Analogy, in psychology, 2 f.
Analysis, of delayed reaction, 224; of motor habits in birds, 219; of reflexes involved in habit, 206; of sensory habits in mammals, 220; end of, 53 Animals, gifted, 297 f.; modes of attack on problems of, 43 Apparatus, and methods in be- havior, 56; auditory, 81; "brightness," 78; for constant air supply, 81; for obtaining monochromatic light, 7 1; for obtaining specific stimuli, 70; for testing hearing in frogs, 88 ff.; olfactory and cutaneous, Arcs, as basis for instinctive action, 148; fixation of, in Astericus, 371 threshold of, 37; problems in, 36; stimulus threshold of, 37.
Auditory center, 376 f.
Auditory nerve, pathway of, 378 Auditory Organs, 371 Auditory responses; in amphibia, Auditory tests, incidental, 385 Audubon, experiments on smell in birds, 405 f.
Babak, 352; experiments on cutaneous sensitivity in frogs, Barak's method of testing color sensitivity, 352 Baldwin, 294 Beebe, 406 Beer, 9 Behavior, 25; a scientific study of phenomena, 55; data in neurology, 50; explicit forms of, 19; general aims of, 52; hunting, of dogs, 401; im- plicit forms of, 19; instinctive of young birds, 1321; instinc- tive of young mammals, 128 ff.; nature of, 1; prepara- torv training in, 55; problems Behaviorism, 1 Behaviorist, 1 Behaviorists, position, objections Behavoristic, 1 Bentley. 353 Bernoulli, 390, 392 INDEX Bethe, 9 BiGELOW, 391 Bingham, 366 Birds: instinctive activity of, 114; motor liabits in, 191; song and call notes of, 323 Bloomfield, 125 Bodily condition, influence on learning of, 237 Brain Weight, distribution of, 237; influence on learning of, Breeding behavior of fish, 123 " Brightness " apparatus, 78 Bryan, 202 BURFORD, 247 Cannon, 429 Carlson, 429 Cattell, 316 Characters, transmission of, 157 Charlton, 354 Chauvan, 175 Chemical sense, 415 f.; in am- phibia, 418 Chidester, 172 "Clever Hans," 299 Coble, 268 Cochlea, extirpation of, 378 Columella auris, 373 Combs, in fowls, 152 f.
Concept of unit characters, 152 Control and auxiliary methods, 69 Control of intensity of light, 35 Control box, 63; for auditory work, 87; for olfactory work, 90 COPELAND, 412 Correlations, 49 CoRTi, arches of, 371 Criticism, of methods, 69 Cunningham, 160, 180 f.
Curves, of development of peck- ing instinct, 139 ff.; of learn- ing, 47; of learning, motor habits, 198; of learning, sen- sory habits, 199 Cutaneous sensitivity: in amphi- mals, 421 Cutaneous system, 40 f.
Darkness-adaptation: monochro- matic light: in birds, 346; in' reptiles and in amphibia, 346 Darkness - adaptation: white light: in birds with day vision, 343 f.; in birds with twilight vision, 344; in fish, 345; in reptiles and in amphibia, 345 f.
Darwinian movement, 5 Davenport, 158, 173 Delayed reaction, 104, 189 de modzelewski, 308 De Vries, 161 Dexler, 305 Distance receptors, cutaneous, 41 " Dog of Mannheim," 315 Drinking, in chicks and in other young birds, 127 DUNLAP, 18 Ear: of amphibia, 373; of bird, Effect, of previous training upon habit formation, 239 Egg, early differentiation of structures in, 151 Ettlinger, 305 Evolution, direct adaptation theory of, 179 Examination, Claparede's, of the Elberfeld horses, 305 f., Experiments, by Parker and Sheldon, on smell in fish, 409 f.; on inheritance of ac- quired characters, 175 INDEX Factors, involved in fixation, Feenald, 18 Field observations of instincts, Field studies, 30 Fish, instinctive activities of, of arcs in habit, 251 Food, control of, 205 Forks, tandem driven, 81 ff. Franz, 239 Frequency, effect on habit of, 262; in habit formation, 61 Frisch, 350 Frog, decerebrate, 239 Galton, 16 Garner, 323 Gates, 204 General activity, stimulus to, 57 Glaser, 256 Goal, of the structuralist, 11 Goldsmith, 353 Grating, Ive's, 81 GUDERNATSCH, 181 Gustation, 38 Gustatory organs, 412 Habit formation, experimental study of, 184; under height- ened stimulation, 186 Habits, formed without use of punishment, 205; formed with use of punishment, 206; for- mation of, with stimuli en- hanced, 281; language, 320; language, lack of, in brutes, 321; limited by nervous struc- tures, 151; of manipulation, 188; of manipulation: in birds, 197; in mammals, 196; motor, 187 f.; sensory, 188; speech and bodily. 19 Haeckel, 305 Haggerty, 286 Hamilton, 61, 111 Harrison, 149 Hartee, 202 Hayes, 237 Helmholtz, 371 Heredity, 152 Herrick, 427 Hereick: experiments on func- tion of taste buds in fishes, Hess, absorption theory of, 339 f.
Hibernation, 30 Hicks, 203 HoBHOUSE, 280, 287 Hodge, 38 Hoi'ER, experiments upon lateral line organs. 394 f.
Hooker, 149 Flormone theory, 180 Horses of Elberfeld, 303 Hunger, in animals, 59 Hybrids, 153 f.
Image and eye muscle strain. 18; as a form of implicit behavior, 16; tactual and kinaesthetic elements in, 18 Imagery, 324 Imitation, 49, 321 Imitation, classification of, 278 Imitation, experimental results Imitation: in birds, 294; in mammals, 282 ff.; instinctive, Improvement in instinctive be- havior, 138 Incentives, control of. 204 Induction shocks, 204 Inheritance of acquired charac- ters, 174 INDEX Inheritance of behavior com- plexes, 156 Initial performance of instinctive acts, 125 Installation of air system, 82 f.
Instinct and habit, 40 Instinct, modification through social influence, 141 Instinct, general types of, 8, 111 Instinct, use of term, 106 Instinctive acts, hereditary char- acter of, 144 Instinctive functions, 42 Instincts: origin of, 148; results of experimental study of, 124; serial unfolding of, 128; wan- Intensity, white light, regulation Introspective method, 8 johannsen, 159 Johnson, 81, 86; experiments on audition in dogs, 379 Jumping, in rats, 220 Kalischee, 38; experiments on audition in dogs, 374 f.; further experiments of, 378 Kellogg, 102 Kinsesthetic sense, 430 Keeidl, 389 Kulpe, 22 Lagena, 371 f.
Lamarck, Laws of, 174 Langfeld, 237 Language, habits, early predomi- nance of. 331; forms of, 333; nature of, 328 Language, instinctive basis of, Larynx, 19 f.
Lateral line organs, 394 Learning, 45; complex forms of, 48 f.; conditions which affect, 225; effect of fasting upon, 237; effects of removing parts of nervous system upon, 238 f.; in decerebrate frog. 239; proc- ess, abridgment of. 277 Lewis, 149 Limits of spectral sensitivit}'^: in birds with day vision, 336; in birds with twilight vision, 339; in chick, 338; in fish, 341; in mammals, 335 f.; in reptiles and in amphibia, 341 f.
Localization of brain function, 20; of sound stimuli, 36 LoEB, 317 Lyon, 428 Mackenzie, 315 Mammals, motor habits in, 189 Martin, 204 Mast, 354 Mazes, description of, 93 McDougall, 163 Membrane, basilar, 378 Mendel: Laws of segregation of, " Mental States," construction Methods and apparatus in be- havior, 56 Methods: control and auxiliary, 69; dependent upon instinctive responses. 68; expressive, 26; of eliminating sensory im- pulses, 209; of studying in- stinct, 113; of studying the receptors of animals, 61; phys- iological, of testing for color sensitivity, 352 Migration, 30 Mimicry in fish, 124 Morgan, Lloyd, 278 Morgulis, 364 INDEX Motor habits: in human beings, 201; methods of studying, 92; results of experimental analy- Movements, minimal, 302 f., 311; repetition of, in absence of original stimulus, 273; throat and laryngeal, 325 "Muhamed," 303 f.
Multiple stimuli method, 61 Mutations: cause of, 164; effect of natural selection upon, 168; frequency of, 164; not swamped by cross-breeding, 165 Natural selection, changes in con- cept of, 167; Darwinian con- ception of, 166 Newman, 120 NUEL, 9 Objections, to behaviorists' posi- tion, 16- Olfaction, 38 Olfaction, in habit formation, 40 Olfactory apparatus, 90 Olfactory reactions: in birds, 403; in fish, 407; in mammals, Obbelli, 364 Organ of Coeti, 37 Organic processes and imagery, 18 Organic sense, 429 f.
Organisms, fitness for environ- ment of, 167 f.; origin of di- versities in, 157 Organs, gustatory, 412 Orientation, in maze, 218 Osboene, 429 Otolith, 372 Pangenesis, 180 409 f.; experiments upon gus- tatory responses in fish, 414 f.
Pathology, sexual. 25 Pawlow's Methods, 65; as modi- fied by Nicolai, 67 Pecking in chicks, 138 ff. " Perseverance Method," 1, 46 Photo-electric change in retina, PiLLSBURY, 254 f.
Piper, 342 Plateaux, 202 Pleasure-pain, infiuence of in fix- ation of arcs in habit, 252 f.
Position habits, 63, 430 POULTON, 170 " Preferences," in animals, 171 f.
Pressure blower, 82 Prisms, spacing and reversing, 72 Problem box method, 93 Problem boxes, description of, Problems: grouping of, in learn- ing, 46; in behavior, 29; in fix- ation, 260; in gustation, 40; in vision, 33 Program, nature of the behavior- ists', 9 Protective resemblance, 170 Przibram, 171 Psychologj^: branches of, 12; functional, 8; nature of, 1; starting point of, 10 Psychological premises, unsatis- factory nature of, 1 f.
Punishment, 60; vs. reward, 201 PuRKiNJE phenomenon, 342; demonstration of, 350; in rep- tiles, 355 " Putting through," effect of, 282 Quantitative study of instinctive function, 138 Range of auditory sensitivity. 36 Recency, effect on habit of. 262; and frequency in habit forma- tion, 61 Reflex, content of term, 110 Reflexes, auditory in fish, 390; connected with smell, 39 INDEX Reighaed, 122, 171 Reptiles and amphibia, lack of constant hunger in, 59 Reptiles, instinctive activity of, 120; motor habits in, 195 Response, delaj^ed overt, 19; instinctive types of, 42; reflex to light, 33; special forms of, in fish, 123; to a-periodic vibrations, 37; to environmen- tal sounds, 37; to form and size: in birds, 365; in mam- mals, 362; in reptiles and in amphibia, 367 Response, to pendular vibrations, 36; to white light: in birds, 360; in fish, 361; in mammals, Retention, 241 Retention: in amphibia and in reptiles, 248; in birds, 247; in mammals, 245 Riley, 361 Rod vision in birds, 339 Romanes, tests on smell in hunt- ing dogs, 400 f.
Rommel, 174 RuRiG, 181 Rotation of Hampton Court maze, 218 ROTHMAN, experiments upon audition in dogs, 377 Sacculus. 371 f. Sagitta, 372 Saunders, 170 Scala tympana, 373 Schaeffer, 367 School, objective, 9 Schroeder, 176 SCHULZE. 395 Search, for reasoning and imag- ery in animali=;. 333 Secondary stimuli. 57 Selenium Cell, 73; installation Selionyi, experiments on audi- tion in dogs by Pawlow meth- Sensation, attributes of, 7; cen- trally aroused, 18 Sense organs, removal of, 209 Sense of support in mammals, Sensitivity to wave length: in mammals, 347; in reptiles and in amphibia, 354 Sensory habits, 198 Sensory habits: fixation of arcs Sensory habits, methods of study, 61 Sex, influence on learning of, 236 Sex objects, 23 Sex organs, as a focus of sex ex- perience, 22; as initiating two kinds of impulses, 22; shrink- age of, 23 Sexual dimorphism, 171 Sexual selection, experimental evidence of, 172 Sheldon, 409 f.
Sheldon, experiments upon chemical senses of fish, 417 f.
Shepard. 140 Sherrington, 108 Shull. 161 "Simple reflex," 53 SiTOWSKI, 180 Slonaker, 236 Smell. 399 Sound stimuli, intensity of under water, 392 SOULE, 173 Sources, for spectrometer, 72 Spaulding, 146 Specific stimuli, 57 Spectrometer, 71, 76 Spectrum, " purified," of Helm- HOLTZ. 76 Stimulation, initial object of, 17 Stimulating efi'ect, of different spectral regions, 335 f.
INDEX Stimuli, negatively" responded to, 59; positively, 58; to locomo- tion, 57 Stimulus, localizing and enhanc- ing of, 279 Stimulus plates, standard, 80 Stockaed, 160 Stocking, 60, 201 Strong, 406 Structure, early differentiation Studies, on sex organs, 25 Stuetevant, 173 Substitution, 272 Syzmanski, experiments on localization, 380 Talbot's law, 35 Tandem driven forks, 81 ff.
Taste, 412 f.
Temperature, apparatus, 91 Temperature, sense in mammals, Terms used in behavior, 1 Thoendike, 18, 247, 256, 282, TiTCHENEE, 21 Todd, 181 Tonus in striped muscles, 24 TORELLE, 361 Training, limits of, 297; meth- ods, efficiency of, 47, 228 Teiplett, 194 Tumescence, 22 Types of habit, 187 f.; of in- stinct, 111; of instinctive re- sponse, 42 Unit characters, 152; habits, 47 Variations, Daewixian concep- tion of, 158 f.; non-inheritance of continuous, 160 Variators, 81 Vincent, 421 f.
Vision, monochromatic light, 34; white light, 33 Vocal instincts, instructive reper- toire of, 37; modifications of, 37 Voice, modification of, in birds, VoN Uexkull, 9 Warning Coloration, 171 Waeeen, 289 Washbuen, 353 Weber-Baulee, 308 Weismann, 164 White light, introduction of, 73 Wolteeeck, 161 Wood worth, 18 Zwaardemaker, 38 f.
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