neither of these causes will operate so seriously in delaying the issue of the numbers which are to compose the second volume.
London, December 1870* PREFACE.
THE four parts of which tin's work consists,* though in! hnatoly related to each other as dideront views of the same «..rroat UQ'ffreiratG of phcMiomcna, a,re y<'t, in tin* main, severally independent and. complete in themselves. Tin* |»:irl ieulnr serial a.rra.n^enuMit in \vhieh tlu^y slmuhl ho prt-srutr*!,!»:«•; con.s(MjU(»ntly been in threat intNisnre;i, question <if ^«'iM'r,-»l ex])edieney; ii-nd while the order I have rh«»sen is <»ne which. stM'ins, en the wh(»h», (Jn^ inosi.:nlvant;i;';eous, it. is not ono whieh all re:ulers jiro boiuid to fullmv. A brief charaetc^'i/.ation. of (\(ie.h |>a,rt, will enn.bh* every one in de- cide for himself which ho may best commence vvifh/l" The General Analysis (of which the essential portion W;H orijjp'iiaUy published, in the IVi'shiif-nah'r /»VnY/r inr ()eu»h*4r, 185:5, umliu- tin* t.it-lo of *tfrho Univ(M-,sjd IVstulnte," and re. apj)en.i\s horo with, additional arguments aiul explanation--;) is an, inquiry concerning 1 he basis of our inielli«.»vneo. Its .ol)je(;t is to awcertaJn, t.ho ' fundamental peculiarity of all modes of consciousness constituting* knowledge proper- — knowledge of i\iv highest, va.lidit.y.
The Special A.nalysis has for its a»>m» to resolve each species of cognition into its components, Cotnmenoini*' with the most iuvolvoti ones, It, seeks by sucees.sivo decomnost* * Tho number of parts JM now ^really nicrraMtnl; UIIH vi.»lunt^ roiiiiijitH live, and tlui mn'ond voluitto will contain four.
t The ordor han now IMHJII wholly changoil: iht) two prirtH i named an coining llrnt, t>mng rt^U^utiui to th« Mcooud voiutiu*.
X PUKtfACJG.
tions to reduce cognitions of every order to tlioso of tlio simplest kind; and HO, finally to inako apparent the com- mon naturo of all thought, and disclose its ultimate con- stituents.
While these analytical parts deal with tho phenomena of intelligences subjootivrly, and, as a, necessary consequence, are confined to liurnan intelligence; the synthetical parts deal with the phenomena of intelligence objectively, and so include not huninn intelligence only, but intelligence under every Conn.
Tho General Synthesis, setting out with an abstract stato in out of the relation subsisting between every living organ- ism and tho e:xtcrmii world, and. arguing that all vital actions whatever, mental and bodily, •must, bo expressible in terms of this rein! ion; proceeds to formulate, in such terms, tho successive phases of progressing Life, considered apart from our conventional classifications of them.* And the Special Synthesis, after exhi'biting that gradual differentiation of tho psychical from the physical life which accompanies tho evolution of Life in genera,!, goes on to de- velop, in its application to psychical lifo iu particular, tins doctrine which tho previous part sots forth: describing tho nature and genesis of the different modes of Intelligence, in terms of the relation, w'liick obtains between, iiinor and outer phenomena.
As may be supposed, tho analytical divisions are much less readable than the Ryni.liet.ical ones, llonco, "while all who are accustomed to studies of an abstract character arc recommended to follow the order in which, tho parts stand, as being that most/ conducive to a clear understanding of tho system in its ensemble; those \vlio are unfamiliar with mental! philosophy may, perhaps, more advantageously begin with Parts 111. and IV.: returning to Parts I. and 11. should they fool sufficiently interested to do so.
• A portion of tlio Part thus described, is now embodied in The Principle* of Biology, PREFACE. xj c Respecting the execution of tho work, I may say that in sundry ways it falls much short of my wishes. There are places in which tho argument is incompletely carried out; places in which, from inadequate cxplanat ion, then* is an appa- rent incongruity between the statements then* made and those made elsewhere; slid there are, I fear, plaecs where tho form of expression is not so precise as it should bo. Add to which, that in treating under several separate aspert.-i a, subject so extensive, 1 havo perhaps erred in attempting too much; and have so devoted neither thought, enough nor space enough, to any one of tin;.several aspeefs under winch tho subject is presented.
'While, however, I am conscious that, (he work eouiains many more imperfections than it- would have done had its scope boon more limited and its elaboration longer, 1 would excuse the issue of it in its present, form on several ••'rounds: partly on tho ground thai/ it is almost, useless to wail, until any organised body of thought has rcaehed its full develop- incut, whicli.it never does in the course of a..single life; partly on the ground that; it is next, to impossible for the writer of a work like this, to dispense with tin* aid of candid criticism; but chiefly on the ground I hat I he general truths enunciated, being, us 1 beliovn, both new and im- portant, it seemed to mo undesirable* to delay their pulilim- tiou with, the view of by and by presenting them in a more ii.nisli.cMl guise.
For the somowlm,t abrupt termination of the work, my apology niusfc bo, that, disturbed health has obliged mo fo desist from writing n " Summary mid (Jiwolusion," in wlneh J. purposed to bring tho several linen of argument, to a, focus. I groa-tly regret, this; not only hoeauseVhe harmony that may bo shown, to subsist between the doctrines elabor- ated in tho respective divisions, is a strong t'twiirmaUon of their truth; but because, in the absonco of explanation, some misunderstanding may arise amivrning tin e, trio us — onlolo^iriil and otluT — which inamy will think in an i lost.
It maybe well furl her to say that, originally, I had in- tended to:uld a fifth division, which should include sundry deductions and specula! ions iliat could not pro-pci'ly bo om- hodiod in «h(% ollior divisions.!>ut l)(vl'on% hoin^ (-oirrpolled to do so, I hud d«i<'i«lr<l, iliai. as this fifth division, was not strictly ncocssarv; and;is corfain of I!HV su^g'ostioiis contained in it nii^lit ])r(vjii(H('o some against tho doctriiu:vs dovolopod in ilio otlxM's; it would ho liotior to withhold it — • at any rato for the ])n\s(Mit.
CONTENTS OF VOL. L PART I.— THE DATA OF1 PSYCJIOLO<{\r.
CHAP. T'Ai,;.
til. - TIIK.FUNCTIONS OF TIIK NKttVOUH WYSTl'JM.., 4<> iv. — TIIK CONDITIONS KSSKNTJAL TO NMRVOUS ACTION...US PART II.— Til K INDUCTIONS OF PSVOUOUHiY.
II.— TIIK OOM POSITION OF MIND,..,,. '...Ifjlj VI. — TIIK KMVIVABHJTY OF KKLATIONS HM't'WMlsN4 J-'l;!•;!,- VII. — THE ASSOCIABILITY OF FHKhlNr(lH vui.— TI IK AssociAMi/rrr OF UHLATIONH IIKTWI-IKN; ri:?;;,-.
PAllT IIL— (3WNMUAL KYiNTIIKSlS.
I. — LIFK AND MINI) AS COUIU'lSPONIH'^t!}.:...,., IV. — TIIW COKVRKSI'ONDWNOK AS BXTKND1NU iH dPAt'i;.,, XIV CHAR V. - Till! CORRKSI'ONDMNC'K AS KXTKNDINO IN T1MK VI. - TII13 COUIlESl'ONDKiWM AS INCRiOASINi.} IN SPKOIA I J VII. — THE COHttKSI'ONDKNCK AS INCREASING IN UKN •RALITY VIII. - TtIR CORUKSl'ONIIl'J'NtM'l AS INCRttASINO IN ('«) I'liKXlTY V". -- INSTINCT VI. - MM MO MY VII.— K MASON,..
IX. -- THE WILL PART V.— PHYH10AL SYNTHESIS.
A.' FlfKTUKR, TNTMltlMiKTATION NMKDMI)...TITK OKNKHIS ')K NMIJVMS TIFK (H'MMMWIS OF SIMIM^M NKU'VoUH BYSTHMS THM OKNKSIS OI'1 <:OMI'<')UN1> KMIiVOUS SYSTMMS SYHTIOMS KIJN C.1T ION'S AS K'.KLATHD TO THKSM STUU l»SY(.;iHCAli LAWS AS THUS JNTKttrUMTMD MVIDKNr(.!H I«MiOM NORMAL VAItlATIONS...MVIDKNOB FROM AUNOtiMAI, VAIilATlONH I. IL HI. IV.
V.
VI. VII.
VIII, IX.
x.
APPENDIX, ON THK ACTIONS 01? AN/KS't'lIHTKJS AND NARCOTICS PART I.
THE DATA OJb1 PSYCHOUKIY.
CHAPTER I.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
§ 1. Tne lowest- animal and the Highest animal present no contrast more striking than that between the small self-mo- bility of the one and the great self-mobility of the other. A monad passing,, apparently with some rapidity, across the field of the microscope, really advances with extreme slow- ness: its velocity, unexaggerated by combined lenses, being* about that of the minute-hand of a watch. The parts of a disturbed sea-anemone draw themselves together with a speed which, though immensely greater than that of a monad through the water., is insignificant as measured by the speed of most terrestrial and aerial creatures. Comparing the movements of Protozoa, or of Zoophytes, with those of Birds that keep pace with railway trains or those Mammals that gallop a mile in a minute, their locomotive powers seem scarcely appreciable. Masses being supposed equal, the quantity of motion generated in the last case approaches a million times that generated in the first.
Contrasts of this kind exist within each great division of the animal kingdom, as well as in the animal kingdom taken as a whole. The sub-kingdom Anmdosa shows us an immense difference between the slow crawling of worms and quick flight of insects. Among Mollusks the sluggish- ness of the Tunicata is no less marked than the activity of the Cephalopoda. And between the inferior or water- THE DATA OF PSYCHOLOGY.
breathing Vertdmdu and superior or air4>raithnig Ve-rfe- Imtta, there is an equally conspicuous unlike ness in energy of movement.
This self-mobility winch, by its greater amount generally distinguishes higher animals from lower, and, indeed, enters largely into our concept ions of higher and lower, is displayed in several ways. "We see- it, in (ho dinners of altitude Unit arc made "without- moving the body fr<>m phiee to pln.ee. Wo see it in tlio transference of the body as a wholo through space: considering this transference apart from external resistances overcome. And wo see it in the over- coming of resistances both thu;;e of media, and those*! due to gravity. All these, however,:ire. manifestations of one ability-— iho ability io generate a, furee which either shows itself a,s momentum <>r would griH-rale inoinendun ; but for a eounlerbaluncinir lbi-c(». And it' is in (his general form, that we are hero roneerned with this ability. Wo ha.vo to contemplate the inferior nninnls as being giMiernt.ors of very small quantities of aetnid «»r ])i»(eniial motion, ami i/liu higher animals as being generators of relatively-innnuuso quantities of actual or poteniia-l motion.
§2. With what internal diHereneos are i-hoso dilferenceB of extcnwil manilVislatioii conneet.ed? No doubt with several. An active organism contains various applianeeH no one of which can 'bo spared without, greatly diminishing, or quite destroying, its activity.
If the alimentary system bo incapaeitaied, there must pre- sently result a decreased power of generating motion, from lack of the materials whence motion is obtained; and lionet* the fact, conspicuous throughout the animal kingdom, thaf» along with much locomotive activity there.* goes a developed apparatus for taking up nutriment. It is manifest, too, that there cannot bo great self-mobility unless the* absorbed materials are elliciently distributed to the organs which transform insensible motion into sensible motion; and tlum THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 5 « it happens that as we ascend from creatures which inovo little to creatures which move much., we meet with a more and more evolved vascular system. Similarly with the organs for separating from the blood the substances that have yielded up their contained motion. If the blood be- comes choked with inert matter, there necessarily results a decreased genesis of motion; and therefore, as we see on comparing inactive with active animals, the exaltation of activity is accompanied by the development of depurating structures. Still clearer is it that the production of much motion,, and the resistance to those forces which antagonize motion; imply parts capable of bearing great strains — masses of dense tissue such as in vertebrate animals form bones, and in invertebrate animals form dermal frame- works; and; accordingly, as we ascend from creatures that are inert to creatures that are vivacious, we advance from \veak to strong skeletons, internal or external. Above all ib is self-evident that along with locomotive activity there must exist those contractile organs which are the imme- diate movers of the limbs and consequently of the body; and hence the direct connection between absence of -mus- cular fibres and extremely-small self-mobility, and the direct connection between development of the muscles and much self-mobility — connections so direct as to make it at first sight seem that the genesis of motion varies as the mus- cular development.
Remotely dependent, however, as the genesis of motion is on digestive, vascular, respiratory, and other structures # and immediately dependent as it is on contractile struc- tures; its most important dependence remains to be named. For all of these appliances taken together can dojaothjing of_themselves. The muscles are but "Instruments, which remain passive until their power is evoked by the structure which uses them; and the quantity of motion they then give out varies according to the demand made by this exciting and controlling structure. In other words, the- 6 THE DATA OF PSYCHOLOGY.
initiator or primary genera tor of motion is ihc- Nervous System. Where there is extremely little power of irenorat- 'ino- motion, as among the Trol<>::n<t. niid the inferior /'»»•/,'//- tcrata, there is no nervous system. Where ac! i\ iiy begins to show itself a nervous system begins to he visible. And where the power of sell-movement', is great, the nervous system is comparatively well developed. Thou«':!i tin' mus- cular system also becomes larger and beiier o r •..•:•• mi/ed; \e[, the quantity of motion ])ro<!uee<l is!un<ljrmeni;illy n-lnled to the deuroe of nervous development. Not, indeed, Hia! it is so related with anything like uniformity: this we shall presently see that, it cannot be. Hut if is so related more uniformly than in any other way. A few lypie;d contrasts will show this.
§ 3. The absence of measurements renders del a I led com- parison among the various classes of Mtilhini'ii. nn.-ai i. laehu-y. On putting sido by side the extreme terms, however, wo find an imquestionable difference in the proportion between the nervous system and tin; rest of the body. The sedentary Ascidians, which, do little in the wav of moving beyond occasionally contracting themselves, severally possess onlv a single small ganglion with its fibres; hut (Vph;dopo«ls of the dibranchiato order,, which are active creatures that dart, through the water fast enough to catch lish, contain mas: es of nerve-tissue that bear much larger ratios to their total masses.
It is with annul oso animals as with molluscous animals— - we have no deiiuito estimates of the si/,<\s of their nervous systems; and henco can bring in evidence only the marked differences. As before, the extreme forms supply these. The sluggish anmdoid typos, when contrasted with the energetic kinds of Aniiit-loaa, present decided deficiencies of nerve-substance; and oven between such loss-remote orders as tlie tubicolous Annelids, loading stationary lives, nnd the decapodous Crustaceans, leading active lives, a kindred THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, / difference may bo safely assorted. Tin TO arc also, in s'oirin armulose types contrasts between the nervous system in tin? inactive and active stages of the sa.rno individual. Tin* feel »ly- moving caterpillar lias but a small nervous system; the butterfly, with its powor of vigorous flight, has a iviativcly large one; and during the intermediate pupa-state, in vvhicn. tlio organisation is being adapted to this ninro viva- cious life,?!, rapid, growth of the nervous system may be t raer-d. It is in the Vc-rlcbnt,lii>., however, that tin* nm.nf striking evidence meets us. Recording to Lenret, the average ratio of tho brain to the body is— in. fishes, I to ^(JiJ.S; in rep- tiles, 1 to JjOiM.; in bir<Is, 1. to 2jli; and in mammal-, I t<» 186. Now though t.h(kS(M'a,n he )>u(* i'ud<» jip|>ro\ima! 'i« >n s since thei-e a,riv gre;it diU'rivrnvs within each cla 's, and; inen the ratio of the brain to the body is nof, ihr r;ifi«» of the whole nervous system to the body; yet the ivl;iih«u.s they indicate are substantially (rue. Were the \vei«rhi. ofll-o spinal cord and the nerves added to thai of the brain in cadi case, the strengths of the contrasts would be eon.udt-r- ably diminished; but the contrasts would wiill he:sln»n:% And witli them there go the si rung contrusts befwreiiiiie activities in. the respective classes -tin* Fishes ilwi f-;wiin in a mod iu m of their own specific, gravity; t!uk l{»'piiles «»f whicli tho Ingher lui,vo (»<> support, the weights uf fhrir bodies as they move about, over tho land, but ejntuuf, <j.» this for long together; Uio Birds and Mammals ihaf, arc hi consta,nt locomotion, often n,t high vehicities. l!rr«-( too, the alleged connection is reudored the rleai'er l»v fh*1 ajyproxinutte uniformity of i.lio rela.tivt* a.niount <»f tun 'c!e, Tho weight* of musc-lo i]i n, tish forms somH hin«'< like »s large a part of the total weight, as it does in a n-pfije - perhaps a larger part; and a reptile is scarcely if at nil inferior to a bird or a mammal in the proportion of enntmc* tilo tissue it possesses. Hence it becomes manifest ttmf. indispensa,l)le as is cont.riici.ih.1* tissue^ to the geiie^iH of motion,, its quantity does nob determine the quunfify uf S HIE DATA. OF PSYCHOLOGY.
r motion generated. Whereas, notwithstanding (lie many complicating circumstances, a general relation between, quantity of nerve and. quantity of motion is tra.eea.b1e.