0 When, in dealing with the vitiation of evidence, I before re ferred to the legislation here named, I commented on the ready acceptance of those one-sided statements made to justify such legis lation, in contrast with the contempt for those multitudinous proofs that gross abuses would inevitably result from the arrangements made. Since that passage was written, there has been a startling justification of it. A murder has been committed at Lille by a gang of sham-detectives (one being a government employe); and the trial has brought out the fact that for the last three years the people of Lille have been subject to an organized terrorism which has grown out of the system of prostitute-inspection. Though, during these three years, five hundred women are said by one of these criminals to have fallen into their clutches — though the men have been black mailed and the women outraged to this immense extent, yet the practice went on for the reason (obvious enough, one would have thought, to need no proof by illustration) that those aggrieved pre ferred to submit rather than endanger their characters by complain ing; and the practice would doubtless have gone on still but for the murder of one of the victims. To some this case will carry convic tion: probably not, however, to those who, in pursuance of what they are pleased to call " practical legislation," prefer an induction based on a Blue Book to an induction based on Universal History.
II See case in Times, Dec. 11, 1872.
NOTES. 399 NOTES TO CHAPTER XII.
Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, vol. ii. p. 370.
Lubbock's Prehistoric Times. Second edition, p. 442. Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, vol. ii. p. 11. Five Years' Residence at Nepaul. By Capt. Thomas Smith.
NOTES TO CHAPTER XIV.
1 Probably most readers will conclude that in this, and in the preceding section, I am simply carrying out the views of Mr. Darwin in their applications to the human race. Under the circumstances, perhaps, I shall be excused for pointing out that the same beliefs, otherwise expressed, are contained in Chapters XXV. and XXVIII. of Social Statics, published in December, 1850; and that they are set forth still more definitely in the Westminster Review for April, 1852 (pp. 498—500). As Mr. Darwin himself points out. others be fore him have recognized the action of that process he has called " Natural Selection," but have failed to see its full significance and its various effects. Thus in the Review-article just named, I have contended that " this inevitable redundancy of numbers— this con stant increase of people beyond the means of subsistence," necessitates the continual carrying-off of " those in whom the power of self-pres ervation is the least; " that all being subject to the " increasing difficulty of getting a living which excess of fertility entails," there is an average advance under the pressure, since " only those who do advance under it eventually survive; " and that these. " must be the select of their generation." There is, however, in the essay from which 1 here quote, no recognition of what Mr. Darwin calls " spon taneous variation," nor of that divergence of type which this natural selective process is shown by him to produce.
2 And even then there are often ruinous delays. A barrister tells me that in a case in which he was himself the referee, they had but six meetings in two years.
NOTES TO CHAPTER XV.
1 " The Statistics of Legislation," read before the Statistical So ciety, May, 1873, by Frederick H. Janson, Esq., F.L.S., vice-president of the Incorporated Law Society.
400 THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
J Among recent illustrations of the truth that frequent repetition of Christian doctrines does not conduce to growth of Christian feel ings, here are two that seem worth preserving. The first I quote from The Church Herald for May 14, 1873.
" Mr. J. Stuart Mill, who has just gone to his account, would have been a remarkable writer of English, if his innate self-consciousness and abounding self-confidence had not made him a notorious literary prig. ***** His death is no loss to anybody, for he was a rank but amiable infidel, and a most dangerous person. The sooner those ' lights of thought,' who agree with him, go to the same place, the better it will be for both Church and State."
The second, which to an English manifestation of sentiment yields a parallel from America, I am permitted to publish by a friend to whom it was lately addressed: — " (From a Clergyman of 28 years' service.)
" J. TYNDALL, — How it ought to ' heap coals of fire on your head,' that, in return for your insults to their Religion, in your various works, the American people treated you with distinguished considera tion. You have repeatedly raised your puny arm against God and His Christ! You have endeavoured to deprive mankind of its only consolation in life, and its only hope in death (vide ' Fragments of Science,' &c.), without offering anything instead, but the ' dry-light ' of your molecules and atoms. Shall we praise you for this? We praise you not!
" ' Do not T hate them, 0 Lord, that hate Thee?'
" Every suicide in our land (and they are of daily occurrence) is indirectly the effect of the bestial doctrines of yourself, Darwin, Spen cer, Huxley, et id omne genus.
" ' The pit is digged up for you all?'
" ' Woe unto you that laugh now, for ye shall mourn and lament.' " With the supremest contempt, I remain, 3 To show how little operative on conduct is mere teaching, let me add a striking fact that has fallen under my own observation. Some twelve years ago was commenced a serial publication, grave and un interesting to most, and necessarily limited in its circulation to the well-educated. It was issued to subscribers, from each of whom a small sum was due for every four numbers. As was to be expected, the notification, periodically made, that another subscription was due, received from some prompt attention; from others an attention more or less tardy; and from others no attention at all. The defaulters, NOTES. 401 NOTES. 401 from time to time reminded by new notices, fell, many of them, two subscriptions in arrear; but after receiving from the publishers letters intimating the fact, some of these rectified what was simply a result of forgetfulness: leaving, however, a number who still went on receiv ing the serial without paying for it. When these were three subscrip tions in arrear, further letters from the publishers, drawing their attention to the facts, were sent to them, bringing from some the amounts due, but leaving a remainder who continued to disregard the claim. Eventually these received from the publishers intimations that their names would be struck off for non-payment; and such of them as continued insensible were at length omitted from the list. After a lapse of ten years, a digest was made of the original list, to ascertain the ratio between the number of defaulters and the total number; and to ascertain, also, the ratios borne by their numbers to the numbers of their respective classes. Those who had thus finally declined paying for what they had year after year received, constituted the following percentages: — Subscribers of unknown status...27 per cent.
Physicians 29 „ Clergymen (mostly of the Established Church). 31 „ Secularists 32 „ Journalists 82 „ Admitting that the high percentage among the journalists may have been due to the habit of receiving gratis copies of books, we have to note, first of all, the surprising fact that nearly one-third of these highly educated men were thus regardless of an equitable claim. Further, on comparing the subdivisions, we discover that the class undistinguished by titles of any kind, and therefore including, as we must suppose, those whose education, though good, was not the high est, furnished the smallest percentage of defaulters: so far as the evi dence goes, it associates increase of intellectual culture with decrease of conscientiousness. And then one more thing to be noted is the absence of that beneficial effect expected from repetition of moral pre cepts: the Clergy and the Secularists are nearly on a level. So that, both in general and in detail, this evidence, like the evidence given in the text, is wholly at variance with the belief that addressing the in tellect develops the higher sentiments.
4 Even after the reform of the Poor-Law, this punishment for good behaviour was continued. Illustrations will be found in the before- mentioned Tracts on the Poor-Laws, by a late uncle of mine— illustra tions that came under his personal observation as clergyman and as guardian.
27 402 THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
5 The comparisons ordinarily made between the minds of men and women are faulty in many ways, of which these are the chief: — Instead of comparing either the average of women with the aver age of men, or the elite of women with the elite of men, the common course is to compare the elite of women with the average of men. Much the same erroneous impression results as would result if the relative statures of men and women were judged by putting very tall women side by side with ordinary men.
Sundry manifestations of nature in men and women, are greatly perverted by existing social conventions upheld by both. There are feelings which, under our predatory regime, with its adapted standard of propriety, it is not considered manly to show; but which, contrari wise, are considered admirable in women. Hence repressed manifesta tions in the one case, and exaggerated manifestations in the other; leading to mistaken estimates.
The sexual sentiment comes into play to modify the behaviour of men and women to one another. Respecting certain parts of their general characters, the only evidence which can be trusted is that fur nished by the conduct of men to men, and of women to women, when placed in relations which exclude the personal affections.
In comparing the intellectual powers of men and women, no proper distinction is made between receptive faculty and originative faculty. The two are scarcely commensurable; and the receptivity may, and frequently does, exist in high degree where there is but a low degree of originality, or entire absence of it.
Perhaps, however, the most serious error usually made in drawing these comparisons is that of overlooking the limit of normal mental power. Either sex under special stimulations is capable of manifest ing 'powers ordinarily shown only by the other; but we are not to consider the deviations so caused as affording proper measures. Thus, to take an extreme case, the mammas of men will, under special excita tion, yield milk: there are various cases of gynaecomasty on record, and in famines infants whose mothers have died have been thus saved. But this ability to yield milk, which, when exercised, must be at the cost of masculine strength, we do not count among masculine attri butes. Similarly, under special discipline, the feminine intellect will yield products higher than the intellects of most men can yield. But we are not to count this productivity as truly feminine if it entails decreased fulfilment of the maternal functions. Only that mental energy is normally feminine which can coexist with the 'production and nursing of the due number of healthy children. Obviously a power of mind which, if general among the women of a society, would NOTES. 403 entail/lisappearance of the society, is a power not to be included in an estimate of the feminine nature as a social factor.
6 Of course it is to be understood that in this, and in the succeed ing statements, reference is made to men and women of the same society, in the same age. If women of a more-evolved race are com pared with men of a less-evolved race, the statement will not be true.
1 As the validity of this group of inferences depends on the occur rence of that partial limitation of heredity of sex here assumed, it may be said that.I should furnish proof of its occurrence. Were the place fit, this might be done. I might detail evidence that has been collected showing the much greater liability there is for a parent to bequeath malformations and diseases to children of the same sex, than to those of the opposite sex. I might cite the multitudinous instances of sexual distinctions, as of plumage in birds and colouring in insects, and especially those marvellous ones of dimorphism and polymorphism among females of certain species of Lepidoptera, as necessarily imply ing (to those who accept the Hypothesis of Evolution) the predominant transmission of traits to descendants of the same sex. It will suffice, however, to instance, as more especially relevant, the cases of sexual distinctions within the human race itself, which have arisen in some varieties and not in others. That in some varieties the men are bearded and in others not, may be taken as strong evidence of this partial limitation of heredity; and perhaps still stronger evidence is yielded by that peculiarity of feminine form found in some of the negro races, and especially the Hottentots, which does not distinguish to any such extent the women of other races from the men. There is also the fact, to which Agassiz draws attention, that among the South American Indians males and females differ less than they do among the negroes and the higher races; and this reminds us that among European and Eastern nations the men and women differ, both bodily and mentally, not quite in the same ways and to the same degrees, but in somewhat different ways and degrees — a fact which would be inexplicable were there no partial limitation of heredity by sex.
NOTES TO CHAPTER XVI.
1 History of Greece, vol. i. p. 498.
8 Morning Post, May 15, 1872.
4 In the appendix to his republished address, Mr. Gladstone, in illustration of the views he condemns, refers to that part of First 404: THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
Principles which, treating of the reconciliation of Science and Relig ion, contends that this consists in a united recognition of an Ultimate Cause which though ever present to consciousness, transcends knowl edge. Commenting on this view, he says:— " Still it vividly recalls to mind an old story of the man who, wishing to be rid of one who was in his house, said, ' Sir, there are two sides to iny house, and we will divide them; you shall take the outside.' " This seems to me by no means a happily-chosen simile; since it admits of an interpretation exactly opposite to the one Mr. Gladstone intends. The doctrine he combats is that Science, unable to go beyond the outsides of things, is for ever debarred from reaching, and even from conceiving, the Power within them; and this being so, the relative positions of Religion and Science may be well represented by inverting the application of his figure.
6 Since the first edition of this volume was issued, there has ap peared, in the Contemporary Review for December, 1873, the following letter, addressed by Mr. Gladstone to the Editor: — " 10, DOWNING STREET, WHITEHALL, " MY DEAR SIR, — I observe in the Contemporary Review for Octo ber, p. 670, that the following words are quoted from an address of mine at Liverpool: — " ' Upon the ground of what is termed evolution, God is relieved of the labour of creation: in the name of unchangeable laws he is dis charged from governing the world.'
" The distinguished writer in the Review says that by these words I have made myself so conspicuously the champion (or exponent) of the anti-scientific view, that the words may be regarded as typical.
" To go as directly as may be to my point, I consider this judgment upon my declaration to be founded on an assumption or belief that it contains a condemnation of evolution, and of the doctrine of unchange able laws. I submit that it contains no such thing. Let me illustrate by saying, What if I wrote as follows: — " ' Upon the ground of what is termed liberty, flagrant crimes have been committed: and (likewise) in the name of law and order, human rights have been trodden under foot.'
" I should not by thus writing condemn liberty, or condemn law and order; but condemn only the inferences that men draw, or say they draw, from them. Up to that point the parallel is exact: and I hope it will be seen that Mr. Spencer has inadvertently put upon my words a meaning they do not bear.
"Using the parallel thus far for the sake of clearness, I carry it no NOTES. 405 farther. For while I am ready to give in my adhesion to liberty, and likewise to law and order, on evolution and on unchangeable laws I had rather be excused.
" The words with which I think Madame de Stae'l ends Corinne, are the best for me: — Je ne veux ni la bldmer, ni Vabsoudre. Before I could presume to give an opfnion on evolution, or on unchangeable laws, I should wish to know more clearly and more fully than I yet know, the meaning attached to those phrases by the chief apostles of the doctrines; and very likely even after accomplishing this prelimi nary stage, I might find myself insufficiently supplied with the knowl edge required to draw the line between true and false.
" I have then no repugnance to any conclusions whatever, legiti mately arising upon well-ascertained facts or well-tested reasonings: and rny complaint is that the functions of the Almighty as Creator and Governor of the world are denied upon grounds, which, whatever be the extension given to the phrases I have quoted, appear to me to be utterly and manifestly insufficient to warrant such denial.
" I am desirous to liberate myself from a supposition alien, I think, to my whole habits of mind and life. But I do not desire to effect this by the method of controversy; and if Mr. Spencer does not see, or does not think, that he has mistaken the meaning of my words, I have no more darts to throw; and will do myself, indeed, the pleasure of concluding with a frank avowal that his manner of handling what he must naturally consider to be a gross piece of folly is as far as pos sible from being offensive.
" Believe me, " Most faithfully yours, " W. E. GLADSTONE."
Mr. Gladstone's explanation of his own meaning must, of course, be accepted; and, inserting a special reference to it in the stereotype- plate, I here append his letter, that the reader may not be misled by my comments. Paying due respect to Mr. Gladstone's wish to avoid controversy, I will say no more here than seems needful to excuse my self for having misconstrued his words. " Evolution," as I understand it, and " creation," as usually understood, are mutually exclusive: if there has been that special formation and adjustment commonly meant by creation, there has not been evolution; if there has been evolution, there has not been special creation. Similarly, unchangeable laws, as conceived by a man of science, negative the current conception of divine government, which implies interferences or special providences: if the laws are unchangeable, they are never traversed by divine voli tions suspending them; if God alters the predetermined course of 406 THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
things from time to time, the laws are not unchangeable. I assumed that Mr. Gladstone used the terms in these mutually-exclusive senses; but my assumption appears to have been a wrong one. This is mani fest to me on reading what he instances as parallel antitheses; seeing that the terms of his parallel antitheses are not mutually exclusive. That which excludes " liberty," and is excluded by it, is despotism; and that which excludes " law and order," and is excluded by them, is anarchy. Were these mutually-exclusive conceptions used, Mr. Gladstone's parallel would be transformed thus: — " Upon the ground of what is termed liberty, there has been rebel lion against despotism: and (likewise) in the name of law and order, anarchy has been striven against."
As this is the parallel Mr. Gladstone would have drawn had' the words of his statement been used in the senses I supposed, it is clear that I misconceived the meanings he gave to them; and I must, there fore, ask the reader to be on his guard against a kindred misconcep tion.
[In the earlier-sold copies of the second edition of this volume, there here followed a paragraph, one part of which was based upon an ab surd misconstruction of the second sentence contained in the first of the two passages quoted from Mr. Gladstone — a misconstruction so absurd' that, when my attention was drawn to it, I could scarcely be lieve I had made it, until reference to the passage itself proved to me that I had. I am greatly annoyed that careless reading should have betrayed me into such a mistake; and I apologize for having given some currency to the resulting misrepresentation.
In a letter referring to this misrepresentation, Mr. Gladstone ex presses his regret that his letter to the Contemporary Review did not explicitly embrace both the passages I quoted from him; and he adds that in his opinion, there is " no conflict between the doctrine of Provi dence and the doctrine of uniform laws." My description of his view as anti-scientific, the reader must therefore take with the qualifica tion that Mr. Gladstone does not regard it as involving the alleged antagonism.]
INDEX.
Abstract science, discipline given by, physical action, the province of, Action, relation to feeling, 327; not produced by cognition, 328-335.
Acts, building, 3; contagious disease, 149; parliamentary, 203; licensing, Adaptation of organisms to environ ment, 316. 317, 319, 361; to social conditions, 319, 361; need for, 340.
Admiralty mismanagement, 146-147, Allotropic form, of oxygen, 205; of carbon, 205.
Alton Locke, extract from, 38.
Amity, religion of, 163-169; truths ig nored by adherents to the religion Analogy, between individual and social organisms, 301-305.
Analysis, chief function of, 293.
Anomalies, manifested by human na Antagonistic creeds, 181; social states, Anti-patriotism, 196; bias of, 197; ex ample of, 197; effect on sociologi cal speculation, 210.
Anti-theological bias, distortions of judgment caused by, 274; errors Anti-Tobacco Society, report from, 72.
Appliances for discipline, 242; undue belief in, 245.
Art-museums, 320.
Aryan races, 308.
Astronomy, progress in, 205; sidereal, 205; idea of continuity from, 293; theories in, 350; charge against, Athanasian Creed, 271.
Athenian democracy, 240.
Atomicity, conception of, 204.
Atomic theory, 204.
Automorphic interpretation, 103, 104; illustrations of, 105, 106; necessity for guarding against, 132. Average intelligence, inadequate for Barbarities, committed by Europeans, Bias, educational, 161-184; patriotic, 1&5-218; class, 219-238; political, enmity, 180; of the wealthy. 236.
Biological truth, a check to rash politi cal action, 307; underlying legisla tion, 316; laws, 318; use of, 322.
Biology, preparation in, 298; position assigned by M. Cointe, 299: cardi nal truth of, 300; contributions to, Buddhism, 193.
Building acts, 3.
Bureaucratic system, 111.
Calico, demand for, 16; consumption Causation, physical, 4; crude notions regarding, 290; fructifying, 295, 296; continuous, 351. Changes, destructive and constructive, Character, genesis of, 342. Charles I., 159.
Chemistry, progress in. 204, 205. Circulating libraries, effect of, 61. Civilization, course of, 317. Class-bias, 219, 220; illustrations of, 221-223; truth obscured by, 229, Cognition, 327, 328. Commemorative structures, 127, 128. Commerce of literature, 60, 61. Commons, enclosure of, 36; House of, Commune, reign of, 139. Comparative psychology of the sexes, THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
Compromise, between old and new be Conceptions, complex, 112; sociologi Conceptlve faculty, want of, 120; plas Conclusions, general, 366, 367.
Concrete sciences, discipline given by, Conformists, warped judgment of, Confucius, maxims of, 333.
Conservatism, 364.
Consolidation, the result of war, 176, Constitutions, belief in, 248; useful only when products of national charac Continuity, conceptions of. 293, 294.
Cooperative industry, 227-229, 231.
Corollary, from the doctrine of evolu Cotton, its price, 16, 17.
Credulity, its coexistence with untruth- fulness, 107.
Creeds, 208, 269; Athanasian, 271; re actions against^ the, 274; antago nistic, 181.
Crime not the result of ignorance, 330, Cromwell, 159.
D Davy, experiments of, 204, 205.
Democracy, a despotism, 250.
Despotism, lesson of, from France, 250.
Difficulties of the social science, 65-67; objective, 68-102, 352; subjective, Discipline, mental. 286; effect on habits of thought, 2H8; acquired by study of abstract science, 288; acquired by study of physical science, 290, 291; sole study of physical science Dissenting organizations, 215.
Divine government, outgrowths from theory of, 124. — strategist, 25.
Doctrine of averages, 41.
Domestic relations, 121, 122.
Drainage, 60, 73.
Dutch, not imaginative, 200.
E Easter-eggs, 112.
Education, national, 340.
Embodied power, emotion excited by, Emotion, effect on judgment. 133; illus trations, 134-136; excited by em bodied power, 154-157.
Employed, conceptions of the, 224-231.
Employers, bias of, 231; mental atti tude of, 231.
English, early history of the, 127-131; self -depreciation by, 197; ideas of the, 200; enterprises of the, 200; inventions of the, 201; imagination of, 209; science, 214; improvidence, Enmity, emotions enlisted by, 163, 168- Equilibrium, between fertility and mor tality, 309; between conflicting sympathies and antipathies, 285.
Ether, units of, 283.
Ethics, 208; utilitarian system of, 279.
Evidence, untrustworthiness of his torical, 08, 09; distorted, 72, 74, 76; perverted through confounding ob servation with inference, 84-90.
Evils, suppression of, 19; redistribu tion of, 21.
Evolution, process of, 282; individual, 341, 342; products of human, 342; arrest of, 340; study of, 350; charge against, 358; societies products of, Examinations, results obtained from, F Factors, cooperative, 183.
Faculty, complexity of, 112; illustra tions of, 114, 115; absence of, 120.
Fallacies, popular, 1-4.
Fertility, balance by mortality, 309.
Fetichism, 282.
Feudal system, 101, 233.
Figures of speech, 301.
Force, correlation and equivalence of, Froude's opinions regarding social sci French, undue self-estimation by, 193; soldiers, 194: poets, 194; adminis tration, 199; Academy, 210-214; language, 210, 211; Revolution, 139- Functions, preparation for, 323; ad justment of special powers to, 341.
G Gambling, grounds of reprobation, 278.
Generosity in women, 346.
Genesis of character, 342.
of facts, 351.
of the great man, 30-32.
of the belief in universal history, Geology, progress in, 206; idea of con tinuity from, 293.
Germany, self-sufficiency of, 195; na tional costume of, 196.
Gin. quantity distilled in England, 247.
Government, its duty, 4, 5; officers or, 153; regulative agency of, 320.
Great artificer, 25.
INDEX.
Great-man theory of history, 28, 29, 351; error concerning, 32.
H Hamlet, quotation from, 246.
Hate, effect on judgment, 338-144.
Heat, as a mode of motion, 204.
Historical evidence, untrustworthiness Historical sequence denied by Canon Kiugsley, 38. History of England, 36; science of, 36; limits of exact science as applied to, 37; scientific method as applied Hopes, visionary, 366, 367. Human nature, indefinitely modifiable, Hyde Park, 221; riots in, 270. Hypothesis of atoms and molecules, Iconoclasm, example of, 275.
Ideas, relative faith in, 199, 200.
Ignorance not the cause of crime, 330.
Illusions, optical, 83, 84.
Impatience, effect of this emotion, 136, Improvidence of the English, 335-338.
Infanticide, 198.
Institutions, self-preservation of, 17.
Insurance companies, 74.
Intellectual culture, moralizing effects of, 331; appliances to, 332.
Intelligence, average, 27C, 277; culti vated, 280.
Intuition, guidance by, 325; power of, Invariants, theory of, 203.
Ipecacuanha, 148.
Japanese, 345.
Judgments. 32C; affected by coexisting love and hate on, 138-144. Juggernaut, 345. Justice, abstract, 346.
Kingsley's views regarding social sci Knowledge, second-hand, 332; effects on moral culture, 332, 333.
Laissez-faire policy, 320, 321. Land tenure, system regulating, 112. Language, use of old forms of, 97. Legislation, rational, 327.
icensing act, 247...ocomotiou. appliances for, 59. Logic, 202; discipline given by, 288.
M