uncertain. 'The value of such danger 15 to be sought in common esti- mation.
XXIV. 1 In Partnerships in trade, where money and money are contributed by the parties, if the sums are equal, the gain and loss ought to be equally shared: if unequal, proportionally to the shares: Aristotle's rule. The same will hold if equal or unequal shares of labour are contributed. But money may be compared with labour, and labour with money. See Plautus.
2 But this joint contribution may be made in various ways: for either labour may be supplied by one party and the use of money (annual payment) by the other: in which case if the money-share be lost, the loss is the owner's, and if it be saved the gain is his: or labour and the ownership of money (capital) are the relative contri- butions; in which case he who supplies the labour partakes in the money-share. In the first case that which is compared with the labour is not the money-share, but the risk of losing it, and the gain which might be expected from it. In the other case the value of the labour is considered as something added to the money-share, and according to such value, he who supplies the labour has a share in Car. XII.] DE CONTRACTIBUS. 19 betur quasi sorti adjectum, et pro eo quod valet in ipsa sorte partem habet qui operam przstat. Quod de opera diximus, idem et de labore ac perieulo navigationis, et similibus intel- ligi debet. 8. Ut autem sociorum aliquis lucri sit particeps, immunis damni, est quidem przter naturam societatis: potest tamen ita conveniri sine injuria: fiet enim mixtus contractus ex societate et ex contractu aversi periculi, in quo ita servabitur zqua- litas, si tanto plus lueri ferat, quam alioqui laturus fuerat qui in se damnum recepit. Ut autem quis damnum sentiat Aneel. Ver?.
: ^ K INA 7 Societ. i. ὃ 7. sine lucro, ideo admittendum non est, quia ita naturalis est $5 Fer, societati utilitatum communio, ut sine ea nequeat societas con- 5^5 17 sistere. Quod autem dictum est a Jurisconsulto non expressis M ἘΡ L. Si non.
partibus zequales intelligi, ità demum pro vero habendum est, 1. pro socio. Si quae conferuntur sint zequalia. In societate autem universorum bonorum non id quod hinc aut illine obvenit, sed quod probabiliter sperari poterat, comparandum est.
XXV. In societate navali adversus piratas utilitas. com- Liv xviii, 4» munis est ipsa defensio: interdum et preda. Solent autem 9. sestimari naves, et qu: in navi sunt, atque ex his summa con- fici, ut damna quz eveniunt, in quibus sunt et vulneratorum m ^ Circa hune contractum confer Pvu- Lib, v. cap. 8. FENDORFIUM, Je Jure Nat. ei Gent.
the capital. What we have said of labour is also to be understood of the labour and risk of navigation, and the like.
3 That any one of the partners shall share the profit and not suffer by the loss, is against the nature of partnership; but such an agreement may be made without wrong. For then the contract will be a mixture of Partnership and Insurance; and the equality will be preserved, if he who in case of loss has taken the risk of loss, receives more of the profits in proportion. But that any one should bear the loss without profit is not to be admitted, because in partnerships the community of interests is so natural, that without it partnership cannot subsist. What the Jurists say, that when the shares are not mentioned they must be understood to be equal, is true only if the contributions are equal. And in the common undertakings of good men, we must compare, not what happens here or there, but what may be probably hoped.
XXV. In associations of shipowners for mutual protection against pirates, the common utility aimed at is the protection; some- times also the taking of prizes (privateering). "The custom is to value the ships and cargo and to make up a sum in this way, and to apporde Minor.
Locati.
l1 Cor. xi. 14.
xiii. 1.
80 DE CONTRACTIBUS. [Lrx. IH.
impendia, ferantur a dominis navium et mercium " pro parte quam habent in ea summa. Et hse quidem, qu: diximus hactenus, ipsi juri naturze sunt consentanea.
XXVI. 1 Nec in his jure gentium voluntario quicquam mutatum apparet: uno excepto, quod inzqualitas rerum in quam consensum est, ^ubi nec mendacium intercessit, nec ejus quod dictum oportuit reticentia, in actionibus exteriori- bus pro zqualitate habetur: ita ut quomodo jure civili ante constitutionem Diocletiani actio in foro nulla dabatur adver- sus talem insqualitatem, ita nec inter eos qui Jure gentium solo sociantur exactio aut coactio sit eo nomine. Hoc enim est quod ait Pomponius, in pretio venditionis et emtionis naturaliter licere se mutuo circumvenire: ubi licere est non quidem fas esse, sed ita permitti ut nullum contra proditum sit remedium in eum qui se pacto velit defendere.
2?Naturaliter autem eo in loco, ut et alibi interdum, po- situm est pro eo quod recepti passim moris est: quomodo apud Apostolum Paulum ipsa natura docere dicitur viro turpe esse comam alere, cum tamen id neque repugnet natur:ze, et multos apud populos usitatum sit. Sic idolorum cultores, non autem quosvis homines φύσει ματαίους, id est, natura vanos appellat scriptor libri Sapientiz, et τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς ? Pro parte quam habent in ea sum- — cap. 3. S9. J. B.
7-1] Vide simile in 1. Wisigotthorum, ο Naturaliter autem eo in loco] Sic Libro v. tit. v. c. 5. Gellius, Lib. 1x. c. 10. de Actu Conju- 5 Confer heic PurENDponriUM nos- gali: rem nature lege operiendam. trum, De Jure Nat. et Gent. Lib. v. 9$ Post primam istius Operis recention the losses which take place, among which are the expenses of the wounded men, among the owners of the ships and cargoes according io their proportion of that sum. And what we have hitherto said on this subject is agreeable to Natural Law.
XXVI 1 Nor in these matters is anything changed by the insti- tuted Law of Nations; excepting this only, that if an inequality of the contributions be agreed upon, this, where there is neither false decla- ration nor reticence of what ought to have been said, is in exterior actions held for equality. — And thus, as by the Civil Law before Dio- cletian there was no action before a court of law for such inequality, so now among those who are connected only by the Law of Nations, there is no demand or compulsion allowed on that account. This agrees with what Pomponius says, that in the price of selling and buying, it is naturally allowed to men to circumvent one another: where allowed means, not that it is right, but that there is such per- Car. XII.] DE CONTRACTIBUS. 81 Paulus Apostolus, non tam ex sua quam ex Romanorum, apud quos tum vivebat, persona loquens. Euenus poeta vetus: Φημὶ πολυχρόνιον μελέτην ἔμεναι, φίλε, kai δὴ Ταύτην ἀνθρώποισι τελευτῶσαν φύσιν εἶναι.
Quod meditare diu durabile fiet, amice, Atque id naturam credo mortalibus esse. Ejusdem sensus dictum vetus apud Galenum extat: ἐπίκτη- τοι φύσεις τὰ ἔθη, consuetudo adscititia est natura. Apud Thueydidem simili notione dicitur τῶν νόμων κρατήσασα ἡ ἀνθρωπεία φύσις" humana natura legum victrix. Sie πε- φυσιωμένα dicunt *Grzei tum virtutes tum vitia postquam altas radices egerunt. Apud Diodorum vero Siculum legi- mus: τῆς φύσεως ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης ἡττωμένης " cum ne- cessitas naturam, id est, robur animi vinceret. Sic Pom- ponius Jurisconsultus, cum dixisset jus Romanum non pati eundem in paganis et testato et intestato decedere, addidit earum rerum naturaliter inter se pugnam esse, cum tamen ea regula e solis Romanorum moribus pendeat, neque apud alios populos locum habeat, ae ne apud ipsos quidem Romanos Pin militum testamento.
3 Evidens autem fuit utilitas ejus quod dixi juris introsionem incidi forte inlocum CLEMENTIS πεποιημένῳ, φυσιοῦται ἡ ἔξις. Stro- Alexandrini,unde videturauctoridhau- ^ mat. Lib. vir. cap. 7. pag. 859. Edit. sisse. lta enim ibi de Gnostico suo Ve- — Potter. J. B.
tus Ecclesie Doctor: To &pa ἀναπό- P Zn militum testamento] Imo et in βλητον τὴν ἀρετὴν ἀσκήσει γνωστικῇ — paganorum testamentis szepe, ubi inoffimission that no remedy exists against him who offers such a defense. 2 Naturally, in this place, as in some others, is put for what is everywhere a received custom: as St Paul says that nature herself teaches us that it is shameful for a man to have long hair; though it is not repugnant to nature, and is the usage among many peoples. (1 Cor. xi. 14.) So the Author of the Book of Wisdom calls the worshippers of idols (not all men) vain by nature (xiii. 1), and St Paul, by nature the children of wrath (Eph. ii. 3), not speaking so much in his own character, as in that of the Romans, among whom he was then living. So Euenus, Galen, Thucydides, Diodorus: and so the Greeks spoke of naturalized virtues and vices. So Pomponius, when he says that a civilian could not die both testate and intestate, adds that the two things are naturally at variance: although that rule de- pends solely on the eustoms of the Romans, and has no place among other peoples, and not even among the Romans in:soldiers' testaments. 3 The utility of introducing such rules as I have mentioned is [Gnor. rr.] x Eph. ii. 3.
Lib. iii. 84.
Lib. xvi. 18.
L. Jus. Nost. ἤν Dade L. Si Volun. 8. C. de Resc. Vend.
L.6. de Ben.
Nic. v. 5.
Apud Phot, 82 DE CONTRACTIBUS. [118. II.
ducendi, ad przcidendas controversias infinitas, et ob incerta rerum pretia inter eos, qui communem judicem non habent, inexplieabiles, quze vitari non poterant si ob inzqualitatem a pactis discedere licuisset. “Πῶς est emtionis atque vendi- tionis substantia (aiunt Imperatores, substantizje nomine mo- rem perpetuum significantes) quod. emtor viliore comparandi, venditor cariore distrahendi votum gerentes ad. hunc con- tractum, accedant, vixque *post multas contentiones, pau- latim venditore de eo quod petierat detrahente, emtore au- tem. huic quod obtulerat addente, ad. certwm. consentiant pretium. | Seneca ait hoc jus respiciens: Quid nterest quanti sint, cum de pretio inter ementem et vendentem convenerit? | Nihil venditori debet qui bene emit. ^ Àmn- dronieus Khodius sensu eodem: τὸ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἐκουσίοις συναλλάγμασι κέρδος οὔτε ἄδικόν ἐστιν, οὔτε εὐθύνε- σαι. τούτων γὰρ ἄδειαν ἔδωκεν ὁ νόμος" — Lucrum, quod 'voluntate contrahentium percipitur, nec injustum. est, nec corrigitur. Ejus enim rei licentiam lex concesssit.
4 Is, quem indicavi paulo ante, scriptor vitze Isidori, mi- noris justo emere, aut pluris vendere, vocat ἀδικίαν ὑπὸ μὲν ToU νόμου ἀφειμένην; τὸ δὲ δίκαιον ἀνατρέπουσαν" injustitiam ὦ lege quidem permissam, sed que re ἔρϑα justum pervertat.
ciosi querela instituitur. l. 19. mater. 1. nam etsi. 15. l. circa. 24. D. de /noff. T'estament. addita 1. cum duobus 13. C. eodem titulo.
4 Post multas contentiones] Festus: Cociones dicti videntur a cunctatione, quod in emendis vendendisque mercibus tarde perveniant ad justi pretii finem, itaque apud antiquos prima syllaba. per U literam scribebatur. Quintilianus de- clamatione pro civibus: diu concionatus est. (Decl. xix. pag. 218..Ed. Obrecht.)
7 Vertendum erat: quod in Contrac- libus voluntariis, &c. J. B.
evident, in order to obviate infinite controversies, which could not have been put on clear grounds in consequence of the uncertain prices of things among those who have no common judge, and which would have occurred if it had been reckoned lawful to depart from paets on aecount of the inequality of conditions.
So the Imperial Laws recognize Buying and Selling as being the result of long haggling and final agreement.
So Seneca, and Andronicus Rhodius.
4 The writer of the life of Isidore calls this, injustice allowed by law.
II.
VII.
XI.
XIII.
É "A fuit jurisjurandi.
CAPUT XIII.
DE JUREJURANDO.
Jurisjurandi quanta vis sit etiam, ez paganorum opi- nione.
Animum deliberatum | ve- quiri, nempe ut quis jurare voluerit.
Verba, jurantis obligare in Sensu quo ea creditur ac- cepisse cui juratum est. Juramentum dolo elicitum quando obliget.
Juramenti verba mon ez- tendenda, ultra receptum loquendi morem, Juramentum non obligare de re illicita, factum: Aut quod impediat majus bonum. morale: Aut si factum. sit impossi- bile: Quid si impossibile sit ad tempus?
Jurari Deo nominato, et quo sensu: Sed et mominatis mebus alüs, cwm respectu αὐ Deum.
Juramentum, esse etiamsi per falsos Deos juretur. Effectus jurisjurandi: inde obligatio ex jurejurando duplex, tempore jurisju- XIV, $$ AVE ΠΟῪ ἘΠ XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
randi, et postea: quod dis- tincte explicatur.
Quando ez jurejurando jus quaeratur homini et Deo, quando Deo tantum. Refellitur | sententia | sta- tuens eum, qui pirate aut tyranno juravit, Deo non teneri.
Qui perfido juravit, an implere debeat, distinctione eaplicatur.
Cum, Deo soli quis obliga- tus fuit, heredem. ejus ad nihil teneri.
Perjurum mon esse, qui non implet nolenti ànpleri, aut sublata qualitate ejus, cui sub illa, qualitate jura- twm. est.
Quando irritum, sit, quod contra, juramentum fit. Superiorum | actus. quid possit circa id, quod. sub- ditus juraverit, aut quod subdito juratuww est, cum distinctionibus ezponitur. Monita Christi de non ju- rando, ad quale juramen- tum proprie pertineant. Qwe fides injurata, jura- menti vim ez more habeat, PUD omnes populos et ab omni svo circa pollicita- tiones, promissa et contractus, maxima semper vis Nam ut Sophocles ait Hippodamia: Confer PurENponr1vuM nostrum, De Jure Nat. et Gent, Lib.1v. Cap.2. J. B.
E proposals, promises, and contracts, has always been very great.
CmuaPrER XIII.
Of Oaths. 1 Among all peoples, and in every age, the force of Oaths in Sophocles in the Hippodamia; Cicero.
So Offic. iii. 20.
Theog. v. 231.
Lib. vi. 86.
Sat. xiii. 208.
Offic. iii. 99.
84 DE JUREJURANDO. [Lir. II.
Mens excitari jurejurando solet, Ut bina diligenter evitet mala, Culpari amicis, et Deos offendere.
Nullum. vinculum, inquit Cicero, ad adstringendam fidem majores nostri jurejurando arctius esse voluerunt.
2 Hine gravis pcena perjuris imminere nunquam non credita: ut Hesiodus dixit de juramento: Clades mortalibus unde Adveniunt, quoties fallaci pectore jurant.
^Ita ut posteritas etiam majorum delicta lueret, quod non nisl de gravissimis criminibus creditum: et sine facto voluntas quoque pcenam in se accerseret: quorum utrumque Hero- dotus confirmat narratione de Glauco Epicydide, qui delibe- raverat tantum, an juratam de deposito fidem falleret: ubi hoc carmen Pythiz: adfert idem Herodotus: At juramento quzdam est sine nomine proles Trunca manus et trunca pedes: tamen impete magno Advenit, atque omnem P vastat stirpemque domumque.
Et eandem historiam recitans Juvenalis ita concludit: Has patitur poenas peccandi sola voluntas.
9 Bene Cicero: Est jusjurandum affirmatio religiosa; a [ta ut posteritas etiam majorum ^ Zachariam, v. 8, 4. et interpretem ejus delicta lueret| Vide Servium in excerp- — loci Chrysostomum de Statuis xv. ('Tom. tis Fuldensibus ad τ. ZEneidos. [Nihil ^ vr. pag. 565..Ed. Savil.) ibiinvenio, quod ad rem faciat. Vide € Ut de Cydippe narratur] Exstat ipsum Poetam, Georg.1.502. J. B.] similis narratio in metamorphosibus b Vastatstirpemque domumque] Vide ^ Antonini Liberalis de Ctesylla et Her- 2 ἀπά ἃ heavy punishment was understood to await the perjured: so Hesiod. So that the posterity would have to expiate the crime of their ancestors, which was only believed in the case of the greatest crimes: and it was believed that even the will to commit perjury, without the deed, would bring down punishment. See Herodotus in the story of Glaucus, and Juvenal.
3 Cicero says well, An Oath is a religious affirmation: what yow promise solemnly, God being referred to as witness, is to be kept. What he adds, For then the matter. pertains, not to the anger of the gods, for there is mo such feeling, but to justice and good faith, is not to be rejected, if by anger he understands a perturbation, a passion: but if a purpose or will of punishing, is by no means to be received, as Lactantius proves.
Let us now see whence the force of an Oath arises, and to what it tends.
Car. XIII.] DE JUREJURANDO. 85 quod autem affirmate quasi Deo teste promiseris, id. tenen- dum est. Quod autem addit: Jam enim non ad iram. Deo- rum, quc nulla est, sed. ad justitiam et fidem pertinet: 5ὶ ire nomine perturbationem intelligit, non improbandum est; sin qualemeunque nocendi affectum aut voluntatem, minime est recipiendum, ut recte probat Lactantius. Nunc unde vis jurisjurandi oriatur, et quo pertingat usque videamus.
II. Primum quod de promissis et contractibus diximus, et hie habet locum, ut animus rationis compos et deliberatus requiratur. Quare si quis non putans se jurare verba protu- lerit jurantia, “αὖ de Cydippe narratur, locum habere potest quod ei tribuit Ovidius (Epist. Zeroid. xxi. 135): 3Qus jurat mens est: nil conjuravimus illa. ex Euripide desumtum qui in ZZippolyto dixerat (ver. 612): Jurata lingua est: *mente juravi nihil. Quod si quis volens jurare obligare se noluerit, non eo minus obligatur, quia obligatio a juramento est inseparabilis, et effectus ejus necessarius.
III. 1 At si quis deliberato protulerit verba jurantia, animo tamen non jurandi, hunc non obligari sunt qui tradunt, peccare tamen temere jurando. Sed verius est teneri eum mochare, (cap. 1.) Verba suis frustra viribus orba tenes.
d Que jurat mens est] Ibidem: Non ego juravi: legi jurantia verba.
E Em Sa et quz sequuntur, Consilium prudensque animi sententia jurat, ζ ho 199. δ Et nisi judicii vincula nulla valent, * Mente juravi nihil] Quia de re ho- (vers. 131, &e.) nesta tacenda, nutricis verba intellex- mox: erat Hippolytus, non de adulterio et in- Sed si nil dedimus prater sine pectore vocem, —— cestu.
II. First, that has place here, which we said of promises and contracts, that there is required a mind master of its reason and de- liberate. Hence if any one, not thinking to swear, utters the words of an oath, it is not swearing. See in Ovid the story of Cydippe, [who read aloud on an apple which Acontius her lover had thrown at her, 7 swear that I will marry Acontiws.] 8.0 Euripides in the Hip- polytus.
But if any one, willingly swearing, wished not to bind himself, he is not the less obliged, because obligation is the necessary effect of an oath, and inseparable from it.
HI. 1 But if any one utters the words of an oath, but with a purpose of not swearing, there are writers who hold that he is not bound, but that he sins by swearing rashly. But the sounder opinion is, that he is bound to make true the words to which he took God to Lib. de Ira Dei.
Soto, viii. q.1.
a Covarr. ad c. Quamv.
De Offic. ii.
Odyss. v.
Hist. iv. Al.
E pist.cexxiv.
86 DE JUREJURANDO. [118. II.
vera facere dicta quorum Deum adhibuit testem: nam is actus, qui per se est obligatorius, ex animo deliberato pro- cessit. Cul consequens est ut quanquam plerumque verum est illud Tulli; Quod ex animé tui sententia juraveris, id non facere perjuriwm est; quo et illud pertinet quod apud Homerum jurans Ulyssi Calypso ait: Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν νοέω kai φράσσομαι.
Verum animus quod sentit idem loquar.
2 Id tamen hane exceptionem habeat, nisi qui jurat sciat, aut probabiliter eredat, ab eo quicum negotium est, verba aliter accipi: nam dietis ipsis testem adhibens Deum, debet dieta facere vera fquomodo putat intelligi. Et hoc est quod idem ait Cicero: Quod ita juratum est, ut mens deferentis? conciperet fieri oportere, id servandum est. Apud Tacitum legimus: Z'repidis et verba jurisjurandi per varias artes mutantibus, queis flagitii conscientia inerat. Au- gustinus: Perjuri sunt qui servatis verbis exspectationem eorum, quibus juratum est, Quacunque arte verborum quis juret, Deus tamen, qui f Quomodo pulat intelligi] Augus- tinus epistola coxxriv. de illo locutus qui a Punicis castris egressus in castra redierat, inde Itomam venerat: iia non aitenderunt qui illum Senatu moverunt, quid ipse jurando cogitasset, sed quid ab illo quibus juraverat exspectarent. (Epist. 125. nova Edit. Benedictin.) Vide etsequentia. Vide ad hanc rem pulchre dicta concilio 'Trosleiano tomo 111. conciliorum, editionis Sirmondianze. Et apud Hinemarum in opusculo de Di- vortio Lotharii et 'T'hietherge ad inter- rogationem vr. ubi in hanc sententiam recte de Deo dicitur: Qui non ut juras, sed ut is jurasse putavit Cui juras, audit: sic es utrique reus. In professione jurata Hebrzeorum per Hispaniam: ὲ non ea intentione per- Jeceris, sicut a nobis me profitente audita atque intellecta, sunt.
? Vox illa deferentis abest ab opti- mis Editionibus. Omnino agitur ibi de animo jurantis, non de sensu quem ver- bis ejus tribuit is, qui defert jusjuran- dum. Adeoque locus nihil ad rem facit, ut dudum observavimus ad PurENDboR- FIUM nostrum, dicto capite, 8 15. Not. 22 οὖ E Isidorus] Lib. 1t. de Summo Bono witness: for that act, which is of itself obligatory, proceeded from a deliberate mind.
what you intentionally swear is perjury.
And hence it follows that, as Cicero says, not to do See Homer.
2 'This is so, with the exception of the case in which you who swear, know or believe that he with whom you have to do takes your words otherwise: for in taking God to witness his words, he ought to perform them as he supposes them to be understood. So Cicero regulates an oath by the mens deferentis, the mind of the proposer. Tacitus speaks of men in fear changing the words of the oath: Au- Car. XIII.) DE JUREJURANDO. 87 conscientic testis est, ita hoc accipit sicut ille cui jura- tur intelligit. Atque hoe est quod dicitur "liquido jurare. Ideo Metellus recte recusavit jurare in legem Apuleianam, quanquam erant qui dicerent legem ob rogationis vitium esse irritam, et juramentum in legem ita intelligendum, si lex rite rogata lataque esset.
3 Nam quanquam in promissis aliis facile subintelligitur tacita aliqua. conditio, qu: promissorem exsolvat, id tamen in juramento admittendum non est: quo pertinet egregius ille locus Apostoli ad Hebrzos: Deus volens abundantissime heredibus promissionis ostendere àmmutabilitatem consili sui, fidem fecit jurejurando: ut per duas res dmmuta- biles, in. quibus fieri non potest ut fallat Deus (ita recte verti puto illud ψεύδεσθαι, sicut aperta locutio vocatur veritas, Dan. vii 16, vii. 26, x. 1), firmum habeamus solatium. Quse verba ut intelligantur, sciendum est sanctos seriptores de Deo szpe loqui ἀνθρωποπαθῶς, et magis secun- dum id quod videtur nobis, quam quod est.
4 Nam Deus vere decreta sua non mutat. Mutare tasensum verba captante: τοῖς ῥήμασι τούτοις ἐγκαθίσας, ὡς αἱ μυῖαι τῷ μώ- Xov ita verbis illis insidebat ut musce vibici. Graviter in hane regulam pec- cavit aula Arcadiana, quas effecit ut cap, xxxi, 1. citatur causa XXII, quzest. v. €. quacumque. 9. h Liquido jurare] Donatus ad illud Quia si forte opus ad herum jurcjurandum mihi, Non apposuisse, ut liquido possim.
Liquido; pure; et manifeste. χρεὼν po] ὑπονοθεύειν ἑτέρᾳ φράσει τὰ ῥή- ματα, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἐπὶ λέξεων εἶχον, οὗ - «τωσὶ καὶ δηλοῦν, ait in Alexio Nicetas fraudem Andronici Comneni culpans. Oporiuit non qucsita locutione verba adulterare, sed. ut concepta ea fuerant eloqui. Qui et alibi, de Alexio contra gustine, of men keeping the words and balking the expectation. To swear without reserve is liquido jurare.
Isidore.
Chalcedone occideretur is qui Constan- tinopolim, salute ipsi per jurisjurandum promissa, venerat. Zosimus, Lib. v. Adde quie infra cap. xvi. 2. [Duo loca NicETA unum idemque sunt, et in pos- teriore etiam de Andronico Comneno agitur, non de Alexi: Lib. r. cap. 8. in Alex. Locus autem Zosimi (non Sozomeni, ut habuerant hactenus Edd. post illam 1642. ubi Zozomenus, cor- So So Metellus, rightly, would not swear to the Apuleian law, though it was void, as being informally passed.
3 For though in promises some tacit condition may be understood which absolves the promiser, that is not so in an Oath.
So St Paul, Hob. vi. 18, That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to deceive: speaking after the manner of men.
4 For God does not really change his decrees.
He is said to App. de Bell.
Pan. in c. Cleric. de Jurejur. Sil. n Verb. Juram. 4. ibi Thom.
Jonc iv. 2.
88 DE JUREJURANDO. [Lis. II.
men et!pcnitentia duci dicitur, quoties aliter agit quam verba sonare videbantur, nimirum *ob conditionem tacite in- tellectam, quz eessat. Jer. xvii. 8. Exempla videre est Gen. xx. 3; Exod. xxxii. 14; 1 Reg. xxi. 28; 2 Reg. xx. 1; Esaie xxxvii. 1; Jonze ii. 5, 11. Quo sensu etiam nos fallere Deus improprie dici potest. Εὖ solet vox ψεύδεσθαι, quz in dieto loco ad Hebrzos apparet, significationem habere eventus spem frustrantis, ut videre est tum alibi, tum Levit. vi. 2; Josue xxiv. 27; Esai. lviii. 11; Os. ix. 2;! Abac. iii. 17. Facilime autem hoc procedit in comminationibus, quia 1119 jus nemini conferunt. In promissis interdum, ubi scilicet con- ditio tacita quzedam subest.
5 Ideo duas res Apostolus nominat qux immutabilitatem notant, promissionem, quia jus dat; et juramentum, quia conditiones tacitas et aliquo modo latentes repellit: ut videre est etiam Psal. Ixxxix. 30, 31, 92, 83, 94, 35, 96. "Nam aliud est si quas conditiones ipsa negotii natura aperte indicet.
rupte) est cap. 18..Ed. Cell. Lib. lau- dati v. J. B.]
i Penitentia duci dicitur] Concilium Toletanum viri cap. 2. Jurare nam- que Dei est a seipso ordinata nullatenus convellere, penitere vero, eadem ordi- Oseam ix. 2.
m Supposuisse quod revera seita non habeai| Ut Hippolytus, de quo modo diximus. Ad illud Sophoclis in Q74i- pode Coloneo (vers. 226): ᾽Ἄπατα δ᾽ ἀπάταις nata cum voluerit, immutare. Retulit Gratianus in causam ΧΧΙΙ. quzst. Iv. c.9. Explica vero ut in textu nostro. k Οὐ conditionem tacite intellectam] Senecam vide Naturalium Quzsstionum Abac. iii. 17.] Adde Jobum xl. 28.
ἑτέραις ἑτέρα παραβαλλομένα, Ilóvov οὐ χάριν ἀντίδοσιν €xet.
Fraus ad fraudem superaccedens, Non benefactis, sed atroce solet Clade rependi. Sie ait, καὶ αὐτοὶ οὖν νομίζου σιπροσδε- δέχθαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἐπηγγέλθαι τὴν ἀσchange and to repent, when he acts otherwise than the words seem to imply, which he does on account of a condition tacitly understood, whieh has ceased. See the passages. And in this sense God may improperly be said to deceive us; the word often meaning to /frustrate hope. See the passages. And this appears more plainly in threats, because they give no right: sometimes in promises, where there is a tacit condition.
5 "Therefore the Apostle speaks of two things which mark immu- tability; the promise, which gives the promisee a right; and the oath, for that repels tacit and latent conditions. See the Psalms as quoted. For it is another thing if any conditions are openly indicated by the nature of the transaction. And to this some refer Numb. xiv. 30: Ye shall not come into the land. concerning which I sware to make you dwell therein. But it is more exact to say that the land was sworn, not Car. XIII.] DE JUREJURANDO. 89 Quo nonnulli referunt id quod legitur Num. xiv. 30. Sed verius est terram promissam jurato dici ipsis, non personis, sed populo, posteris scilicet eorum quibus Deus juraverat, com. 23. Talis autem promissio impleri quovis tempore potest, nec personis certis adstringitur.
IV. 1 Ex his quz» diximus intelligi potest quid sentien- dum sit de jurejurando quod dolo elicitum est. Nam si cer- tum est, eum qui juravit aliquod factum "supposuisse, quod revera se ita non habeat, ac nisi id credidisset non fuisse juraturum, non obligabit juramentum. Αὖ si dubium sit, an non etiam sine eo idem fuisset juraturus, standum erit verbis, quia simplicitas quam maxima juramento convenit.
2 Atque huc refero jusjurandum, quod Josue et primores populi Israélitii Gabaonitis dederunt, ^ Decepti quidem erant a Gabaonitis, e regione longinqua se venire fingentibus. At non?inde sequebatur Josuam et primores, si scissent ex vi- cinis populis eos esse, non fuisse eis parcituros. Nam quod φάλειαν αὐτῷ, ἀπατώμενοι kal οὐ πρό- τερον ἐπεγνωκότες, ὅτι οἰκείαις ἐνέχε- ται μιάσμασι" τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τό" ἯΙ γλώσσ᾽ ὀμώμοχ᾽, ἡ δὲ φρὴν ἀνώμοτος. Καὶ ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ἀπατηθεὶς ὠμοσε. Putant Thebani se suscepto QZdipodi promisisse incolumitatem, causa, ab ipso data, cum non ante didicissent piaculo eum domestico teneri. '"Taleet illud. Jurata lingria est: mente juravi nihil. Namque et Hippolytus deceptus jurave- rat. [In verbis Scholiaste tria erant men- da, quie sustuli, Sed et in ultimo versu Sophoclis, pro ἀντίδοσιν ἔχει, optime Editiones, ut ilia H. Stephani, habent, Sensus autem to- tius loci hie est: Qi sese evponit peri- culo fraudis vicissim evcipiende ab eo in quem fraude usus est, ille non bencfi- cia, sed molestas et dolorem sibi repen- sum iri, sperare debet. Ita, ni fallor, accuratior est versio, quam auctoris nostri. J. B.]
3 At vide qu: diximus in PurEN- pnORF. De Jure Nat. et Gent. Lib. 1v. cap. ii. S 7. not. 1. J. B.
ἀντιδίδωσιν ἔχειν.
to the individuals, but to the People, namely, the posterity of those to whom God had sworn, as ver. 23.
Such a promise may be fulfilled at any time, and is not restricted to certain persons.
BV?
1 From what has been said, it may be understood what is to be judged of an oath obtained by fraud. For if it be certain that the swearer supposed some fact which is not so, and would not have sworn except he had so believed, then the oath is not binding. But if it be doubtful whether, even without that fact, he would not have sworn the same, he must stand by his words, because simplicity in the highest degree is suitable in swearing.
2 To this I refer the oath of Joshua and the elders of Israel to the Gibeonites, Josh. ix. — They were deceived by the simulation of the Gibeonites, but it did not follow that Joshua and the Israelites, if they knew that they were neighbours, would not have spared them. — For Navarr. c. 12.
Jos. ix.
Deut. xx. 10.
Jos. ii.
ut negent dedentibus se vitam relinqui posse.
DE JUREJURANDO.
dixerant Gabaonitis: fortassis in medio mei habitas, quo- «odo tecum paciscerer? hunc habere sensum potest, ut interrogentur Gabaonit» quale pactum desiderent, sociale an deditionis; aut etiam ut ostendant Hebrsi licitum sibi non esse eum quibusdam populis fedus inire sociale: non etiam Lex enim divina, quz eos populos internecioni devovebat, "ex legis alterius comparatione ita erat intelligenda, ut locum haberet nisi si qui moniti statim facerent imperata. Quod inter alia probat historia Rahabzs,?cui ob bene merita pareitum est, et Solomonis, qui Canansorum reliquias sub imperium ac tribu- tum accepit.
3 Atque hue pertinet quod in Josus libro dicitur, nul- lam fuisse civitatem ex populis septem qus pacem fecerit; obduratos enim ne gratia illis fieret. Quare cum credibile esset, si rem ipsam Gabaonite indicassent, quod prz metu non fecerunt, tamen vitam salvam sub parendi conditione im- petraturos fuisse, valuit jusjurandum, adeo quidem, ut et de n» Ex legis alterius comparatione] Imo et ex causa legi de internecione addita. Exodi xxiii. 33. Deut. vii. 4. ces- sat enim ea causa in illis qui precepta filiorum No: suscipiunt, et tributa pen- dunt. Ita Maimonides, et Samson Mi- cosi, et Moses de Kotzi, in precepto ju- bente xv. et ox vir.
9 Cui ob bene merita parcitum est] Et Gazere habitantium in historia Jo- sus xvi 10. Gergeszos ad Christi usque tempora superstites fuisse ex evan- gelio apparet Matth. viii. 28. nam hi ab initio se dediderant: ideo omittuntur in hostium enumeratione. Deut. xx. 17. Jos. ix. 1.
4 Personali cuidam servituti] Ut Bruttiani olim a Romanis. Gellius x. 3. Festus verbo Brutiani.
^ Hac fuisset mera cavillatio, si juramentum, in se spectatum, validum what they said, ver. 7, Peradventure ye dwell among ws, and how shall we make a league with ow? may be understood as an inquiry whether the Gibeonites asked for a league of equality or of submission; or that they might shew that it was not lawful for the Hebrews to make leagues with certain peoples; not to imply that they would not spare their lives if they surrendered. For the divine law, which devoted those peoples to destruction, was to be understood by comparison with the rest of the law, in such sense that it was to take its course except any one attended to the warning, and did what was commanded them. This appears in the history of Rahab, who was spared; and of Solomon, who put the remainder of the Canaanites under a tribute of bond- Service.
3 And to this view belongs what is said in the book of Joshua, xi. 19, 20, that none of the seven cities of Canaan made peace, for God had hardened their hearts that they might have no favour; wherefore Car. XIII.] DE JUREJURANDO. 91 eo violato postea poenae sumtze sint gravissimze Deo auctore. PAmbrosius hane tractans historiam: Josue tamen pacem quam dederat revocandam mon censuit, quia firmata, erat sacramenti religione, ne, dum alienam perfidiam arguit, suam fidem solveret. Nihilominus doli sui poenam aliquam sustinuerunt Gabaonitzs, jam sua deditione subditi facti He- brseorum. Addieti enim sunt?personali cuidam servituti, cum si egissent aperte, potuissent ad tributariam conditionem recipi.
V. Non tamen ultra receptum loquendi morem exten- denda est juramenti significatio. Ideo perjuri non erant qui cum *jurassent non daturos se in matrimonium filias Denjami- niüs, raptas cum raptoribus vivere permiserunt. "Aliud enim est dare, aliud amissum non repetere. Ambrosius de hoc facto: Quae indulgentia congruo intemperantie supplicio non videtur vacare, quando illis hoc solum permissum est ut raptu inirent conjugia, non connubii sacramento. Non dissimile est quod Achzi, Romanis quadam non probantibus fuisset. At vero et hoc, et alia omnia comminatoria Juramenta, quum ex illis nemini jus quzratur, et plerumque ani- mo prze ira non satis sui compote fiant, nullam aliam obligationem, nisi seris poenitentie, post se trahunt. Vide quz scripsimus in dictum caput PUFENDOR- rir nostri, 813. J. B.
r Aliud est dare, aliud amissum non repetere] Οὔτε προτρεπομένων, οὔτε κωλνόντων, ait in hae historia Josephus (Antig. Jud. v. 2. 812. Edit. Huds.) Nec hortabantur Israblite, nec prohi- bebant. | Seneca Excerptorum vri. 2. Lex eum tenet qui juvat evulem, non qui patiatur juvari. Symmachus: Znanem melum divino animo vestro tentat incu- tere, si quis asserit conscientiam vos habere prebentium, misi detrahentium subieritis invidiam. (Lib. x. Ep. 54.)
it is probable that if the Gibeonites had stated the actual fact, they would have obtained their lives on condition of submission; the oath therefore was good. So much so, that God inflicted heavy punish- ment for the violation of it. 2 Sam. xxi. 6. So Ambrose maintains this oath. And the Gibeonites were punished for their deceit with personal servitude, whereas, if they had acted openly, they might have escaped on condition of paying a tribute.
V. But the signification of an oath is not to be extended beyond the received usage of speech. Therefore those were not perjured, Judges xxi. 7, who, when they had sworn that they would not give their daughters to wife to the tribe of Benjamin, still permitted them to live with those who had taken them by violence. For it is one thing to give, another, not to ask back rigorously. So Ambrose. Not dissimilarly the Achzeans, when the Romans were dissatisfied with something which they had done and sworn to, requested the Romans 2 Sam. xxi. 6.
De Offic. iii.
92 DE JUREJURANDO. [118. II.
qua ab ipsis faeta et jurejurando firmata erant, rogarunt uf Livxxxix.3. jpsi Romani qu: viderentur mutarent, nec Achzos religione ] Sam. xxv.
Lib. xi. 11.
obstringerent irrita ea quze jurejurando sanxissent faciendi. VI. Ut valeat juramentum,?oportet obligatio sit licita. Quare nullas vires habebit jurata promissio de re illicita, aut. naturaliter, aut divina interdictione, aut etiam humana, de qua mox agemus. Bene 'Philo Jud:us: ἴστω δὲ πᾶς ἐνωμότως ἄδικα δρῶν, ὅτι εὐορκήσει μὲν οὐ, τὸν δὲ πολλῆς φυλακῆς καὶ ἐπιμελείας ἄξιον ὄρκον ἀνατρέπει, ᾧ τὰ καλὰ καὶ δίκαια ἐπισφραγίζεται. προστίθεται γὰρ ὑπαίτια ὑπαιτίοις, ἐν οὐ €OVTL “γινομένοις ὕρκοις, οἷς πολὺ βέλτιον ἣν ἡσυχάζεσθαι, πράξεις παρανόμους. ἀπεχόμενος οὖν τοῦ ἀδικοπραγεῖν; ποτ- νιάσθω τὸν Θεὸν ἵνα μεταδῷ τῆς ἵλεω δυνάμεως αὐτῷ συγ- “γενοῦς; ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἀβουλίᾳ χρησάμενος ὥμοσε. διπλάσια γὰρ αἱρεῖσθαι κακὰ, δυνάμενον τὴν ἡμίσειαν αὐτῶν ἀποφορτίσασ- θαι, μανία καὶ φρενοβλάβεια δυσίαπος" | Sciat quisquis ob juramentum injusti aliquid molitur agere, non se jurisju- randi observantem) fore, sed. potius eversorem. jurisjurandi, quod magna cura ac religione dignum est, et quo honesta ac recta, sanciri solent. |.Addit enim. culpam culpa, juramento non recte facto, et quo abstinere satius fuerat actum illegiti- mum. Quare ab injusta actione abstinens Deum veneretur, ut quc ipsi est maaime propria, misericordiam [et temerarii juramenti veniam] ei impertiat. |. Nam dupla eligere mala, cum parte altera exonerari possis, insanabilis est furor, et mentis inopia. Exemplum dari potest in Davide, qui Nabali pepereit quem se occisurum juraverat. Cicero simile ponit