P Legatos deprehenderunt] Pelopi- das in vincula conjectus ab Alexandro Pherzo, quod, legatus cum esset, Thes- Plutar- chus, (pag.292) et Latinus seriptor vitz Pelopide. (Corn. Nep. c. 5.)
4 Literarum in primis habita cura] Vide Serranum in Henrico IV. [Aut potius Auctorem Supplementi Monliar- dum, pag. 844. Edit. Francof. 1627. qua usus videtur Auctor. Neque enim Serranus ultra regnum Caroli VII. pro- cessit. Ceterum agitur ibi de eo, qui a Secretis erat Legato Hispaniz, propter proditionem, simul cum Maerargo, in custodiam dato. J. B.]
5 Chorus est, qui loquitur heie, non Fecialis, vers. 272. Quamquam et in Excerptis ex Trag. et Comic. Grecis, Auctor, nescio quare, id Feciali tribuat. J. B.
to be subject to the Romans. If the crime be more atrocious, and tending to public mischief, the ambassador must be sent back to him who sent him, with a demand that he be punished or surrendered; as the Gauls asked that the Fabii should be given up to them.
6 But, as we have said above, that all human rights are so condi- tioned, that they do not bind in cases of extreme necessity, so is this true in this doctrine of the inviolability of ambassadors. But that extreme of necessity does not occur in the requirement of punishment; which may also be suspended in other cases by the Law of Nations; as will appear below, where we treat of the established effects of war: still less does this necessity operate in the place, time, and manner of taking punishment; but it does hold in precautions against graver Car. XVIII.] DE LEGATIONUM JURE. 211 7 Quod si vim armatam intentet legatus, sane occidi po- terit, non per modum poenzs, sed per modum naturalis defen- sionis. Sie Fabios, quos violatores juris humani Livius vocat, Galli oecidere potuerunt. Itaque apud Euripidem Heraclidis Demophon fecialem ab Eurystheo missum et vi supplices abri- pere conantem vi prohibuit, et cum ille 5diceret: 'TTun' fecialem ezedere hue missum audeas? Respondet, Ni fecialis dexteram a vi temperet. Huie feciali nomen fuisse " Copreo,?et quia vi ageret a populo Atheniensi interfectum, narrat Philostratus vita Herodis. Dis- ünetione non dissimili solvit Cicero qussitum illud, an patrem patrize proditorem filius accusare debeat. Vult enim debere ad r Copreo] Vide Jliados O. (vers. | quamdiu sua modestia legationis digni- 639.) tatem tuentur. Ita enim evistimant ho- 5 Et quia vi ageret] Sic interpretan- — mines, fas esse vel interficere legatum, si dum, quod 'lheodahatus Gotthus Jus- ^ isin principem ad quem mittitur sit in- tiniani legatis dicit apud Procopium juriosus, aut alienum matrimonium violet. Gotthicorum 1. (cap. 7.) σεμνὸν μὲν — Legati vero, cum ostendissent longis- τὸ χρῆμα τῶν πρέσβεων kal ἄλλως — sime se abesse ab adulterii suspicione, quorum ne exitus quidem sine custode essent, addunt prudenter: Τοὺς λόγους δὲ ὅσους dv ἐκ τοῦ πέμψαντος ἀκηκόως ἔντιμον καθέστηκεν εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώ- πους. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ γέρας εἰς τόδε οἱ πρέσβεις ἐν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς διασώζουσιν, ἐσότου σφετέρᾳ ἐπιεικείᾳ φυλάξωσι τὸ τῆς πρεσβείας ἀξίωμα. κτεῖναι γὰρ ἀνδρα πρεσβευτὴν ἐνδίκως νενομίκασιν ἄνθρωποι, ὅταν ἢ εἰς βασιλέα ὑβρίσας φαίνεται, γυναικὸς ἄλλῳ ξυνοικούσης εἰς εὐνὴν ἔλθοι" Sanctum apud. homines legatorum nomen, plenumque honoris.
Sed hoc jus legati sibi tamdiu servant, εἴπῃ, οὐκ αὐτὸς Tiv ἐντεῦθεν αἰτίαν, qvye οὐκ ἀγαθοὶ τύχωσιν ὄντες, εἰκό- τως ἂν λάβοι. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν κελεύσας φέ- povro δικαίως τὸ ἔγκλημα ποῦτο. τῷ δὲ πρεσβευτῇ τὸ τὴν ὑπουργίαν ἐκτελ- ἔσαι περίεστι μόνον" Silegatus ea dix- erit que audivit a principe qui ipsum misil, ea si non sint commoda, pr«stare evil, especially public.
Wherefore in order to obviate imminent danger, if there be no other effectual course, ambassadors may both be detained and interrogated. "Thus the consuls of Rome apprehended the ambassadors of Tarquin, looking first to the letters which they carried, as Livy says, that they might not escape them.
7 If the ambassador use armed force, he may undoubtedly be killed, not in the way of punishment, but in the way of natural defense. Thus the Fabii, whom Livy calls the violators of human law, might be killed by the Gauls. So in Euripides, Demophon threatens the Herald. "The name of this Herald was Copreus, and because he used violence, he was put to death by the Athenians, as Philostratus relates. Cicero solves, by a not dissimilar distinction, the question, whether a son ought to accuse a father who is betraying his Vit. Soph. ii. δ. Offic. iii, 23.
Liv. xxxvii.
Idem iv. 58.
Thuc. ii. 67.
212 DE LEGATIONUM JURE. [118. II.
avertendum periculum imminens, non autem vitato jam peri- culo in facti poenam.
V. 1 Ea vero quam dixi lex, de vi legatis non inferenda, intelligenda est eum obligare ad quem missa est legatio, atque ita demum si admisit, quasi scilicet ab eo tempore tacita pactio intercesserit. Ceterum denuntiari et potest et solet, ne mit- tantur legati; alioqui pro hostibus fore: ut /Etolis a Romanis est denuntiatum, et olim ἃ Romanis Veientibus edictum mi facesserent urbe, daturos quod Lars Tolumnius dedisset: et Romanis a Samnitibus, si quod adiissent in Samnio concilium, haud inviolatos abituros. Non pertinet ergo hzc lex ad eos per quorum fines, non accepta venia, transeunt legati: nam *siquidem ad hostes eorum eunt, aut ab hostibus veniunt, aut alioqui hostilia moliuntur, interfici etiam poterunt, quod Athenon ipse debet culpam, sed qui eum misit: ipsi quippe nihil aliud. concessum. est quam ministerio mandato fungi. Vide et Camdenum indicato jam loco anni cIo Io 1xxt.
t Siquidem ad. hostes eorum eunt, aut ab hostibus veniunt] Siculi Atheniensium socii legatos Syracusanorum missos ad civitates alias cepere; Thucydides, Lib. vir. (6. 92.) Sie et Argivi cepere legatos libro viri. e. 86. Legatos /Etolorum ad Romanos intercepere et pretium eis ex- torsere Epirotze: horum unus literis Romanorum liberatus. Polybius in ex- cerptis legationum num. 27. De Gal- lorum ad Turcam legatis quos in Pado Hispani cepere et occiderunt, vide ju- dicia Parutz libro xi. Bizari libro xxr. de Flandriz civitatum legatis ad Gallum captis a Maximiliano, Crantzium Saxonicorum xir. 23. Laudatur Belisarii clementia, quod Gelimeris legatis in Athenis a factione paucorum missos et Argos perduxere. Idem "Thucydides country. For he decides that he may do so, to avert jhe imminent danger, but not to invoke punishment when the danger is past.
V. 1 But the law which I have stated, of the inviolability of am- bassadors, is to be understood to bind him to whom the embassy is sent; and more partieularly if he has received the ambassador, as if from that time a tacit compact had been introduced. But prohibi- tions may be and are often delivered, that ambassadors are not to be sent; and that if sent, they will be treated as enemies: as notice was given to the ZEtolians by the Romans; and as it was in old times announced by the Romans to the Veians, that except they quitted the city, they would be treated as Lars Tolumnius had treated their am- bassadors; [who put them to death:] and as was announced to the Romans by the Samnites, that if they presented themselves at any publie meeting in Samnium, they would not depart inviolate. "This law does not affect those through whose territory the ambassadors pass without having received permission: for in so far as they go to their enemies, or come from their enemies, or in any other way appear as enemies, they may be put to death. — As tho Athenians dealt with the Car. XVIII.) DE LEGATIONUM JURE. 213 nienses fecerunt legatis inter Persas et Spartanos, Illy rii lega- tis inter Essios et Itomanos: multoque magis vinciri, quod I NAD ΒΡΒ constituit Xenophon in quosdam, Alexander in eos, qui Thebis Lib: v. dz ἜΤΙ Cyri, et Lacedz»mone ad Darium missi erant, Romani in legatos $5 7. "Philippi ad Annibalem, et Latini in legatos Volscorum. Div E 2 Tale si nihil sit, et male tractentur legati, *non illud jus gentium, de quo agimus, sed amicitia et dignitas aut ejus qui misit, aut ejus ad quem eunt, violata censebitur. Justinus de Philippo posteriore Macedonum rege: Legatum deinde ad Liv. xxix. 4. Annibalem jungenda societatis gratia. cum epistolis mittit: qui comprehensus et. ad. senatum (Romanum) perductus inco- lwmis dimissus est, non in honorem regis, sed me, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis redderetur.
VI. Ceterum admissa legatio Yetiam apud hostes, tanto Hispaniam missis et ab Hispania rever- ^ insidias ponat legatis alienis: eo enim sis Carthaginem, qui jam facta erat jus gentium violaretur. Et hoc conti- Romanorum, pepercerit. Procopius netur in Thessalorum oratione contra Vandalicorum τ. [c. 24. Secundum ex- — Philippum, apud Livium, (xxxix. 25.) emplum, e Thucydide petitum, non ad- y Etiam apud hostes| Vide loca mo- curate refertur. Legati enim per pro- | do producta ad $1. Donatus ad illud ditionem traditi fuere Argivis ἃ Para- ^ Eunuchi: CONVENIRE ET COLLOQUI. lis. J. B.] Sic pronunciandum est, ut quasi dicat, " Philippi ad Annibalem] Vide Ap- liceat per te, miles, quod. etiam inter pianumin excerptislegationum num.19. ^ hostes et in bello licet. (In Act. iir. * Non illud jus gentium de quo agi- — scen. 2, vers. 14.) mus] Aliud sit si quis extra fines suos ambassadors between the Persians and Thebans, and the Illyrians with those between the Essii* and the Romans: and much more may they be thrown into bonds, as Xenophon did to certain persons, and Alexander to those who were sent from Thebes and Lacedszmon to Darius, and the Romans to the ambassadors of Philip to Annibal, and the Latins to those of the Volsci.
2 If there be no such cause, and ambassadors [passing through the territory] are ill treated, it is not the Law of Nations, of which we are speaking, which is violated, but the friendship and dignity either of him who sent them, or of him to whom they go, which is conceived to be violated. Justin says of the letter of Philip, king of Macedon, that his ambassador to Annibal being carried to Rome, he was dis- missed in safety by the Senate, not out of honour to the king, but in order that he, as yet doubtful, might not be made an indubitable enemy.
VI. But the embassy, once admitted, has, even with enemies, and much more with a party merely unfriendly, the protection of the Law * The inhabitants of Issa, an island on the coast of Illyria. Gronov.
Herod. vii.
L. ult. D. de Legat.
Lib. iii. 2. Ibid. c. 32. Lib. xxiv. 33. Lib. iv. 2.
214 DE LEGATIONUM JURE. [Lizs. 1I. magis apud inimicos, przsidium habet juris gentium. — Cadu- ceatoribus in bello pacem esse dixit Diodorus Siculus. Lacedemoni, qui Persarum feciales interfecerant, eo dicuntur συγχέαι τὰ πάντων ἀνθρώπων νόμιμα, confudisse omnium hominum jura. Si quis legatum hostium pulsasset, contra jus gentium id. commissum esse existimatur, quia sancti ha- bentur legati, inquit Pomponius. Et Tacitus hoc jus de quo agimus vocat, hostium jus et sacra, legationis et fas gentium. Cicero prima Verrina: JVonne legati inter hostes incolumes esse debent? Seneca de Ira: Violavit legationes rupto gen- tium jure. Livio ezdes ruptura jus gentium, scelus, causa nefanda, ezdes impia dicitur, in historia legatorum, quos Fi- denates occiderant. Et alibi: Legatis in periculum adductis ne belli quidem jura relicta. erant. | Curtius: Caduceatores qui ad pacem eos compellerent misit, quos "Tyrii contra jus gentium occisos precipitaverunt in altum. Merito sane: nam et in bello plurima incidunt negotia, quse nisi per legatos iransigi non possunt, et ipsa pax vix est ut aliter coat.
VII. Solet et illud quxri, an jure talionis interfici, aut male tractari legatus possit ab eo veniens qui tale quid patra- verit, Et sunt quidem ultionis talis exempla in historiis satis z Nihil tale quale factum esset a Carthaginiensibus] Diodorus Siculus in faciendum quod ipsi in Carthagini- ensibus accusarent. (Pag. 290.) et Roexcerptis Peirescianis: Σκιπίων οὐκ mani ipsi legatos, jam comperto Car- thaginiensium facto, dimiserunt. Vide Appianum. Constantius Titianum a » ROS; ue es 7 ἔφη δεῖν πράττειν ὃ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις ἐγκαλοῦσιν. Divit Scipio, non esse id of Nations. Heralds and negociators are at peace in the middle of war, says Diodorus. "The Lacedz:monians who put to death the am- bassadors of the Persians, are said thereby to have thrown into con- fusion the rights of mankind. | So Pomponius, Tacitus, Cicero, Seneca, Livy, Curtius. [See the passages.] And with great reason; for in war many things happen which cannot be transacted except by ambassa- dors; and peace itself can scarcely be attained in any other way. VII. Τὺ is also made a question whether by the law of retalia- tion, an ambassador may be put to death or ill treated, who comes from a person who has perpetrated something of that kind. And certainly there are in histories many examples of such revenge. But histories relate not only what was rightly done, but what wrongly, angrily, passionately. "The Law of Nations not only provides for the dignity of the Sender, but for the security of the Sent; and there- fore there is a contract with the latter also. — Wrong, therefore, is in such case done to him, though none be done to him who sent him.
Car. XVIII.] DE LEGATIONUM JURE. 215 multa: sed nimirum historie non tantum qu: juste, sed et quae inique, iracunde, impotenter facta sunt memorant. Jus gentium non tantum mittentis cavet dignitati, sed et cjus qui mittitur securitati; quare cum hoe quoque tacite contrahitur.
Huie ergo fit injuria, etiam si ei qui misit nulla fiat. Non igitur magnanime tantum, sed et ex jure gentium Seipio, qui App. de Bel. postquam legati Romanorum a Carthaginiensibus male essent Ws habiti, ductis ad se Carthaginiensium legatis, et quid fieri deberet interrogatus respondit, ^nihil tale quale factum esset a Carthaginiensibus. Addit Livius dixisse eum, nihil se factu- Lib. xxx. 25. rum institutis populi Romani indignum. Valerius Maximus consulibus Romanis in faeto simili, sed antiquiore hanc tribuit Lib. vi. 6. vocem: Zsto te metu, Hanno, fides civitatis nostre liberat. ἢ Nam tune quoque Cornelio Asinz, contra jus legationis, injectze ἃ Poenis catenze fuerant.
VIII. 1 Comites quoque et vasa legatorum sui generis sanctimoniam habent, unde in antiquo fecialium carmine erat: Liv. i.24. Jew, facisne me tu regium nuntium populi Romani Quiri- tium? vasa, comitesque meos? Et lege Julia de vi publica 1 V. Loy. gut teneri pronuntiantur non modo qui legatos, sed et qui comites du devi eorum injuria affecerunt. Sed hzc *sancta sunt accessorie, et Magnentio ad se missum remisit, quan- — xxr. et Parutam, de legatis Venetis in quam Philippum a Constantio missum X itinere in Galliam retentis, Lib. vrr. ad se retinebat Magnentius. Zosimus, a Sancía sunt accessorie, et proinde libro rr. (cap. 49..Ed. Cellar. Vide et ^ quatenus legato videtur] Vide Fraxini historias apud Cromerum libris xix. et ^ Cani epistolas, paginis 75 et 279.
Therefore it was not only magnanimously done of Scipio, but also according to the Laws of Nations, when, after the ambassadors of the Romans had been illtreated by the Carthaginians, he had the Carthaginian ambassadors brought before him, and being asked, What was to be done with them, answered, Nothing like what the Carthagi- nians had done. Livy adds, that he said that he would do nothing unworthy of the institutions of Rome. Valerius Maximus, in a simi- lar but more ancient fact, ascribes to the Consuls this saying, From such fear, Hanno, the faith of owr city liberates yow: for there also Cornelius Asina, contrary to the rights of legation, had been thrown into chains by the Carthaginians.
VIIL 1 The suite and the furniture of the ambassadors have also their own sacredness; and s0 the ancient formula of the Feciales ran: King, do yow make me the royal messenger of. the Roman People, with qm company and equipments? And by the Julian Law, those are held to be guilty of unlawful violence who have done injury, not only to Paus. Lib.vii. seu Ach. c. 14.
216 DE LEGATIONUM JURE. [118. II.
proinde quatenus legato videtur. Itaque si quid comites gra- vius deliquerint, postulari a legato poterit ut eos dedat. Vi enim abstrahendi non sunt: quod cum factum esset ab Achzis in Lacedsmonios quosdam, qui eum legatis Romanis erant, $vociferati sunt Romani jus gentium lzdi: quo referri etiam potest Sallustii judicium de DBomileare, quo supra usi sumus. Quod si dedere eos nolit legatus, eadem scilicet facienda erunt qu:& modo de legato diximus.
2 Ipse autem legatus an jurisdictionem habeat in familiam suam, et ^an jus asyli in domo sua pro quibusvis eo confugi- entibus, "ex concessione pendet ejus apud quem agit. Istud enim juris gentium non est.
IX. Bona quoque legati mobilia, et quz proinde haben- tur persons» accessio, pignoris causa, aut ad solutionem debiti capi non posse, nec per judiciorum ordinem, nec, quod quidam volunt, manu regia, verius est; nam omnis coactio abesse ἃ legato debet, tam quze res ei necessarias quam quse personam tangit, quo plena ei sit securitas. Si quid ergo debiti con- traxit, et, ut fit, res soli eo loco nullas possideat, ipse comb Vi enim absirahendi non sunt] ^ aptatur. Consule loeum Pausanism, Serranus Henrico IV. [Aut potius Auctor Supplementi, eodem loco, quem indicavimus, in $ 4. not. q. J. 8.]
quem in ora libri distinctius indicavimus. J. B. c An jus asyli in domo] Distingui $ Exemplum istud male refertur et — ferme hac in re solent crimina, Vide ambassadors, but also to their companions. But these are sacred, in an accessory manner only, and 50 far as the ambassador chooses: and the ambassador may be required to give them up. But they are not to be taken by force. When this was done by the Achzeans to some Lacedzmonians who were in the company of the Roman ambassadors, the Romans exclaimed loudly that the Law of Nations was violated. "To this may be referred the judgment of Sallust con- cerning Bomilear, which we have quoted above. But if the ambassa- dor will not give them up, the course is to be taken which we have pointed out in speaking of the ambassador.
2 Whether the ambassador has jurisdiction over his own family and suite, and whether his house is to be an asylum for all who take refuge there, depends on the concession of the party with whom he resides: for it is not a part of the Law of Nations.
IX. Also the moveable property of an ambassador, which is regarded as an appendage to his person, cannot be taken or impound- ed for debt, neither by order of a court, nor (as some think) by the Car. XVIII.] DE LEGATIONUM JURE. 217 pellandus erit amice, et si detrectet, is qui misit, ita ut ad postremum usurpentur ea, quie adversus debitores extra terri- torium positos usurpari solent.
X. 1 Nee metuendum est quod quidam putant, ne si id juris sit nemo inveniatur qui eum legato contrahere velit. Nam et regibus qui cogi nequeunt non desunt creditores, et apud quosdam populos moris fuisse docet Nicolaus Damasce- nus, ut de contractibus qui in creditum iissent jus nullum red- deretur, non magis scilicet quam adversus ingratos: ita ut co- gerentur homines, aut pariter implere contractum, aut contenti esse nuda fide debitoris. Et optat hune rerum statum "Seneca: Utinam quidem persuadere possemus, ut pecunias creditas tantum a volentibus acciperent: utinam nulla stipulatio em- torem, venditori obligaret: nec pacta. conventaque impressis signis custodirentur. —F'üdes potius illa, servaret, et equum colens animus. Persis quoque Appianus ait displieuisse: “τὸ κιχρᾶσθαι ὡς ἀπατηλὸν Te kal φιλοψευδὲς, pecuniam ere- ' ditam swmere, ut quc ves fraudibus et mendaciis esset obnowvia.
Parutam libro x. ubi rex Gallie hanc — xvr. numero est. J. P.
ob causam iratus pacatur. Vide eundem 4 Seneca] De Beneficiis, 11v, 15.
libro 1x. € Τὸ κιχρᾶσθαι] 'Τὸ ὀφείλειν χρέος 7 Vide Celeberrimi THoxasir Dis- —pro eodem dixit Herodotus Clio, (seu sertationem De jure azyli, Legatorum Lib. τ. c. 138.)
edibus competente, quce inter Lipsienses royalhand. For all compulsion ought to be removed from an am- bassador; that which touches things necessary to him, as well as his person, that he may have full security. Therefore, if he have con- tracted any debt, and, as may easily happen, has no real property in that country, he is to be asked for it in a friendly way; and if he refuse, he who sent him is to be applied to: and at last, he may be proceeded against in the manner of debtors who are without the territory.
X. 1 Noris it to be feared, as some think, that on such terms no one will contract with an ambassador. For kings also, who cannot be compelled, do not fail to find creditors: and in some peoples it has been the custom, that he who had given credit on a contract should not have a sentence in his favour by a court: any more than if he brought an action for ingratitude; so that men would be compelled either to receive ready money, or to trust to the naked good faith of the debtor. Seneca expresses a wish for such a state of things. | So Appian says this was the Persian practice.
Exc. Peir. p.522. e Stob. Serm. 44.
Civil. 1. p.
pan Hist.iv.
Lib. xv. p.
Stob. de Leg.
T it. A3. Ethic. Nic. viii. 15.
lbid.ix. 1, 218 DE LEGATIONUM JURE. [118. II.
2 De Indis idem narrat /Elianus: cui consentit Strabo his verbis: Δίκην δὲ μὴ εἶναι πλὴν φόνου καὶ ὕβρεως. οὐκ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ “γὰρ τὸ μὴ παθεῖν ταῦτα. τὰ δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς συμβο- λαίοις em αὐτῷ ἑκάστῳ" ὡς τε ἀνέχεσθαι δεῖ, ἐάν τις πα- ραβῇ τὴν πίστιν. ἀλλὰ καὶ προσέχειν ὅτῳ πιστευτέον, καὶ μὴ δικῶν πληροῦν τὴν πόλιν Judicia non esse nisi de eede et injuria: quia, homo prestare non possit ne in ea incidat: at contractus 4n cujusque esse potestate: ideo ferendum. si quis fidem violet: et ante videndum cui quisque credat, non autem litibus implenda civitatem. |. A Charonda quoque constitutum fuit, ne quis actionem haberet qui de pretio habu- isset fidem: quod et fPlatoni placuit, Notatum et Aristoteli: Tap ἐνίοις δὲ τούτων οὐκ εἰσὶ δίκαι, ἀλλ᾽ οἴονται δεῖν στέρ- γειν κατὰ πίστιν cvvaXAa£avras apud quosdam de his rebus judicia non sunt: evistimant enim homines contentos esse debere Jide im sunt secuti. Et alibi: ἐνιαχοῦ T εἰσὶν νόμοι, τῶν ἑκουσίων συμβολαίων. δίκας μὴ εἶναι, ὡς δέον ᾧ ἐπίστευσε διαλυθῆναι πρὸς τοῦτον καθάπερ ἐκοινώνησεν" -Est ubi leges de 8eredito jus reddi vetant, quasi privatim iantum cum eo agendum sit, cum quo quis contracit, et eujus fidem secutus est. Quse contra hane sententiam adfe- runtur ex jure lomano, non ad nostros legatos, sed ad pro- vinciales aut municipales pertinent.
XI. Bellorum, qu: ob male habitos legatos suscepta sunt, plenz sunt *profans historie. Exstat et Pin sacris f Platoni| viu. de Legibus, (pag. ^ excerpto legationum 4 et 10. In Illy- 849, 850. ''om. 1r..Ed. H. Steph.) rios et Ligures. Polybius excerpto le- ? Vertendum erat, de contractibus ^ gationum 125 et 134. In Issios. Dion, voluntariis, ut Grzca sonant. Cetero- ^ exc. legationum rr. In Corinthios. quin vide quz? diximus ad PvrENpoR- Livius, libro rrr. Epitom. In Tarenti- riUM nostrum, Je Jure Nat. et Gent. — nos. Dionysius Halicarnassensis excerpto Lib.v.cap.ii. $3.not. 1l. J.B. legationum 4. (p. 709,710. Ed. Ozon.)
€ Profane historie] Romani ob id — Francorum et Germanorum exempla bellum susceperein Senonas. Appianus ^ habesapud Aimoinum, libro 111. cap. Ixi.
2 Elian relates the same thing of the Indians. Charondas made the like rule; and Plato approves. Aristotle remarks the same. [See.] The arguments against this from the Roman Law do not pertain to ambassadors such as we speak of, but to representatives of provinces and towns.
XI. Wars engaged in on account of ambassadors being ill used, are found in all parts of profane history, Also Scripture mentions Car. XVIII] DE LEGATIONUM JURE. 219 libris memoria belli quod eo nomine David gessit adversus 9 san. x. Ammonitas, Nec aliam causam justiorem existimat Cicero rore.
adversus Mithridatem.
et Ixxxviii. et Withikindum libro rr. mum ad Stagirium libro 11r, ('Tom. vr. h In sacris libris] Vide Chrysosto- ^ pag.129.)
the war which, on this account, David undertook against the Am- monites. Cicero says, there is no juster cause of war.
ἹΠερὶ ἔθους. Orat. 76. p.
Db. i. contr.
Jud. Bell. Epist. wt. Edit. 491.
Lib. xii. 64.
Lib. xiii. 39.
Panath.Tom. Phars. vii.
Theb. xii. 642, Ann. vi. 19. Orat. Funeb. δέει ΧΧΧΙ. 3.
CAPUT XIX.
DE JURE SEPULTURAE.
I. Ez eodem jure gentium masci — IV..Am et insigniter facinorosis?
jus humandi mortuos. V. Am et his, qui se interfecerint?
IL Unde ortum? VI. Qua alia ez jure gentium de- IIL JDeberi et hostibus. beantur.
ust X jure gentium,!quod ex voluntate ortum habet, debetur et corporum mortuorum sepultura. Dion Chrysostomus inter mores, sive ἔθη, qu:& τοῖς ἐγγράφοις, id est, seripto juri, opponit, post legatorum jura commemorat μὴ κωλύειν τοὺς νεκροὺς θάπτειν, non prohibere quominus sepe- liantur mortui. Et Seneca pater inter Jura non scripta, sed omnibus scriptis certiora ponit humum porrigere cadaveri. Naturz id jus appellant Hebrzi Philo ae Josephus; et φύσεως θεσμοὺς, Isidorus Pelusiota: ut solere sub naturse nomine comprehendi mores communes naturali rationi consentaneos alibi diximus. Apud /EÉlianum est: τῆς φύσεως τῆς κοινῆς ἀπαιτούσης TOV μηκέτι ζῶντα karakpvN,ar cum mortuum condi ipsa imperet communis natura. Idem alibi: τὰ κοινὰ kai ἴσα πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις vocat “γῆν καὶ ταφὴν, terram ac sepulturam hominibus cunctis communia et ex equo debita. * Leges hominum, νόμους βροτῶν dixit Euripides Supplicibus, κοινὸν νόμον Aristides, Lucanus hominum ritus, terrarum leges et mundi federa Papinius, sortis humanz» commercium Tacitus, spem communem orator Lysias. Qui impedit, ho- Jusistud Sepulturea Lege Naturali — Lib. rir. eap. 3. S 23. not. 9. ultimze quoque oritur. Vide que diximus ad Editionis. J. B. PurExponr. De Jure Nat. et Gent. ἃ Leges hominum] Φύσεως θεσμοὺς, CnuaPrrER XIX. Ofthe Right of Sepulture.
I. 1 The Laws of Nations voluntarily instituted, direct also the sepulture of dead bodies. Dio Chrysostom, among the «usages, which he opposes to written law, mentions, after the rights of legation, the usage of not refusing burial to ihe dead. So Seneca the father, Philo, Josephus, Isidore of Pelusium, who calls this « /aw of nature, the general natural habits of man being included in the term nature, as elsewhere noticed. So Euripides, Aristides, Lucan, Papinius [Statius], Tacitus. He who prevents it, puts off humanity, as Claudian says; Car. XIX] DE JURE SEPULTUR.E. 22] minem exuere, Claudiano dicitur; naturse dedecus facere, Boll n" Leoni Imperatori: τὴν ὁσίαν à Bodies fas violare, Isidoro Ν Nov. iii Pelusiotze. 2 Et quia veteres jura hse hominibus bene moratis communia, quo sanctiora viderentur, ad Deos referebant auctores, ut legationis, ita et hoc jus Diis adscribi passim videmus. Ita- que in dieta tragedia Supplieibus "νόμον δαιμόνων Deorum ver. 56. legem dictam invenies, et apud Sophoclem Zntigone Creonti, qui Polynicem humari vetuerat, ita respondit (vers. 460, et seqq.): Decreta quippe hzc nec supremus Jupiter Nee fas Deorum Manium dictaverat, Queis alia jura debet humanum genus, Nec id valere credidit jussus tuos, Ut jura non conscripta, sed nutu Deum Concessa, sempiterna, mortalis satus Violare posses: non enim nuper vigent, Sed zvo ab omni: initia in occulto latent.
Nonne ergo forti corde, seposito metu Mortalis ire, par Deis magnis fuit Me gerere morem?
9 Isocrates de bello agens Theseos adversus Creontem Panath. p.
ita loquitur: Quis nescit, quis non didicit, vel in Dionysiis ex tragodiarum auctoribus, que Adrasto mala circa The- bas contigerint, cum reducere volens GZdipodis filium, gene- rum autem suum, Argivorum plurimos perdidit, ipsosque ductores vidit interemtos: ipse vero cum dedecore superstes, cum inducias ad hwmandos mortuos obtinere non potuisset, supplex Athenas venit, quam tune civitatem "T'heseus rege- bat, eumque oravit ne viros tales insepultos jacere pro nihilo duceret, neve pateretur proculcari antiquum morem, et jus nature leges. Eus. Hist. vir. 19. ( De b Νόμον δαιμόνων] Sophocles Ajace Martyrib. Palestin. cap. 9. pag. 425. — (vers. 1149.) idem θεῶν νόμους dixit in Edit. Cantabrig. Vales. 1720.) "Antigone, (vers. 462.)
disgraces humanity, as Leo; insults decency, as Isidore says.
2 'This right, as being common to all civilized men, was referred to the gods as its authors. So in the Supplices of Euripides; the Antigone of Sophocles. [See.]
3 So Isocrates in several places*, Herodotus, Diodorus, Xenophon, Lysias and AristidesT.
* IThe passage about the Thebans is wrongly applied. J. D. Ἔ The passage of Aristides in wrongly applied. J.B.
Lib. ix. 27.
Cie. Orat. pro Quint. Laet. Inst.
TEN xii. c. ult. Inst. Orat.
DE JURE SEPULTURJAE.
patrium, quo omnes homines inter se utuntur, non quasi ab humana natura condito, sed tamquam mperato a divina potentia: que eum ille audisset, sine mora legationem T'hebas decernit.
tatis suze decreta legibus divinis antehabuissent: ejusdemque historie et alibi meminit, Panegyrieo, Helens encomio, Plataica oratione: Herodotus quoque Calliope, Diodorus Siculus historiarum quarto, Xenophon histori&] Grzecze sexto, et Lysias ea qu: est in honorem sepultorum: postremo Aristides in Panathenaico,?qui bellum hoc susceptum ait pro communi natura hominum.
4 Et passim apud laudatos auctores videmus egregia virtutum nomina huie officio tribui.
Nam humanitatem vocant 4 Cicero et *^ Lactantius, humanitatem ae mansuetudinem Vale- rius Maximus, misericordiam et religionem Quintilianus, mise- 13.Mx v. rieordiam et humanitatem Seneca, οἴκτον τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως miserationem communis nature Philo, sortis humans com- Sen. de Benef, mercium Tacitus, misericordiam et pietatem Ulpianus, Modes- Lib. de Jos. tinus memoriam human: conditionis: clementiam Capitolinus: δίκην, Sive justitiam Euripides et Lactantius: opus benignum Ann. vi. 19. D.
". ff. de Tu "Inst. Capit. in M. Anton. Phil. p; Supplic. US Cath. Hymn.
Prudentius.
€ "Thebanos reprehendit] Pacto, non prelio, obtentum a "Thebanis jus sepe- liendi vult Plutarchus 7'heseo (pag. 14.) At przlio Pausanias Atticis (c. 39.)
? Non: sed ut ostendat, quanta esset auctoritas Atheniensium, observat, eos, qui Thebis plurimum poterant, majorem rationem habuisse illorum postulationis, quam Legum ab ipso Numine latarum, de jure sepulture: Τοὺς δὲ κυρίους óv- eAéσθαι μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς ἐμμεῖναι ois Aó- Tas Θηβῶν οὔτω διαθεῖσαν, ὥσθ᾽ γοις ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐκπεμφθεῖσιν, ἢ Contra Donatistas, qui Catholicorum corpora seτοῖς νόμοις τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Δαιμονίου 269 c. Auctor, dum festinans ad nec ad seriem orationis adtenderet, verba, ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως; intellexit de Thebis; quum de Athenis agatur. J.B.
? Locus est pag. 204 4. 'Tom. τ. Ed. Paul. Steph. Sed ibi agitur de alio bello, nimirum de expeditione adversus Amazonas: quod exemplum, quum statim subjiciatur illi, de quo Auctor heic, ideo unum idemque esse putavit; eo facilius, quod ibiestkdrrav0a. J.B.
κατασταθεῖσι" pag.
4 And names implying Virtue are given to this office, as Jwmanity*, mercy, compassion, religion, a feeling for our common mature, ὦ recollection of' our. hwman condition, a work of kindness.
[See the authors.] "The Donatists who refused burial to the bodies of Catho- lics are accused of impiety. So Papinius [Statius]. Spartian says that such are without reverence for hwmnanity. So Livy, Homer, Lactantius.
[See.]
II. 1 There are different opinions as to the origin of this prac- * An expression which, in this sense, Grotius wrongly ascribes to Cicero.
J. B.
PF Car. XIX.] DE JURE SEPULTUL.E. 223 peliri vetabant, impietatis accusat Optatus Milevitanus. Papinium (77b. xir. 165): Bello cogendus et armis In mores hominemque Creon. Spartianus tales ait esse sine humanitatis reverentia: Livius sra rir. smvitiam vocat ultraà bumanarum irarum fidem.
Apud Opt. vi.
* Homerus Lib. viii. 24. dixerat ἀεικέα ἔργα. Eorum qui supervacaneam facerent se- pulturam, Lactantius impiam vocat sapientiam. Eandem ob τὴν. νἱ. 19. causam impius Eteocles Papinio. Tho. iii II. 1 Quz primum causa moris hujus introducendi fuerit "^ ut corpora humo tegerentur, sive condita prius, ut apud ZEgry ptios, sive cremata, ut apud. Grzecos plerosque, sive ita uti genes L2. sunt, quem morem esse antiquissimum notavit Cicero et post»,; 99. eum 'Plinius, de eo non idem omnibus videtur. Nam Moschion existimat occasionem datam ex gigantea feritate mandendi homines, cujus abolitze signum sepulturam; ita enim ait: Apud Stob. Eclog. Phys. Tune morte raptos imperatum legibus (LLib. s. cap.
Mandare terrz, pulveremve inspargere HERD Needum sepultis, ne darentur conspici Abominanda signa pastus pristini.
2 Alüs videntur hoc modo homines velut sponte solvisse debitum, quod alioqui vel ab invitis repetit natura. Nam 4 Nullibi in Oratione Ciceronis, ad quam remittit margo, reperitur vox Ahu- manitatis, juri sepulturee adcommodata. Originem erroris, in hoc et aliis locis laudatis, ostendent Note nostre Galpauperum sepultura.
e Homerus dixerat ἀεικέα ἔργα] Idem Z/iados οἱ Jovem et Deos Achilli iratos fuisse dicit, ob male tractatum corpus Hectoris, [vers. 113, e£ seqq.
lieze: harum enim modus non patitur, ut omnia dicamus, presertim in isto et przcedenti Capite, quje omnium maxime talibus ἀβλεψίαις scatent. 7. B.
4 Lactantius] Cujus et hoc est Lib.
Locus autem in contextu laudatus est Iliad. xxii. 895. et xx11. 24. J. B.]
f Plinius] Historie Naturalis vir. 54. ubi et hoc: JSepultus intelligitur quoquo modo conditus: humatus vero, vi. c. 12. Ultimum illud et maximum | humo contectus.
pietatis officium est, peregrinorum et tice of burying bodies; either first embalming them, as the Egyptiana did; or burning them, as among the Greeks mostly; or without prepa- ration, which Cicero notes as the oldest practice. MMoschion thought the custom intended to be ἃ memorial of the abolition of the practice of eating human bodies. [See.]
2 Others regard it as a willing payment of a debt to Nature, which, if not given, she will take. "That man is made from earth, was not only told to Adam by God. Cicero also quotes from Euripides, Earth "to earth; and in Eccl. xii. 7, we read, Z'hen shall the dust return to the Tusc. Q. iii.
Eccl. xii. 7.
224 DE JURE SEPULTULRLJE. [Lis. II.