Content, see Consequences, and "What" Contracts, _versus_ status, 20; theory and value of, 158, 452 f., 496; of little benefit to wage-earner, 503-5, 529 f.; as obstacle to legislation, 505 f.; analyzed, 527 ff.
Control, the right as, 7; primitive means of enforcing, 54 ff.; challenged in Greece, 118 ff.; problem of, 217-9; theories concerning, 225, 232; external and internal, 353-61; self-control, 407; see Jural, Law, Standard, Right Convention, in Greek morals and ethics, 111 f., 124 f.
Coöperation, and mutual aid, 43; in industry, 43; in war, 44 f.; in art, 45 f.; as organized in corporations and unions, 495-507 Corporations, moral difficulties of, 498; management of, 500 f.; relations to employés and public, 501 ff.; require new types of morality, 517-22; capitalization of, 561 ff.
Corruption, political, 477, 537-9 Coulanges, 19 Courts, primitive, 61; as school of morality, 182 f.; as instruments of oppression, 195; civil, ethical value of, 454; in labor disputes, 504 f.; recognition of public welfare by, 555 f.
Covenant, in Hebrew moral development, 94 ff.
Criminal Procedure, reform of, 468-9 Criterion of the moral, 5-13, 202 ff.; of the good and right, typical theories of, 224 ff.; see Good, Right, Kant, Utilitarianism, Plato, Aristotle Crusades, 154 Cunningham, W., 157 Custom, and the term ethics, 1; in early group life, 17 ff.; as "second level" of conduct, 38, 51; general discussion of, 51 ff., 171 ff.; educational, 57 ff.; jural, 59 ff.; birth, marriage, death, 64 f.; festal, 65; hospitality, 67 f.; values and defects of, 68 ff.; transition to conscience from, 73 ff.; transition among Hebrews, 95 f.; among Greeks, 110 ff.; opposed to "nature," 120 f.; Grote on, 172 f.; compared with reflective morality, 172 ff.; and moral rules, 330-2, 431 Cultus, of Hebrew priesthood, 97 ff.
Cynics, 112, 125 f.
Dante, 150 Darwinism, and morals, 371 f.; see Naturalism and intuition, 322-3; and conscience, 421; of crucial importance, 464 Democracy, in Greece, 119 f.; development of, 151 ff., 162 f.; moral, 303; and moral problems, 474-81; the corporation in relation to, 500; and economic problems, 521 f.; and individualism, 530, 535; as agency, 558; and the family, 594, 600 f.
Descartes, 164 f.
Desire, hedonistic theory of, 269; relation to pleasure, 270-1; to happiness, 272-3; and reason, 308; their organization, 317; conflict with duty, 339-46; and temperance, 406-8 Dharna, 63 Distribution, theories of, 545-50; present inequalities in, 545; individualism and, 546; equal division, 547; a working programme, 548-50 Dominicans, 149 f.
Duty, Chapter XVII.; Stoic conception, 140 f.; origin of the term, 176; standpoint of, 232; double meaning of, 337; conflict with desire, 340; explanation of, 342-4, 362-3; authority of, 344; social character of, 345; utilitarian view of, 353-62 Eckstein, 577 Economic conditions and forces, in kinship and family groups, 24 f.; help to effect transition from group morality to conscience, 76; among Hebrews, 93 f.; among Greeks, 119 ff.; modern, 155-63; in reflective morality, 194; restrict physical freedom, 444; and freedom of thought, 447; legislative reform of, 481; in relation to happiness and character, 487 ff.; social aspects of, 491 ff.; require ethical readjustment, 496, 517-22; impersonal character, 511 f.; ethical principles, 514 ff.; unsettled problems, 523-65 Education, moral significance of, 168 f.; right to, 446 f.; restrictions upon, 448 f.; hedonistic, 288-9 (see Chapter XV.); naturalistic theory of, 368-74; contrasted with altruism, 375; explanation of, 377-81; see Self, Individualism Ellis, H., 584 Eliot, George, 154, 301 discussion of, 329-32 Ends, and Means, 210; relation of happiness to, 273-4; utilitarian, conflicts with its hedonistic motive, 289; social and rational, 314; kingdom of, 315 and 433 Enlightenment, period of, 163, 165 ff.
Epictetus, 140 Epicureans, theory of life, 125, 135, 218; Ethics, definition, 1; derivation of term, 1; specific problem of, 2; method of, 3-13 Chapter IV., 175 see Happiness, Self-realization Evil, problem of, in Israel, 100 ff.
Excitement, and pleasure, 408 Ezekiel, on personal responsibility, 104 "Fagan, J. O.," 503 Family, or Household Group, 23-31; as an agency in early society, 47-9; as affected by reflective morality, 193; and contract, 453; history of, 571-8; psychological basis of, 578-84; strain in, 584-9; present factors of strain in, 590-4; and the economic order, 594-9; authority in, 599-603; and divorce, 603-5 Feelings, the hedonistic ultimate, 225; an ambiguous term, 249-51; Mill on importance of, 294 Feud, see Blood Feud Fichte, 490 Fisher, G. P., 143 Fiske, John, 581 Franchises, abuses of, 539 Franciscans, 149 f.
Francke, Kuno, 149 Freedom, Pauline conception, 108; see Rights Freund, E., 555 Galileo, 164 Genetic Method in Ethics, 3 Gentleman, in Greece, 116 f.; mediæval and class ideal of, 144 f., 149, 155-7 Genung, J. F., 102 Germans, customs of, 18, 53; character and ideals, 143 f., 149; family among, 575 f.
Golden Rule; 334 origin of the conception of moral, 183 f.; in group morality, 69-72; Hebrew ideals of, 107-9; significance in Greek thought, 113, 117, 119, 124; Greek individualistic and hedonistic theories of, 126; and modern civilization, 154 ff., 557 f.; as happiness, 169, Chapter XIV.; private and general, 289-300, 308; good men as standard, 279, 324; rational and sensuous, 337; wealth as, 487; see Happiness, Value Goodness, 233, 251; formal and material, 259 n.; of character, 279; and happiness, 284; and social interest, 298; intrinsic, 318-20; and progress, 422; see Virtue Government, distrust of, 474; reform of, 479-80; see also State Gray, J. H., 17 Greeks, early customs, 18 f., 46; compared with Hebrews, 91 f.; Green, on duty, 225; on hedonism, 269; on practical value of utilitarianism, 287-8; on moral progress, 429 Grosscup, Judge, 552 Group ideal, mediæval, 144 f.; see Class Ideal Group Life, early, Chapter II.; necessary to understand moral life, 17; typical facts of, 17; kinship, 21 ff.; family, 23 ff.; ownership of land in, 24; other economic aspects of, 25 f.; political aspects of, 26-30; rights and responsibilities of individual in, 27-30; religious aspects of, 30-2; age and sex groups in, 32-4; moral significance of, 34 f.
Group Morality, 34 f., 51 ff.; values and defects of, 68-73; in early Hebrew life, 92; in Middle Ages, 144 f.; persistence of, 173-8; in legal progress, 456; and international relations, 481 f.; in industrial conflicts, 500 effect on knowledge, 319; effect upon desire, 342-3 Hammurabi, Code of, 82, 105, 574 Happiness, and pleasure, 230, 263; ambiguity in conception of, 266; relation to desire, 272-4; as standard, 275-80; elements in its constitution, 281-3; final or moral, 284; general, 286; and sympathy, 300-3; and efficiency, 373; private and public, 395-7; see Eudæmonism, Good Hazlitt, on Bentham, 268; on excitement, 409 n.
Hearn, 24 Hebrews, early morality, 18; moral development, 91-110; compared with Greek, 91 Hedonism, 230; Hebrew, 106 f.; Greek, 126, 132 f.; criticism of, 269-75; universalistic, 286; egoistic character of, 289-94; Kant's, 309; paradox of, 352; its theory of duty, 353 Hegel, on institutional character of morals, 225-6 Hobhouse, L. T., on formation of custom, 54; on social order and individuality, 428; on the family, 575 f., 577 Höffding, 253 n.
Hosea, 95 Hospitality, in group morality, 67 "How," the, in conduct, 5-8, 228 f., 240; in group morality, 69 f.; in Hebrew morality, 102 ff.; in Greek ethics, 136 ff.; see Attitude Howard, 576 Ideal, _vs._ actual in Greek thought, 136-8; meaning of, 421 f.
India, customs of, 26, 63, 524 Indifferent Acts, 205-6, 210-11 among Hebrews, 104; development of, in modern civilization, 148-69; as affected by reflective morality, 187-92; and society, 427-36; relation to corporations and unions, 500-3; see Individualism, Self Individualism, as factor in transition from custom to conscience, 75; forces producing, 76-87; in Greece, 114-24, 432; in Greek ethical theory, 124-6; in ethical theory, 225 f., 290; true and false, 481; political formula of, 483 f.; in economic theory, 523-35; "survival of the fittest," 525, 532-4; does not secure real freedom, 529; other defects of, 551 ff.; on "unearned increment," 564 f.; in family, 604; see Individual, Self Industry, as a rationalizing agency, 39-42; differentiation in, 41; as a socializing agency, 42 f.; factor in effecting transition from custom to conscience, 76-8; modern development of, 155-9; agencies of, 497 Initiation, in primitive tribes, 58 see Chapter XX.
Intention, and Motive, 246-54, 257-8, 261; see Deliberation discussion of, 317-25; and casuistry, 325-8 Ireland, ancient law of, 24 f., 62, 83 Israel, moral development of, 91-110, 197 James, William, on the social self, 85-7; on animal activity, 204; on effect of emotion on ideas, 253 Japanese morality, 18 Jesus, 106 f., 109 Job, moral theory in, 97, 101 f., 106 Judgments, moral; see Moral 454-5, 467-8 Justice, in primitive society, 27 f.; in Greek theory, 113 f.; natural and conventional, 120 f.; as interest of the stronger, 122-4; modern demand for, 148, 161 ff.; virtue of, 414-7; development of civil, 456-63; formal and substantial, 465 f., 531; the new, 496 f.; and individualism, 530-5; in distribution, theories of, 545-50 Kafirs, clanship among, 19, 35 Kant, on unsocial sociableness of man, 75; forces of progress, 87 f.; his _Critique of Pure Reason_, 166; on dignity of man, 167; general standpoint, 169; individualism of, 191; and the "law of nature," 222 n.; on moral law, 228-9; on the Good Will, 241-3; his theory of will discussed, 241-46; on egoistic hedonism, 289; theory of practical reason, 309-17; theory of duty, 344, 346-52; on legality and morality, 432; Kinship, 21 ff.; see Group Life Knowledge, place in morals, 215; theories of, 231-2; close connection with emotion, 256 n.; with character, 279; see Chapter XVI.; Kant's theory of, 309-16; intuitional theory of, 317-24; casuistical view, 325-9; principles in, 333-4; and sympathy, 334; and conscience, 418-23 Labor, differentiation of, in early society, 41; the gentleman and, 156; church and, 156; and the law, 504-7; conditions of, 540 f.; of women and children, 540 f.; exploitation of, 542-4; Prof. Seager's programme for benefit of, 566 ff.; see Industry, Labor Union, Capital Labor Union, moral aspects of, 499 f.; revives group morality, 500; relations to the law, 503 ff.; disadvantages of, 503-6; violence of, 541; open and closed shop, 559 ff.
Lankester, Ray, 168 Law, as control in group life, 59-63; in Hebrew moral development, 95-8; righteousness of the, 103; Greek conceptions of, 118-23; and government, 194 f.; as defining rights, 454; development of, 456 ff.; formal in, 465; needed reforms in, 468 ff.; relation to corporations and unions, 503-7; needed to embody and enforce moral standards, 520 f.; moral, see Jural; and Right; see Civil Society, Courts, Justice, Legal, State see also Jural, Law, Right Leibniz, 165 Levels of conduct, 37-9, 51, 73 Liability, equals external responsibility, 436 Liberty, struggle for, 84 f.; see Freedom, Rights "Life," Hebrew and Christian moral ideal, 107; the moral as, 606 Locke, on natural rights, 152; on the "natural light," 166; his _Essay_, 166; on danger of fixed rules, 329 Love, between the sexes, 107; psychological analysis of, 578 ff.; as moral ideal, 100, 108 f.
Lubbock, 428 Machine, in production, 507 f.
MacLennan, 24 Magic, contrasted with religion, 30 n.; influence on morals, 457 f.; see Taboos Maine, status and contract, 20; Slav families, 60 Mallock, W. H., 533 Marriage, regulations for, in group morality, 64 f.; violation of, provokes moral reflection, 106; in reflective morality, 193; and contract, 453; Roman, 574 f.; church views of, 576 f.; see Divorce, Family, Sex Marti, 98 Mead, G. H., 164 Mean, Aristotle's conception of, 134 f.
Measure, among Greeks, 112 f.
Men's clubs and houses, 32 f.
Micah, 99 Mill, John Stuart, on Bentham's method, 235 n.; on motive and intention, 248; on disposition, 254; on partial and complete intent, 256; on the desirable, 265; on the quality of pleasure, 279-80; on utilitarian standard, 286; on general happiness, 290; criticism of Bentham, 293; on desire for social unity, 294, 295, 296; on personal affections, 299 n.; on general rules, 330; as democratic individualist, 525; on private property, 553 f., 556; on equality in the family, 601 women under, 576 f.
Moral, derivation of term, 1 f.; conceptions, derivation of, 175-7; differentiation of, 177-92; see Morality Morality, customary or group, 51 ff.; defined, 73; Hebrew, 91 ff. (Chapter VI.); Greek, 111 ff. (Chapter VII.); Modern, 142 ff.; customary and reflective, compared, 171 ff.; subjective and objective, 259; Kant's view of, 309-10; social nature of, 431; and legality, 433, 439; changes in, necessitated by present economic conditions, 496 f., 517 ff.
Mores, or customs, Chapter IV.; definition, 51; authority and origin of, 52-4; means of enforcing, 54-7, 172 Moses, 82 in customary morality, 70; purity of, insisted on by Hebrews, 105 f.; relation to effort and achievement, 243-6; relation to intention, 246-54, 257-8, 261; hedonistic theory of, criticized, 273, 288-92; sympathy as, 298-300; Kantian view of, 346-8; egoistic, 379-80; altruistic, 385-6; Naturalism, ethical, 369-75; and individualism, in the economic, 525, 532-4; see Nature Nature, opposed to convention among Greeks, 111 f.; 124-31, 135; in modern development of rights, 152 f.; versus artificiality of society, 221 f.; see Naturalism Nemesis, 132, 139 Newton, 165 Nineteenth Century, development of intelligence in, 163 Obligations, 186; and responsibility, 440; and rights, 441; see Duty Optimism and courage, 412-3 "Oregon case," decision of U. S. Supreme Court in, 540 Ought, 176; see Duty Owen, 161 Paley, 354 n.
Parsifal, 149 Parties, political, 478 Paul, his ethics, 100, 108 f.
Peace, as moral ideal, 108 Perfectionism, 231 Pessimism, and courage, 413 Pindar, 122 Plato, on the necessity of the moral sense, 2; moral influence of art, 42; duty to strangers, 67; on measure, 112; religious critic, 116; on the "gentleman," 117; presents arguments of individualists, 120 ff.; on the State, 127, 129 f.; on the good, 131 ff.; on pleasure, 132 f.; on the ideal, 136 ff.; on the self, 140; on rule of wealthy, 491; on private property, 494 Pleasure, good measured by, among early Hebrews, 107; not the object of desire, 269-71; relation to happiness, 230, 281-3; and sympathy, 291-2; control of, 407-8 Pollock and Maitland, 460, 576 Post, 61 Principles, 179; nature of, 333-4; as motives, 350-2 Problems of Moral Theory, Chapter XI. (211-23); Production, moral cost of, 489; efficiency of, in individualistic systems, 527; regulation of, 528 f.
Property, in primitive groups, 24-6; taboo as substitute for, 55; as factor in growth of individualism, 79 f., 83, 94, 119 f.; Plato on, 130; the Church on, 146 f.; and wealth, 487 f.; and character, 490; social aspects of, 491 f.; private, and social welfare, 493-5; implies public service, 515-7; value of private, 551; defects in present system, 551 ff.
Prophets, Hebrew, 99 f.
Protagoras, 2 Protestantism, conception of marriage, 577 Public Agency, theory of, 525, Chapter XXV.; advantages claimed by, 537 ff.
Public ownership, 494 f.
Punishment, as necessitating moral judgment, 96 f.; evil viewed as by Hebrews, 96 f., 101; and duty, 353-5; and justice, 417; and social welfare, 442-3; and intent, 461; reform of, 470 Puritans, conception of God-given rights, 152; of art, 155; emphasized value of work, 156 Reason, as element in the moral, 10, 12, 40-2; as standard among Greeks, 91, 131 f., 134; age of, 163, 166; see Chapter XVI.; defined, 306; relation to desire, 308; is social, 315; value of principles, 333; and sympathy, 334; opposition to desire, 338, 340; and virtue, 405; and conscientiousness, 418-23 Religion, in early group life, 30-2; socializing force, 81 f.; moral agency among Hebrews, 94-102; ideals of mediæval, 145-7; modern development of, 148-50; and customary morality, 180; in reflective morality, 195 ff., 432, 448; as sanction of the family, 582; see Church.
Renaissance, 163 ff.
Responsibility, collective, in group life, 17-20, 63, 70, 102; meaning of, 436-9; for accidents, 458-60; for carelessness and negligence, 463-5; as affected by modern economic conditions, 500-3, 519 f.
Revolution, American, 152; English, 151; French, 152; Riehl, W., 595 Right, as subject of ethics and moral judgments, 1-3, 37 f., 201-3, among Hebrews as righteousness, 102-4, 109; among Greeks as justice, 113 f., 140; see also Jural, Justice, Law, Reason, Standard Righteousness, typical theme in Hebrew morality, 91 f., 99, 101, 102 ff., 109, 188; as justice, 414; see Right, Justice Rights, development of, 83 ff., 151 ff.; natural, 152 f.; modern assertion of, 186; and freedom, 440; and obligations, 441; physical, 442-4; mental, 445-9; civil, 452; contract, 452; of association, 453; to use of courts, 454; development of civil, 456-66; political, 473-4 Ritual, 55 Romanticists, on art and morality, 155 Rome, government and law, contribution to modern morality of, 142, 152, 218, 222; Ross, E. A., 520 Rules, general, 325-35; and casuistry, 326-8; and legalism, 328-9; utilitarian view of, 329-32; distinguished from principles, 333-4 Sanctions, Bentham's theory of, 354; internal, 359 Sceptics, 135, 218 Schiller, 42; on Kant, 349 Schopenhauer, 82 Schurtz, 33 Science, as agency in effecting the transition from custom to conscience, 78-80; in Greek development, 114-9; in modern period, 155, 167 f.; influence on morals, 469, 473-6; as promoting justice, 557-9; and family problems, 593 f., 601-3 Seager, Henry R., programme of social legislation, 566 ff.
Secret societies, 33 Seebohm, F., 29, 61 Self, higher and lower, 5, 347 f.; social, how built up, 11, 86 ff.; individual and tribal or clan, 23 f.; Greek conception of, 138-41; the twofold, 310; Arnold on, 338; Kant on, 347; as social, 294, 345; fictitious theory of, 221, 361; theories regarding its nature, see Chapter XVIII.; self-denial, 364-8; self-love and benevolence, 375-91; see Individual, Self-sacrifice Seneca, 140 Sense, moral, 317-22 Sex, groups on the basis of, 32 f.; as a socializing agency, 47 f.; as prompting to self-assertion, 82; taboos, 55, 60, 65; in Hebrew conceptions, 98, 107; in different standards for men and women, 142 ff.; vices, 82, 189; psychology of, 578-81; differences between the sexes, 584-8 Shop, open _vs._ closed, 559 Simmons and Wigmore, 18 Slavery, 84 Smith, Adam, on the formation of conscience, 141; on sympathy, 160; as individualist, 525, 527 Smith, Arthur, 69 Smith, H. P., 106 Smith, J. A., 555 Smith, Munroe, 555 f.
Social Ends, of utilitarianism, 287 (see Chapter XV.), 296; and happiness, 302-3; and rationality, 314; and duties, 338, 345; and altruism, 389-90; and individuality, 430 on production, 537 ff.; in decision of U. S. Supreme Court, 556; see Public Agency, Collectivism, Individualism 191 Spahr, C. B., 545 Spargo, John, 543 Speech, freedom of, 446 Spencer, Herbert, on primitive morality, 70; on nature and morality, 52, 53; on conduct as indifferent and as ethical, 205-6; on feeling as ultimate end, 225; on consequences, 234 n.; on happiness 265 n.; on duty, 358-60; on æsthetic ingredients of happiness, 374 n.; on reward and merit, 515; on voluntary limitation of competition, 532 Standard, right as, 7; in group morality, 34; law of deity as, 95-7, 103; measure as, 112; popular, in Greece, 116 f.; felt necessity of in Greece, 118, 124; for pleasure, 132 f.; the "mean" as, 135 f.; importance of, 138; utilitarians confuse with object of desire, 266-9; why necessary, 274; happiness as, 275-80; general happiness as, Chapter XV.; the rational, 307; revision of, 422; of political action, 482-5 Professor Seager's programme for, 566-70 State, the, early group as germ of, 26-30, 61 f.; as bearer of moral ideals in Israel, 92 f., 100, 108 f.; in Greece, 127; authority challenged, 118-24; Plato and Aristotle on, 127-30; moral effect of organization of, 194 f.; moral value of, 434-6; defined, 451; see Chapter XXI.
Stephen, on love of happiness, 273; on egoism, 378 n.; also 265 n.
Stoics, the "wise man" of, 135; on following nature, 136; on inner self, 140; on conflict between the moral and the actual order, 185; cosmopolitanism, 187; on control of passions, 217 Sumner, on "mores," 51; on luck, 53; on taboo, 55; on Ethos, 175; gladiatorial shows, 189; on relation between goodness and happiness, 396 n.
Sutherland, 48 see Sympathy Sympathy, as factor in socialization, 11, 35, 44; fostered by art, 45 f.; and family life, 47 f.; and hospitality, 68; when moral, 49, 70; in the moral judgment, 141 n.; modern development of, 160 f.; Bentham's view of, 291-2; Mill's view of, 293-4; importance of, 298-9; principle of knowledge, 334; and duty, 348-9; and efficiency, 370-3; and thoughtfulness, 465; see Sympathetic Resentment Taboos, 55, 60 f.; Hebrew, 96; survival of, in modern life, 174 Tariff, protective, 560 Taxation, 555 Teleological, types of moral theory, 224; see Good, Value Temperance, 405-10; Greek view of, 117, 406; Roman, 407; Christian, 408 Theodorus, 126 Theory, relation to practice, 4, 212, 606; types of, classified and discussed, 224-39; see also Problems Thomas, W., 584 Thoreau, 489 Totem groups, 30 Torts, 455 Toynbee, A., 492 Trades Unions, see Labor Union United States, individualism in, 554; Supreme Court decisions, 555 f.
Utilitarianism, relation of, to modern civilization, 169; theory of intention, 246-52; theory of the good, Chapters XIV. and XV.; method of, 275; introduction of the idea of quality, 279; its social standard, Chapter XV.; theory of general rules, 329-31; theory of duty, 353-61; see also Bentham, Mill Valuation, changed basis of, 508-11; see Value Value, as "higher and lower," 6, 197; the good as, 7 f., 12; measure of, among Hebrews, 107 f.; question and standard of, among the Greeks, 116, 119, 125 ff.; in modern civilization, 153-7, 169, 194; moral, and incompatible ends, 207-9; and teleological theories, 224; of Good Will, 241 Vices, of reflective stage of morality, 189 ff.
Virtue, 230, 397, Chapter XIX.; origin of term, 156, 176; general meaning, 230, 397; in Greek popular usage, 117 f.; as "mean," 134; as wisdom, 135; highmindedness as, 135; meaning in group morality, 176; defined, 399-402; classified, 402-3; aspects of, 403-4; cardinal, 405 Voltaire, 166, 195 Voluntary Action, its nature, 9 f., 201 f.; agencies tending to evoke, 57, 75 ff.; covenant as implying, 95; fundamental, in Hebrew morality, 91, 105 f.; relation to moral theories, 227; divided into "inner" and "outer," 227-30; 237-9, 261, 432; place of motive and endeavor, 243-6; place of disposition, 254-8; and accident, 459-60; see Conduct War, as agency in development, 42, 44, 66, 84; and right to life, 442 f.; and organized humanity, 482 Wealth, in Israel, 93 f.; in Greece, 119 ff.; and property, 487 f.; subordinate to personality, 514; should depend on activity, 514 f.; implies public service, 515-7; distribution of, 521 f., 545 ff.; see Property Welsh, kin group, 29, 61 Wergild, 30, 62 "What," the, meaning of, 5-8; in group morality, 71; in Hebrew morality, 102 ff.; in Greek theory, 125 ff.; relation to the "how" as outer to inner, 228-39; see Attitude, Consequences, "How" Windelband, 126 Wisdom, as chief excellence or virtue with Plato, 118; Aristotle, 135; Sceptics, Epicureans, and Stoics, 135; as standard for pleasure, 133; nurse of all the virtues, 405; as conscientiousness, 418-23 Woman, as "leisure class," 157, 188; as laborer, protection for, 489, 540; and the family, 572 ff.; subordination of, 574 f.; her temperamental and occupational distinction from man, 584 ff.; effect of industrial revolution upon, 591 f.; and occupations, 594 ff.; determines consumption, 598 f.; use of higher training for, 599, 602; see Family, Marriage, Sex Work, see Industry, Labor Worth, see Value Wyclif, 150 Xenophon, 115 f.
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