( Hist. Nat. vii. 16.) in judicium deduxerit, alienum sibi vin- f De falso teste proditum] Et de eo ^ dicans. Exod. xxii. 9.
qui uxorem stupri insimulavit, ut dotem disreputable person, ignominy as a punishment will be a small evil, but a great one to a man in honour. The Roman law often uses this kind of diversity; whence Bodin constructed his harmonic proportion: although in reality the proportion is simple, and resembles numerical equality: the punishment is to be equal to the desert, as, in contracts, the money to the goods: although the same goods are in one place worth more, in another less, and money in like manner. But it must be confessed that this, in the Roman law, is often not done without too much respect of persons and qualities not pertaining to the fact; while the law of Moses is always quite free from this fault. And this, as we have said, is the intrinsic apportionment of punishment.
XXXIV. But a tenderness for him who is punished, leads us to the minimum of punishment, except a juster tenderness for the greater number persuade us to some other course for an extrinsic cause; which cause is, sometimes, great danger from him who has offended, but more frequently, the necessity of example. And this necessity usually arises from the general incitements to sin, which cannot be repressed without sharp remedies. The principal incitements are custom and facility.
Lib. vi. de Rep. c. ult.
Lib. ii. 2.
Lib. iv. Ep.9.
Lib. xvi. $10. D. de Pan.
302 DE PGENIS. [Lir. II.
Ea autem nasci solet ex generalibus invitamentis ad peccan- dum, quze reprimi nisi acribus remediis nequeunt. Invitamenta autem precipua sunt, consuetudo et facilitas.
XXXV. Ob facilitatem lex divina Hebraeis data gravius punit furtum *de pascuo quam de domo, Exod. xxii. 1 et 7, 9. Justinus de Seythis: wullum scelus apud. eos furto gravius, quippe sine tecto munimentoque pecora et armenta habentibus quid salvum esset, sí furari liceret?^ Simile illud in Aristo- telis problematis sectione xxix. o νομοθέτης ovy ἱκανοὺς ὄντας ἡγησάμενος εἶναι φύλακας, πὸν νόμον αὐτοῖς ἐπέστη- cev' legis auctor cum sciret. "illis in locis dominos res suas custodire mom posse, custodem. legem addidit. ^ Consuetudo facti etai aliquid detrahit de culpa (non sine ratione veniam dedit, inquit Plinius, facto vetito quidem, non tamen inusitato) pon: tamen acrimoniam ex aliqua parte flagitat: quoniam ut Saturninus loquitur, nimium multis grassantibus opus exem- plo est. Sed in judiciis magis illud, in legibus hoc sequendum est, ratione habita temporis quo leges aut judicia feruntur: quia poenze utilitas magis in universalitate spectatur circa quam sunt leges: culpa autem major aut minor est in singulis.
€ De pascuo quam de domo] Vide Maimonidem JDirectore 111. 41, — Cicero pro Sexto Roscio Amerino: atque ea sunt animadvertenda peccata mazime, que difficillime precaventur. (Cap.40.)
h Jllis in locis] In balneis: morte plectebantur Athenis fures balnearii, si zestimatio esset major decem drachmis. Demosthenes contra Timocratem. Adde 1.1. D. de furibus balneariis. [Lex So- lonis exstat pag. 476 c. Orationis De- mosthenieze: sed in illa agitur tantum deiis qui furabantur in Gymnasiis aut Portubus. Diximus plura in Notis Gal- licis. J. B.]
i Supplicia meritis minora] Justin. it. Hunnis scribens, Ῥωμαίοις &veoTt pa] ἀντιτιθέναι τὰς τιμωρίας icoppó- ποὺς τοῖς πλημμελήμασι" Ftomanis mos hic est, non irrogare penas pares pec- cantium merito. [In.Eclogis Legatio- num, ex Menandro Protectore, pag. 151. -Ed. Haeschel. ubi Justinus non scribit Hunnis, sed presens loquitur Legatis Bajani Regis Avarum. J. B.]
^ Nullibi exstat talis sententia in XXXV. On account of the facility, the divine law given to the Hebrews punishes more heavily theft from the field than from the house; Exod. xxii. 1 and 7. So Justin says the Scythians account theft a most heinous crime, in consequence of its facility among their unin- closed herds. So Aristotle.
The custom of an act, though it subtracts something from the fault (so Pliny), yet on one side it demands severity, to meet the prevail- ing evil. But in particular judgments, we must more lean to leniency, in making laws, to severity; taking account of the time when the laws or the judgments are delivered, because the utility of the punishment Car. XX] DE P(ENIS. 303 XXXVI. 1 Quod autem diximus, ubi magn: urgentes- que caus: cessant, ad minuendam potius poenam promptos nos esse debere, in eo clementize pars altera sita est. Nam priorem in tollenda pcena collocavimus. Quia difücile est tenperamen- tum, inquit Seneca, quidquid. equo plus futurum est in par- tem hwmaniorem preponderet. Alibi: ponam si tuto poterit, donet, sin minus, temperet. Tit apud Diodorum Siculum lau- datur rex /Egy ptius, quod imponeret τιμωρίας ἐλάττους τῆς ἀξίας,! supplicia meritis minora. De M. Antonino Capitoli- nus: erat mos iste Antonino, ut omnia, crimina minore sup- plicio, quam legibus plecti solerent, puniret. Issus quoque orator dixit, oportere leges quidem constitui rigidas, sed *peenas exigi legibus mitiores. Et Isocratis est monitum: τὰς τιμωρίας ἐλάττους ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁμαρτανομένων" ut pona infligantur infra peccati modum, 2 lAugustinus comitem Marcellinum sie admonet sui of- ficii: mihi sollicitudo macima incussa est, ne forte sublimi- tas tua, censeat eos tanta legum severitate esse plectendos, ut qualia fecerunt, talia patiantur, ideoque bis literis obtestor Orationibus Iszi, quz circa controver- sias civiles omnes versantur, Aut valde fallor, aut habet hoc Auctor noster e Notis FnuipERICI LINDENBROGIZI, qui ad Ammianum, xxviir. 1. simul cum locis Capitolini et Isocratis heic laudatis, tamquam ex 15:50 addit verba sequentia: Χρὴ τοὺς νόμους μὲν τίθεσθαι σφοδρῶς, πραοτέρως δὲ κολάζειν, ἢ ὡς ἐκεῖνοι κελεύουσι. Post primam Editionem 10- cum reperi apud STOBJEUM, Serm. xL1v. seu de Regno, pag.327. J.B.
k Panas exigi legibus mitiores] Hoc Sibi volebat Henricus Imperator symbolo mali Punici, cum dicto: Subacre. Rex Theodoricus apud Cassiodorum xr. 40. Qui periculose justi sumus, sub se- curitate semper ignoscimus.
Augustinus] Epistola crix. que citatur c. cireumcelliones, 1. causa Xx X111, quest. v. Vide, si placet, ad Augusti- num eundem epistolam Macedonii, et eam qua respondet Augustinus numeris Lir.etrLiv. Adde de Theodosio juni- ore quz sunt in excerptis Johannis An- tiocheni ex manuscripto Peirescii, (pag. 850.) Macedonius ad Augustinum: offi- cium sacerdotis est, intervenire pro reis.
is most considered in the general case; but the fault is greater or less in individual cases. NSK XVI.
1 What we have said, that when great and urgent causes cease, we should be prompt rather to diminish the punishment, is the direction in which the other part of clemency is seated: the former part consisting in taking away the punishment altogether. So BSeneca speaks of tempering punishment when we cannot pardon; so Diodorus Siculus, Capitolinus, describing M. Antoninus, Isocrates, speak of punishment below the requirement of the laws.
2 Augustine admonishes Count Marcellinus of his duty, urging clemency.
Lib. i. de C7.
Ibid. c. 20.
Ad Nic. p.
L. Aut fact, de Pan.
304 DE POENIS. [118. II.
fidem tuam, quam habes in Christo, per ipsius Domini nos- tri misericordiam, ut hoc non facias, nec omnino fieri per- mittas. Cujus est et hoe: Sic etiam psos criminum ultores, atque in hoc officio non ira propria concitatos, sed. legum ministros, nec suarum sed alienarum. examinatarum àinju- riarum vindices, quales judices esse debent, terruit divina censura, ut cogitarent propter sua peccata misericordiam Dei necessariam, nec. putarent ad. culpam officii sui perti- nere, siquid, erga, eos misericorditer agerent, quorum vite necisque haberent legitimam potestatem.
XXXVII. Speramus nihil a nobis praetermissum, quod ad hujus argumenti satis difficilis et obscuri cognitionem mag- nopere faciat: nam quatuor ila quae "Maimonides maxime ait spectari in poenis, magnitudinem peccati, id est damni, fre- quentiam talium peccatorum, quantitatem coneupiscentiz, et operis facilitatem, ad sua loca retulimus; nec minus illa sep- tem 4128 confuse satis in poenis considerat Saturninus. Nam persona ejus qui fecit ad aptitudinem illam judicandi maxime pertinet, et persona ejus qui patitur interdum aliquid confert ad sestimandam culpze magnitudinem. "Locus injustiti:e cul- pam aliquam addere solet peculiarem, aut etiam ad facilitatem operis pertinere. Tempus ut diuturnum est aut breve, ita lim JMaimonides] Lib. 111. Directoris, c. 41, Confer c. sicut dignum, 6. de homicidio voluntario vel casuali.
n» Locus injustitie culpam aliquam addere solet peculiarem] Philo Lib. 1. de Legibus Specialibus: ob γὰρ ταυτὸν πατρὶ kal ἀλλοτρίῳ πληγὰς ἐμφορῆ- σαι, οὐδ᾽ ἄρχοντ᾽ ἢ ἰδιώτην κακῶς ciπεῖν, οὐδ᾽ ἐργόζεσθαί τι τῶν μὴ ἐφιε- μένων ἐν βεβήλοις ἢ ἱεροῖς χωρίοις, οὐδ᾽ ἐν ἑορταῖς καὶ πανηγύρεσι καὶ Ónuo- πελέσι θυσίαις" non idem est patri et extraneo inferre violentas manus: nec idem magistratui et privato maledicere: nec illicitum aliquid patrare in loco pro- Jano el sacro, in die festo, in conventu, XXXVII. We hope we have omitted nothing important in this obscure and difficult argument. We have taken aecount of the four things which Maimonides says are chiefly to be regarded in punish- ments; the greatness of the sin, its frequency, the amount of desire, the facility of the deed; and also the seven points which Saturninus very confusedly considers in punishments; the person who did the deed, the person who suffers, the place, the time, the quality, the quantity, the event;—all the seven belong to one or other of our heads.
XXXVIII. That wars are undertaken not unfrequently to demand punishment, we have shewn above, and history everywhere teaches: but mostly this cause is conjoined with that other, the reparation of the Car. XX] DE PENIS. 9505 bertatem judicandi auget aut minuit, interdum et pravitatem animi ostendit. Qualitas partim ad genera appetituum refer- tur, partim ad causas quz abstrahere a peccando debebant. Quantitas quoque ad appetitum referenda est. Eventus ad causas abstrahentes.
XXXVIII. Solere pens expetendz» causa bella suscipi, et supra ostendimus et passim docent histori:: ac plerumque hzc causa altera de damno reparando conjuncta est, quando idem actus et vitiosus fuit et damnum reipsa intulit, ex quibus duabus qualitatibus duze divers: nascuntur obligationes. Non esse autem bella suscipienda ob delicta quaevis satis constat: nam ne leges quidem suam illam ultionem, quz» tuto nec nisi nocentibus nocet, omnibus culpis impendunt. Recte, ut modo diximus, Sopater oportere ait, ea ἀξ minora et vulgaria sunt delicta dissimulari, non vindicari.
XXXIX. 1 Illud autem quod in oratione pro Rhodien- sibus a Catone dictum fuit, non esse zequum pcenas quemquam dare ob eam rem quod arguatur male facere voluisse, suo quidem loco non male erat positum, quia nullum populi Rho- diensis decretum adferri poterat, sed animi fluctuantis conjec- ture: universaliter autem hoc recipeendum non est. Nam voluntas quz» ad externos actus processit (internos enim ab in sacris publicis. (Pag. 805 e.) Cum tor tacite sequitur emendationem rechis convenit quod ex Labeone adfert Ulpianus l. przetor edixit, 7. in fine D. de injuriis. Persona atrocior injuria fit, ut cum magistratui, cum parenti, patrono Jiat; tempore, si ludis et in conspectu: nam populi Romani in conspectu an in tam (quidquid dicat perpetuus obtrec- tator Gul. Fornerius, Select. 1. 21. et post eum alii prz;judiciis obezecati) Sum- mi ΟΥΤΑΟΙΙ, qui pro Pretoris in con- spectu, legendum censuit, Populi Ro- mani in conspectu, erroremque ex siglis solitudine injuria, facta sit, multum in- ^ ortum demonstravit. J.J.]
teresse ait, [In hac Lege laudanda Aucdamage, when the same act was both vicious and produced damage: from which two qualities two different obligations arise. "That wars are not to be undertaken for every fault, is obvious enough; for even the laws do not apply their vindictive operation to all faults, though they only harm the guilty. "This is right, as we have said. So Sopater.
XXXIX. 1 What Cato said for the Rhodians, that it was not just that a person should be punished for the evil which he was alleged only to have wished to do, was not ill put in its own place, because no decree of the Rhodians [declaring war against the Romans,] could be adduced, but only conjectures of a fluctuating mind: but this is not universally to be received. For the will which has proceeded to [GRoT. π.} τς Gell. vii. 3.
De Ira, i. 3.
Cap. 7.
Liv. xlii. 30.
Lib. xlv. 24.
De Offic. i. 11.
806 DE PCENIS. [118. II.
hominibus non puniri supra diximus) poenis solet esse obnoxia. ?Seneca pater in controversiis: scelera quoque, quamuis citra exitum subsederunt, puniuntur. Injuriam qui facturus est jam facit, Pait alter Seneca. Non exitus rerum, sed 1consilia legibus vindicari Cicero dixit pro Milone. Periandri dietum erat: μὴ μόνον τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς μέλλοντας κόλαζε. Sic Romani censent bellum ineundum eum rege Perseo, nisi satisfaciat de consiliis belli parandi ad- versus populum Romanum initis, quia scilicet arma, milites, classem jam comparaverat. Atque hoc ipsum in Rhodiensium oratione apud Livium recte notatur: neque moribus, neque legibus ullius civitatis ita comparatum esse, ut siquis vellet ini- mieum perire, si nihil fecerit quo id fiat, capitis damnetur.
2 Sed nee omnis perversa voluntas, facto jam aliquo in- dicata, poenze facit locum. Nam si ne perpetrata quidem pec- cata omnia vindieantur, multo minus cogitata ac ecepta. In multis loeum habet quod Cicero dicit: haud scio an satis sit eum qui lacesserit injuric sw ponitere, Lex Hebrsis data 9 Seneca pater] Excerptorum rv. 7.
P Ait alter Seneca] Et de Beneficiis libro v. c.14. Latro est etiam antequam manus inquinet: quia ad occidendum jam armatus est, et habet spoliandi atque interficiendi voluntatem. Philo in primo [immo secundo libro pag. 790 c.] de Specialibus Legibus: ἀνδροφόνους χρὴ νομίζειν οὐ τοὺς κτείνοντας αὐτὸ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πάντα δρῶντας εἰς τὸ ἀνελεῖν, ἢ φανερῶς, ἢ λάθρα, κἂν μὴ TO ἀδίκημα ὦσιν εἰργασμένοι" homicidas evistimari oportet non eos solum qui vi- tam adimunt, sed. et eos qui omnia faciexternal acts, is commonly obnoxious to punishment. So Seneca, senior and junior. Not the event of things, but the intent, are treated by the laws, says Cieero. So Periander. So the Romans decreed the second war against king Philip, except he gave satisfaction concerning the designs he had entertained of making war against Rome; inasmuch as he had collected arms, soldiers, and a fleet. And this is noted in the oration of the Rhodians in Livy; that neither is it established by the laws nor by the customs of any nation, that if any one wished his enemy to perish, but did nothing to bring such a result to pass, he should be capitally condemned.
2 But again, it is not every perverse will, which comes to be indi- cated by a fact, that gives occasion for punishment. For if we do not punish all perpetrated crimes, much less shall we punish those only thought of and conceived. In several places we may say what Cicero says; 7 do not know whether it is not enough that the person who has done wrong should repent. 'lhe Hebrew law did not provide spe- cially against most offenses against piety merely preconceived, or even against the life of man (except by means of judicial proceedings); Car. XX.] DE P(ENIS. 307 adversum pleraque delicta inchoata contra pietatem, aut etiam contra hominis vitam extra 5judieium, nihil speciale constituit: quia et circa res divinas utpote nobis inconspicuas facilis est error, et iracundi: impetus non indignus est cui ignoseatur.
3 Ceterum in tanta matrimoniorum copia alienas nuptias attentare, aut in tam zequabili possessionum divisione fraudem struere qua cum aliena jactura se quis locupletet, minime erat ferendum, Nam illud, non concupisces, quod in Decalogo est, quanquam si scopum spectes legis, id est, τὸ πνευματικὸν, latius patet, (vellet enim lex, omnes etiam mente esse puris- simos) tamen ipsum przceptum externum, ἐντολὴν σαρκικὴν, quod attinet, ad motus animi pertinet qui facto produntur, quod aperte liquet ex Marco Evangelista qui idem illud prze- ceptum extulit, μὴ ἀποστερήσης" idque eum jam ante posuis- set, ux κλέψῃς" atque eo sensu vox Hebrza et ei respondens Grzeca reperiuntur tum Mich. ii. 2, tum alibi.
4 Inchoata ergo delieta armis vindicanda non sunt, nisi ei res sit gravis, et eo processum sit ut ex tali actu certum unt palam aut clam ut quenquam interi- mant, etiamsi facinus ipsum mondum commiserint.
4 Consilia legibus vindicari] Vale- rius Maximus de Cn. Sergio Silo dam- nato ob nummos matrifamili:e promis- 808: non factum tunc sed animus in quescare nocuit, quam non peccasse profuit. (Lib. vr. cap. i. num. 8.)
τ Vellet enim lex, omnes etiam mente esse quam purissimos] Chrysostomus ad Rom. iii. 13. e£ ad caput vii. multa hationem deductus est, plusquevoluisse pec- — bet in hanc rem.
since error about divine things, which are obscure to us, is easily committed, and the impulse of anger may be pardoned.
3 But in matrimony, where so many matches are to be had, to at- tempt to disturb the married life of another; or in property, when the division is so equal, to contrive devices by which one may enrich himself at the expense of another, was not to be borne. "That command, 7Zow shalt not covet, in the Decalogue, although if you look at the object of the law, that is, the spiritual object, it is of wide extent; for the law desires all to be pure even in mind; yet as to the external precept, tho carnal commandment, it refers to the affections of the mind which are disclosed by deeds; as appears by St Mark, who gives that same precept, Defraud not; having before given, Jo not steal (Mark x. 19). And the Hebrew word and the Greek one corresponding are found in that sense in Micah ii. 2, And they covet fields, &c. And elsewhere.
4 Therefore inchoate delicts are not to be punished by arms, except either the matter be grave and have gone so far that, from such act, a certain evil, though not that which was intended, has ensued; or at De Benef. i.
I:oc. Hel.
308 DE PENIS. [Lax. II.
malum, etsi nondum illud quod intendebatur, secutum jam sit, aut certe ingens periculum, ita ut vindicatio aut conjuncta sit cum cautione future noxz, (de qua supra egimus in capite de defensione) aut dignitatem lesam tueatur, aut pernicioso ex- emplo occurrat.
XL. 1 Sciendum quoque est, reges, et qui par regibus jus obtinent, jus habere poenas poscendi non tantum ob inju- rias in se aut subditos suos commissas, sed et, ob eas quze ipsos peculiariter non tangunt, sed in quibusvis personis jus naturze aut gentium immaniter violant. Nam libertas humanze socie- tati per poenas consulendi, qu: initio, ut diximus, penes sin- gulos fuerat, civitatibus ac judiciis institutis penes summas potestates resedit, non proprie qua aliis impérant, sed qua nemini parent. Nam subjectio aliis id jus abstulit. Imo tanto honestius est alienas injurias quam suas vindicare, quanto in suis magis metuendum est ne quis doloris sui sensu aut modum excedat, aut certe animum inficiat.
2 Et hoe nomine ab antiquis przdieatus est Hercules quod Antzo, Pusiride, Diomede, et similibus *tyrannis libe- rarit terras, quas, ut Seneca de eo loquitur, transiit non con- eupiscendo, sed vindieando, maximorum bonorum auctor hos "Tyrannis liberarit terras] Et ma- ria. Philo de Legatione: 'HpakX7js ἐκάθηρε γῆν kai θάλατταν, ἄθλους ἀναγκαιοτάτους καὶ ὠφελιμωτάτους ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ὑποστὰς, ἕνεκα TOU 7d βλαβερὰ καὶ κακωτικὰ φύσεως ἐκα- πέρας ἀνελεῖν" Hercules purgavit terras ac maria, certamina subiens hominibus omnibus partim necessaria partim peru- üilia, ut tolleret hominum animantium- que aliorum ea que evitialia aut novia essent. (Pag. 1003 p.) t Ultor ut scelerum vocer] ibidem dicenti Feciali (vers. 574): Ἢ máciw οὖν σ᾽ ἔφυσεν ἐξαρκεῖν πατήρ; Ten' ergo sevit omnibus genitor parem 7 least, great danger; so that the punishment be conjoined with protec- tion against future mischief, or be a defense of offended dignity, or a remedy to a pernicious example.
XL. 1 It is to be understood also that kings, and they whose rights are of the nature of royal rights, have the right of requiring punishment, not only for injuries committed against them and their subjects, but for those also which do not peculiarly touch them, but which enormously violate the law of nature and nations in any per- sons. For the liberty of providing for human society by punish- ment, which at first, as we have said, was in the hands of individuals, did, when states and tribunals were instituted, fall to the share of the supreme authorities, not properly as commanding others, but as being themselves subject to none. For subjection took away the right Car. XX.] DE PENIS. 309 minibus, ut Lysias indieat, injustos puniendo. Diodorus Sieu- orat Fu». seu xxxi. 5.
lus de eo sic loquitur: τοὺς παρανομοῦντας ἀνθρώπους ἢ Bib. iv. 17. δυνάστας ὑπερηφάνους ἀποκτείνας, τὰς πόλεις ἐποίησεν εὐ- δαίμονας" homines injustos et reges insolentes tollendo beatas reddebat civitates. Alibi dixit: ἐπῆλθε τὴν οἰκουμένην κο- v. 56.
λάζων τοὺς ἀδίκους" orbem obiit penas de iniquis evpetens.
Dio Prussensis de eodem: τοὺς πονηροὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐκόλαζε, Orat. 1. De kai τῶν ὑπερηφάνων ἀνθρώπων κατέλυε καὶ ἀφηρεῖτο τὴν ἐξουσίαν" homines malos puniebat, et superborum regna, de- struebat, aut in alios transferebat. | Aristides in Panathe- naico ait eum suscepta communi humani generis cura meruisse Tom. τ᾿ pp. in Deos referri. Laudatur similiter Theseus quod latrones Scirona, Sinin, et Procusten sustulerit, quem sic de se loquen- tem Supplicibus inducit Euripides (vers. 340, 341): Pridem facinora nomen hoc per Grzeciam Mihi dederunt, *ultor ut scelerum vocer. Valerius Maximus de eodem: quicquid ubique monstri aut sceleris fuit, virtute animi ac robore dextre comminuit.
3 Sie non dubitamus quin justa sint bella in eos qui in 3. ext.
parentes impii sunt, quales Sogdiani antequam eos Alexander hane feritatem dedoceret: in eos qui "hospites occidunt: in Respondet Theseus: Ὅσοι γ᾽ ὑβρισταί" χρηστὰ δ᾽ οὐ κολάζομεν.
Injuriosis. Nam bonos non tangimus. Plutarchus in ejus vita: ὠπήλλαττε τὴν Ἑλλάδα δεινῶν τυράννων" pessimis ἐψγαππὶς Graeciam liberavit. Item: οὐδὲν αὐτὸς ἀδικούμενος ὥρμησεν ὑπὲρ ἄλλων ἐπὶ τοὺς πονηρούς" mihil ipse passus injurie, pro aliis in homines ma- los impetum sumebat, (pag. 37 c.)
7 Exemplum istud, quod in prima Editione legitur, in aliis omnibus exci- derat. Neque enim ulla fuit ratio Auc- tori ejiciendi: et in animo habuerat, quod de veteribus Scythis refertur a SrRABONE, Geogr. Lib.vir. p. 900. O- Plut de Fort. Alex. p. 328 c. Tom. ir.
from others. Indeed it is more honourable to punish the injuries of others than your own, in proportion as, in your own, it is to be feared lest a person may, by the sense of his own pain, either exceed due measure, or vitiate his mind with malice.
2 And on this aecount Hercules is praised by the ancients for having freed the land from Antzus, Busiris, Diomedes, and similar tyrants; having, as Seneca says, passed through the land not in concu- piscence, but in just indignation, and thus being the author of great good to man. So Lysias, Diodorus, Dio Pruszensis, Aristides. The- seus is praised in like manner for removing the robbers Sciron, Sinis, and Procustes. See Euripides, Valerius Maximus.
3 Thus we do not doubt that war is just against those who are im- pious against their parents; such as the Sogdians were, before Alexander De Benef. vii.
Lib. v. De Civ. Dei, c. 1.
310 DE PENIS. [Las. 1I. eos "qui humanam carnem epulantur, *a quo more absistere Gallos veteres Hercules coéeit, narrante $Diodoro; in eos qui piratieam exercent. Seneca: δὲ non patriam meum impug- nat, sed. suc gravis est, et sepositus a, mea gente suam ecza- gitat, abscidit nihilominus illum tanta pravitas animi. Augustinus: opinantur scelera facienda decerni, qualia, si aliqua terrena, civitas decerneret, decrevissetve, genere hu- mano decernente fuerat evertenda. De talibus enim barbaris, et feris magis quam hominibus, diei recte potest quod de Persis, qui Graecis nihilo deteriores erant, perverse dixit Aris- toteles, naturale in eos esse bellum; et quod Isocrates Pana- thenaico dixit, justissimum esse bellum in belluas, proximum in homines?belluis similes.
viDIO, IV. 7rist. Eleg. 1v. vers. 63, 64. LacraNTIO, Znsi. Div. Lib. 1. cap. 21. J. B.
" Qui humanam carnem epulantur | Hoc quoque Scythas Alexander dedo- cuit, [Vid. Plutarch. ibid.]
X 4 quo more absistere Gallos vete- ves Hercules coegit] Vide Dionysium Haliearnassensem narrantem ut Her- cules hunc morem aliaque multa abstu- lerit, in beneficiis suis Graecos a barba- ris non distinguens. Romanorum non minora in genus humanum merita prze- dicat Plinius xxx. 1l. Non satis csti- mari potest quantum Romanis debeatur, qui sustulere monstra, in quibus hominem occidere religiosissimum | erat, mandi vero etiam saluberrimum. Conjungequa hoc ipso capite dicentur S 47. Sie Jus- tinianus principibus Abasgorum edixit ne subditorum pueros castrarent. Pro- copius meminit Gotthicorum 1v. (seu Hist. Misc. cap. 3) et Zonaras Leone JIsauro. Et Inchse, in Peruana reges, [de quibus videndus Garcilass. de la Vega] vicinos populos, qui moniti non parerent, vi coegere absistere ab inces- tis, a marium eum maribus concubitu, a comestione hominum, aliisque id genus facinoribus, atque eo modo imperium sibi pararunt omnium quz usquam legi- mus, excerpta religione, justissimum. [Drowvsrus HALICARNASSENSIS narrat equidem, Herculem veteribus Italice in- colis persuasisse, ut, loco victimarum humanarum, effigies quasdam hominum cured them of this barbarity; against those who kill strangers; against those who feed on human flesh, which usage Hercules compelled the Gauls to give up, as Diodorus narrates: and against those who prae- tise piracy. Seneca says, that though he does mot do any harm to mu country, yet such. depravity cuts him. off [from the tie of humanity]: Augustine says that there are things which if amy state om earth have decreed, ΟΥ̓ should. decree, that state would require to be overthrown by a decree of the human race. ΟἿ such barbarians, and wild beasts, rather than men, we may say what Aristides previously said of the Per- sians, (who were really no worse than the Greeks,) that war against them is natural; and what Isocrates said, that war against brute beasts was most just, and next to that, war against men who are like brutes.
4 And so far we follow the opinion of Innocentius, and of others Car. XX.] DE POENIS. 911 4 Et eatenus sententiam sequimur Innocentii, et aliorum qui bello aiunt peti posse eos "qui in naturam delinquunt: contra quam sentiunt Vietoria, Vasquius, Azorius, Molina, alii, qui ad justitiam belli requirere videntur, ut qui suscipit aut lzsus sit in se aut republica sua, aut ut in eum qui bello im- petitur jurisdietionem habeat. Ponunt enim illi puniendi po- testatem esse effectum proprium jurisdictionis civilis, cum nos eam sentiamus venire etiam ex jure naturali, qua de re aliquid diximus libri primi initio. Et sane si illorum a quibus dissen- timus admittatur sententia, jam hostis in hostem puniendi jus non habebit, etiam post juste!susceptum bellum ex causa non punitiva: quod tamen jus plerique concedunt et usus omnium gentium confirmat, non tantum postquam debellatum est, sed Saturno offerrent: verum ibidem docet, morem ilum inhumanum et ferinum manere adhue sua:etate apud Gallos, et alios Populos Occidentis. 4niiq. om. Lib. 1. cap.38. Vide et Jurivuw Cue- SAREM, Comment. De Bell. Gall. Lib, vr. cap. 16. CicERONEM, Orat. pro Fonteio, cap. 10. 7. B.]
8 Voluit dicere Auctor, Dionysio Ha- liearnassensi. In quo tamen eum ex- imio Historico perperam testimonium denuntiare, patet ex iis, quae Nota ip- sius Auctoris subjecimus. J. B.
9? Inmnno in Barbaros, quos pro na- tura hostibus habebant Greci. Inspice locum p. 267 s. Ed. H. Steph. J.B.
y Qui in naturam delinguunt| Vide Josephum Acostam de Procuranda Indorum Salute Lib. 1r. cap. 4.
Non potui a me impetrare, quin adderem heic vocem illam juste, qu:e, quamquam in omnibus Edd. desit, om- nino excidisse mihi videtur, non minus quam τὸ injuste vidimus supra, cap. 12. $10. Postulat additamentum particula etiam: ex recepta enim hactenus lec- tione sequeretur, secundum dissidentes, bellum suscipi posse et ez caussa puni- tiva, et ex caussa non punitiva; quod falsum. Deinde major esset dubitandi ratio, an post bellum susceptum ex caussa non punitiva hostis in hostem puniendi jus habeat, quam post bellum susceptum ex caussa punitiva: cujus ta- men contrarium supponit illud etiam, ut quivis videt, Debuisset tunc dici saltem, who say that war may be made against those who sin against nature; contrary to the tenets of Victoria, Vasquius, Azorius, Mo- lina, and others; who seem to require, in order to justify a war, that he who undertakes it should be either injured in his own per- son, or in the country to which he belongs, or that he should have jurisdietion over him whom he attacks. For they hold that the power of punishing is the proper effect of Civil Jurisdiction; while we conceive that it comes also from Natural Law. If the opinion of those from whom we dissent be admitted, an enemy will not have the power of punishing an enemy, even after war has been justly begun, if it be for another cause than to inflict punishment: which right, however, most authors concede, and the usage of all nations confirms, not only after the war has been finished, but even while it is going on; and this right is claimed, not from any civil juris- Innoc. c. quod sup.his de vot. Arch. Flor. 3. part. $8. Sylv.
in Verb. Pap. (vir(o Rel. 1. de Contr. Id. i.
Vit. Pomp.
312 DE PENIS. [Lir. II. et manente bello; non ex ulla jurisdictione civili, sed ex illo jure naturali quod et ante institutas civitates fuit, et nunc etiam viget, quibus in locis homines vivunt in familias non in civitates distributi.
XLI. Sed cautiones hie nonnulle adhibends sunt; prima ne mores civiles, quamvis inter multos populos non sine ratione recepti, sumantur pro jure naturz: qualia ferme erant ill qua Persas a Grsecis disparabant, ad quse recte Plutarchi illud referas: πρόφασιν πλεονεξίας ἡμερῶσαι τὸ βαρβαρικόν" barbaras gentes ad mores cultiores reducere velle obtentum esse quo veletur alieni cupiditas.
XLII. Secunda, ne temere annumeremus a natura veti- tis ea. de quibus id non satis constat, et quse lege potius divine voluntatis interdicta sunt, in qua classe forte ponere liceat "innuptos concubitus, et quosdam eorum qui incesti dicuntur, et fcenus.
XLIII 1. Tertia, ut diligenter distinguamus inter prinnon etiam. Adde, ut fecimus, juste, σπούτον νομοθέταις προσέχοντες dveóomnia plana sunt: si enim bellum in- juste susceptum fuerit, tunc injustitia illa causszee minus mirum efficit, quod jus puniendi desit. J.B.
* Innuptos concubitus] Asterius A- masez episcopus: οἱ τοῖς τοῦ βίου θυνον καταλείπουσι τῆς πορνείας τὴν ἐξουσίαν" qui hujus tantum seculi leges condentibus obtemperant, impunitam re- linquunt meretricii licentiam. | Adde lo- cum Hieronymi ad Oceanum, produe- tum a nobis ad caput v. ὃ 9.
dietion, but from that natural right which existed before states existed, and is still in force in places in which men live, distri- buted into families and not into states.
XLI. But here some cantions are to be applied; first, we are not to take instituted usages of states, though received among many nations, and not without reason, for the laws of nature; of which kind mostly were those things in which the Persians differed from the Grecians; to which we may refer what Plutarch says: that to profess to civilize barbarous nations, was a pretert to cover mere cupidity.
XLII. In the second place, we must take care that we do not rashly reckon, among the things forbidden by nature, those, with re- gard to which this is not clear; and which are rather interdicted by the divine will: in which class we must place concubinage, and some of the offenses called incest, and usury.