ern commerce, 383. and selling relations of the industrial Capitalist System, its unsound policy capitalist, 347.
demonstrated by the demand that all Commercial Credit, if easy relieves inwealth is suddenly to be transformed dustrials and merchants from the presinto money, 673. sure of bank credit, 689.
Capitalization of rent has for its pre- Commercial Credit, its limits defined, 564.
mise the existence of rent, 730. Commercial Credit, the basis of the credit Carey, represents ground rent as identi- system, 562.
cal with interest, 729. Commercial Credit, two things to be Cattle Raising, determination of prices noted in its cycle, 563.
in it different from that in the pro- Commercial Labor realizes values but duction of staple crops, 891. does not create them, 351.
Causes of popular misconception of the Commercial Labor socially necessary and origin of profits, 362. productive of profit, but not of sur- Cereals, exported by colonies or new plus-value, 350.
countries at low prices, sold below the Commercial Price and Price of Producinternational price of production, 784. tion compared, 334.
Changes in composition of constant cap- Commercial Profit as seen on the surital, its causes, 74. face, 333.
Chemical Industry utilizing waste, 122. Commercial Profit determines the indus- Church, its role in the development of trial profit during precapitalist stages interest, 719. of society, 338.
Index.
Commercial Profit not surplus-value cre- ated by merchants, 330.
Commercial Profit originally a profit upon alienation, 388.
Commercial Selling Price based upon in- dustrial price of production, 363.
Commercial Wage Workers are exploited as producers of profit but not of sur- plus-value, 346.
Commercial Wage Workers produce profits but not surplus-value, 345.
Commodities and Money are capital in the circulation only in their relations to the capitalist himself, 4U3.
Commodity, its value-composition an- alyzed, 40.
Commodities of average composition and their prices of production, 241.
Commodities, sacrificed for the sake of Commodities sold above and below Comparative Increase of Population and Surplus- Value, 275.
Competition detaches surplus-value from its source and gives it the appear- ance of a self-dependent value, 1165.
Competition does not show how value is determined, 244.
Competition, dominated by accident, from the individual standpoint, 964.
Competition of Lands, determined by opportunities offered to capitalists for investment, not by the wishes of land- Composition of average social capital represented in various spheres of pro- duction, 203.
Compound Interest a disguise for the public debt, 465.
Compound Interest, its possibilities, 466.
Concentration of capital and expropria- tion of direct producers go hand in Concentration of Money, enables indi- vidual capitalist to create a stringency, Concentration of merchants' capital pre- cedes historically the concentration of industrial capital, 348.
Conflict between expansion of produc- tion and creation of values, 280.
Conflict between interests of individual capitalists and interests of capitalist class destroys some capital, 297.
Consignments to India, made purely for the sake of getting money advanced Constant Capital, can never be converted into revenue, 980.
Constant Capital, from a capitalist point of view is cheaper than variable capi- tal, so far as cost price and not sur- plus-value is concerned, 806.
Constant Capital, how reproduced, al- though the total annual product of values is only equal to wages plus surplus-value, 986.
Constant Capital, its variation changes Constant Capital, its saving due to pro- ductivity of labor, 101.
Constant Capital, may be released or tied up by depreciation or appreciation of its component elements, 139.
Constant Capital, inay express the same value in money and yet represent different quantities of means of pro- duction, 77.
Contradiction, alleged, between Marx's theory of value and Average rate of profit, 18.
Contradiction between fall of average rate of profit and accumulation of capital inverted in consciousness of capitalists, 263.
Co-Operative Factories, a beginning of the new society within the old, 521.
Cost of Circulation requires additional merchants' capital and enters into the selling price of commodities, 339.
Cost price and Labor Cost (Value) com- pared, 38.
Cost Price contains only a part, not all of the fixed capital, 45.
Cost Price, its relation to the average rate of profit, 184.
Cost Price formed exclusively by cap- ital actually consumed in production of commodity, 45.
Cost Price, its false role in capitalist economics, 40.
Cost Price may differ from its sum of values even in the case of commodities of average composition, 242.
Cost Price obliterates distinction between constant and variable capital, 44.
Cost prices of various lines of produc- tion contained in individual cost price of each capital, 188.
Cost Price smaller than value and price of production, 195.
Cotton Crisis 1861-1865, its history, 147 Cotton Workers in England, their condi- Counting the same item twice in the calculation of profits on social capital, Credit, accelerates the individual phases of circulation, 516.
Credit as an all-around practice, 472.
Credit, becomes meaningless as soon as means of production can no longer become capital, 713.
Credit, by means of fictitious capital, may keep up the appearance of sound business long after returns fail, 569.
Credit, easy during times of prosperity, Credit for industrial capital assured so long as the process of reproduction keeps going, 567.
Credit, grew out of the necessities of shippins; to far distant points, 718.
Credit, illusions about its effects in its early stages, 709.
Credit, promotes the velocity of the currency, 612.
Credit, three ways in which it econo- mizes money, 515.
Credit, when prevalent, increases the ve- locity of money circulation faster than the prices of commodities, and cre- ates the opposite condition, when scarce, 530.
Credit Money, its convertibility be- comes problematical v/ith the e.xport of Index.
Credit Operations, changed the character of English business, 585.
Credit bwindlers, derive benefit from purely technical increase of loanable capital, 584.
Credit and Banking System, places at the disposal of commercial and indus- trial capitalists all the available and potential capital of society, 712.
Credit Mobilier, its germ contained in Saint Simon's credit theory, 714.
Credit System, appears as the main lever of overproduction and over- speculation, 522.
Credit System, centralizes money power in the hands of parasites, 641.
Credit System, circulates advances of currency, not of capital, 624.
Credit System, its development cre- ates an oversensitiveness of the whole economic organism, 671.
Credit-System, its development has a tendency to depress the rate of inter- Credit System, its present form starts out with a recognition of interest as Credit System, suddenly changed into a monetary system during crises, 631.
Crises, exploited by money brokers, 493.
Crises first noted in wholesale business and banking, not in retail business, Crisis, its approach noticed by small banker through his dealing with small business men, 658.
Crisis, must be explained fundamen- tally by a disproportion between pro- duction and consumption, 568.
Crops, may exhaust or enrich the soil, according to bourgeois economists, 739.
Cultivated Land, must assist in feeding cattle, because there is not enough natural pasture, 892.
Cultivation, its extension does not de- pend upon a rise of prices, 786.
Cultivation, when inferior upon inferior soils, increases the rent upon supe- rior soils, 823.
Currency and Capital, their distinction really a difference between the money form of revenue and that of capital, Currency, as an expenditure of revenue, Currency, its circulation as distinguished from that of capital, 475.
Currency, its total mass must increase if means of payment increase faster than means of purchase decrease, 543.
Currency Principle, disproved by cotton Currency Principle, disproved by figures of bank reserves for 10 years, 647.
Currency Principle disproved by trade Currency Principle, its refutation by the Currency Principle, its failure in Eng- Currency Principle of Ricardo, teaches that gold and paper both depreciate in proportion as the currency ex- ceeds the normal business demand, Demand and Supply as much regulated by market-price and market-value as they are by demand and supply, 225.
Demand and supply in their relation to Demand and Supply, if balanced, leave the question open as to what deter- mines value, 223.
Demand and Supply, never fully bal- anced, but tending towards a balance during a certain long period, 224.
Demand for productive consumption is a demand for the production of sur- plus-value, 222.
Deposits, are money-capital for the de- positors, 599.
Deposits, loans given by the public to bankers, 555.
Deposits, their overwhelming portion ex- ists but in the banker's books, 478.
Deposits, three-fourths of them in Eng- land drew no interest before the de- velopment of stock banks, 591.
Depreciation of capital in value may be accompanied by a rise of the rate of Profit, 134.
Depreciation in the value of labor-power releases variable capital, 136.
Depreciation in value of labor-power, its effects analyzed, 137.
Differences in the proportions between fixed and circulating capital do not necessarily imply differences in the time of turn-over, ISO.
Differential Rent, depends also upon the area of cultivated land, not merely upon the prices of production, 774.
Differential Rent, essential distinction between No. I and No. H, 798.
Differential Rent, its calculation differs according to whether it is made per acre or per capital, 799.
Differential Rent, its different aspects summed up in 13 tables, 834 and fol- lowing.
Differential Rent, its general rule is that the market-value always stands above the total price of production, 773.
Dift'erential Rent, its law identical in rent No. I and No. II, 903.
Differential Rent, its law independent of the correctness of the assumption, that rent must arise from a price of production which is below the regulat- ing average, 807.
Differential Rent, its parallelism with the succession of fertilities, 832.
Differential Rent, its two forms mu- tual limits for each other, 856.
Differential Rent, made up of products or of money, it shows different ten- dencies, 800.
Differential Rent, may arise by a suc- cession from good to worse soil, or from bad to better soil, 771.
Differential Rent, may be produced even upon the worst soil, 857.
Differential Rent, may rise with a fall- ing rate of profit, 796.
Differential Rent, none produced without an investment of capital, 824.
Differential Rent, two additional ways.
Index.
in which it may arise upon the worst Differential Rents, proportioned, not to the degrees but to the differences of fertility, 833.
Differential Rent No. I, its modification also gives rise to a new development of differential rent No. II, 831.
Differential Rent No. I, its tabular for- mulation, 764.
Differential Rent No. I, the historical basis, from which modern ground rent starts out, 791.
Differential Rent No. II, altered ac- cording to whether fertile or poor land is used, 795.
Differential Rent No. II, conclusions drawn from its analysis, 851.
Differential Rent No. II, conditioned upon differential rent No. I, 793.
Differential Rent No. II, four cases of its fluctuation with a falling price of Differential Rent No. II, investment of capital successively upon the same piece of land with varying rates of productivity, 787.
Differential Rent No. II, must be con- verted into differential rent Xo. I, be- fore differential results can be ascer- tained, 844.
Differential Rent No. II, one of its pe- culiarities, which distinguish it from differential rent No. I, 808.
Differential Rent No. II, three cases, Differential Rent No. II, with a constant price of production, 801.
Differential Rent No. II, with a fall- ing price of production, 810.
Differential Rent No. II, its decrease in grain and money with a falling price of production, 811.
Differential Rent No. II, three ways in which it differs from differential rent Differential Rent No. II, with a falling price of production and an increasing rate of productivity of the additional capital, may be produced eventually upon the worst soil, 821.
Differential Rent No. II, with a rising price of production, 828.
Discount, a means of balancing the credit given by the credit taken, 503.
Distribution, its interrelations with pro- duction, 1024.
Dividends do not help to level the rate of profit, because they represent a lower than the average rate, 282.
Dividends, their quarterly payment causes a fluctuation in the circulation of bank notes, 618.
Dress Makers, their poor health, 114.
Dress Makers, their unhealthy work East India Company, its drafts a tribute levied on India, 683.
Economic laws to be understood as ap- proximating tendencies, 206.
Economic Romanticism, 467.
Economies gained in the generation of power by machinery, 116.
Economists admit overproduction of com- modities but deny overproduction of capital, 301.
"Economist," tries to prove that the movements of loan capital are identical with those of industrial capital, 688.
Economists confuse merchants' capital with productive industrial capital, 381.
Effects of struggle of antagonistic capi- talist interests shown in the destruction Engels, his share in Volume III, 12, 13.
Engels' Conundrum for economists, 18.
English Economists, look upon export of precious metals purely from an Eng- lish point of view, not from an inter- national one, 579.
English Farm Laborer, his abject condi- Exchange, between countries with differ- ent standards of metal, its rate is de- termined by the fluctuations in the rel- ative value of these metals, 695.
Exchange, its rate fluctuates according to the shifting of the international balance, 674.
Exchange of commodities at their values represents a lower stage of production than exchange at prices of production, Exchange, its rate affected by the rate of interest, 687.
Exchange, its rate may be influenced by a circuitous international transaction, Excrements of Production and Consump- Excrements of Production, used in econ- Expansion of Capitalist Production, necessary in order to prevent excessive accumulation of money-capital, 489.
E.xpense, for the appropriation of sur- plus labor, reduced through cheapening of raw materials, 96.
Exploitation may yield no surplus-value at all, or realize only a part of it, Exports, directly affect the rates of ex- change, if they transport goods, which require return payments, 677.
Factory Reports, on cotton industry, 146. Factory Reports, on fluctuations of prices, 145. Failings of capitalist economists in at- tempt to solve mystery of falling rate Fall in price of commodities accompanied by a relative increase of mass of profit, Fancies of economists concerning the self-producing faculties of capital, 464. Fictitious Capital, deprived of one of its sources by the completion of the Suez Financial Business first developed out of international commerce, 374_. Financial Capital, assumes function of Index. 1039 industrial money-capital in a part of Ground Rent, its seeming contradiction the circulation, 371. to the theory of value, 908.
Financial Capital, has not the special Ciround Kent, its total amount may rise form of circulation which commercial while its individual parts may fall, Financial Capital performs function of Ground Rent, justified by partisan. econoreceiving and paying money, 372. mists on the ground of its existence.
Fireman's attempted solution of the Con- 732.
tradiction, 24. Ground Rent, may disappear when the Fixed Capital, effects of its relative over- capitals of the same line, that are not production, 141. using a monopolized natural power, are Fixed Capital, its production and aug- able to introduce improvements by mentation runs ahead of that of or- which their cost price is reduced to ganic raw materials, 140. that of the capital producing ground Floating Capital, a form of loan capital rent, 759.
which retains its loaning form only for Ground Rent, the difficulty in its analya short period, 582. sis consists in explaining the excess of Fluctuations of Business advantageous agricultural profit over the average for the initiated, - 496. profit, 909.
Freedom, does not begin, until the point Ground Rent, the Marxian analysis starts is passed, where labor under the com- out from the assumption that agriculpulsion of necessity and of external tural products are sold at their prices utility is required, 954. of production, like industrial commod- Foreign Trade, by cheapening the ele- ities, 750.
ments of constant capital, tends to Ground Rent, the normal form of surcheck the falling tendency of the rate plus-production in feudal days, 910.
of profit, 278. _ Gold, disliked in Scotland, 6G1.
Foreign Trade develops the capitalist Gold, does not enter into consideration mode of production in the home coun- of English wholesale trade, (519.
try, 280. Gold, its discovery in recent times has Formulae of commercial capital compared raised the rate of interest, 623.
with those of producers' commodity- Gold, its drain does not necessarily bring capital, 321. on a crash, 667.
Formulae showing variations in the rates Gold, its excessive worship by bankers, Fullarton, his contrast between the de- Gold Exports, do not touch prices of mand for additional loan capital and commodities, but of securities, 646.
additional currency not correct, 532. Gold Reserve, its expansion and con- traction in connection with a fall or rise of interest an indicator of busi- G ness conditions, 504.
Good Government, an alleged article of Gambling in fictitious capital yields ac- export, 684.
tual capital, 561.
Ground Rent and Interest, their rates H have the same general tendency to fall with the rate of profit, 284. Heat, saved when price of coal increased.
Ground Rent, due in tlie last analysis 117.
to unpaid productivity of the soil, Hoards, their different forms, 376.
792. Horner, Leonard, exposes violations of Ground Rent, due to ownership of land, law by English capitalists, 107.
not to that of capital, 757.
Ground Rent, effect of a doubling of the I acreage upon its mass and rate, 775.
Ground Rent, errors to be avoided in Increase of number of laborers with a its study, 743. falling rate of profit, 256 Ground Rent, falsely represented as a Increasing Deterioration of the position deduction of money from products, of the commercial proletariat 355 Ground Rent, in the form of labor rent, tions to supply and demand '^88 represents unpaid surplus-labor, 917. Individual commodity, a fall in hs "price Ground Rent, its amount determined by gives no clue to the rate of profit '^69 the independent development of so- Individual Commodities, contain less and cial labor, in which it does not take less unpaid labor as capital is con- Ground Rent, its dependence upon the Individual commodities must be considcost price and the price of production, ered in their relation to the total cap- 752-. ital which produces them, 268.
Ground Rent, its most elementary con- Industrial Profit, determines agricultural Ground Rent, its peculiarity is that the Industrial Capital does not become a landlord acquires more power to ap- commodity as capital in the form of propriate surplus-values in proportion commodity-capital or money-capital as the capitalist system develops, 749. 402. ' Index.
Industrial Capital, its turn-over limited by the time of circulation and the time of production, 325.
Insanity of Capitalist Production, shown in the conception of wages as interest, 5-JS.
Intermingling of production and circu- lation falsifies their characteristic marks of distinction, 57.
Interrelations between quantities of la- bor, of raw and auxiliary materials, machinery and other fixed capital, 291.
Interrelations of mass and rate of profit and mass and increase of capital, 290.
Interest-Bearing Capital, an antediluvian form of capital, 696.
Interest-Bearing Capital, attempts to sub- ordinate it to commercial and in- dustrial capital during transition to cap- italism, 708.
Interest-Bearing Capital, distinguished from net profit producing capital by capitalists employing their own capital only when the ownership is vested in different individuals, 4o7.
Interest-Bearing Capital externalizes the relations of capital, 459.
Interest-Bearing Capital, gives to all rev- enue the appearance of interest on cap- Interest-Bearing Capital gives to capi- tal the appearance of a mere thing, Interest-Bearing Capital, its character as a separate category explained, 441, Interest-Bearing Capital, its owner makes a commodity of it as capital, 404.
Interest-Bearing Capital, its peculiar cir- culation, 400.
Interest-Bearing Capital, its quantitative and qualitative character analyzed, 443.
Interest-Bearing Capital, its rate of profit determined like that of industrial cap- Interest-Bearing Capital places interest above profit, 461.
Interest-Bearing Capital, separated even by capitalist who employs his own capital from producing capital, 437.
Interest-Bearing Capital shows its char- acter as a common capital of a class, Interest-Bearing Capital, surrounds itself with occult faculties, 715.
Interest as a category alien to the movements of industrial capital itself, Interest, a portion of the profit pro- duced by a capital, 399.
Interest expresses the self-expansion of money-capital, 418.
Interest, its average rate not a ten- dency like that of average profit, 430.
Interest in the Middle Ages, 717.
Interest, its differences for different kinds of securities do not militate against its uniformness within a cer- tain class of securities, 429.
Interest, its general rate appears as a uniform magnitude and not as a shift- ing one like the average rate of profit, Interest, its general rate fixed to a far greater degree by the world mar- ket than that of average profit, 432.
Interest, its high rate is not a cause of a high rate of profit, 500.
Interest, its legality recognized by me- dieval academies, 697.
Interest, its maximum limit marked by the profit itself, 421.
Interest, its rate highest during crises, Interest, its rate inversely proportional to the degree of industrial develop- ment, so far as interest depends upon profit, 423.
Interest, its rate may be raised through exceptional transactions, such as in- ternational state loans, 675.
Interest, its rate may leave the aver- age rate of profit untouched but not the industrial profit, 502.
Interest, limit of its rate determined by the supply and demand of money- capital, 495.
Interest may rise to a point where it swallows the greater portion of the profit, 499.
Interest, places the process of produc- tion in the light of not being op- posed to labor, 449.
Interest, relation of its rate to the prices of commodities, 691.
Interest, relation of its rate to the value Interest rises and falls with the total profit, if its relation to the profit is Interest should not be called the price of capital, 417.
Interest, supposed to exist even if money Inventions bring economies, 124.
Imports, their relative preponderance over exports measured on the whole by metal reserves in central banks, Irnprovements incorporated by tenants in the soil become property of the landlord and are added as interest on capital to ground rent, 726.
Improvements in the soil, tlieir appro- priation by the landlord an obstacle to rational agriculture, 727.
Improvements of machinery permit econ- omies in exploitation, 97.
Irish Land Bill, tried to compel land- lords to pay tenants for improvements, Labor, Accumulated, (Capital), does not create value, 23.
Labor and Surplus-Labor, their relative and alisolute growtli, 2.^)4.
Labor, Dift'erence between simple and complicated, does not affect the inten- sity of exploitation, 168.
Labor, does not produce value in its capacity of wage labor, but as labor generally, 958.
Labor, illustration of a case in which the productivity decreases with a de- crease of constant capital, 71.
Labor, its productivity altered by changes in the composition of capital, common to all modes of production, Labor, its productivity grows faster than Land, does not create value, 950.
the mass and value of the machinery Land, its private ownership not con- used by it, 129. cerned with the actual process of pro- Labor, its productivity in one indus- duction, 955.
try brings economies in another, 98. Land, with the worst kind of soil, differ- Labor, its productivity may increase ab- ent ways in which a capitalist may get solutely while declining relatively, 794. access to it without paying rent, 871.
Labor, paid and unpaid, only source of Land, with the worst kind of soil, must surplus-value, 22. pay more than the average price of Labor performed in mere circulation production before it can be rented, adds no value to commodities, 341. 879.
Labor, taken as a tise-value, is compared Land, yields a rent, not because capital by vulgar economy with land and has been invested, but because the in- other means of production in their vestment of capital makes land more capacity as use-values, regardless of productive, 866.
their particular social relations, 96i). Landlord, does not perform any pro- Labor, the continually self-renewing ductive function like the industrial means of producing revenue, 957. capitalist, 748.
Laborer, his life and health squandered Landlord, his position as a mere colto save profit, 103. lector of rent, without any active ca- Laborers oppose careless capitalists, 109. pacity in the process of production.
Laborers, powerless to enforce sanitary a specific outcome of capitalist de- conditions, 115. velopment, 1029.
Labor-Power, a rising demand for it Land Monopoly, does not create surcannot in itself be a cause for a ris- plus-value, but transfers it from the ing rate of interest, 602. industrial capitalist to the landlord, Labor-Power, a rising demand for it 758.
may raise the rate of interest by rais- Law of Average Rate of Profit rules ing the demand for money-capital, also these spheres of production, which 603. do not contribute directly or indirectly Labor-Power employed decreases on an to the laljorer's wants, 311.
average in proportion as the rate of Law of Increased Productivity does not relative surplus-value is raised, 274. apply absolutely to capital, 308.
Labor-Power, its double role as a value Law of Value regulates prices of proand a producer of value, 41. duction, 212.
Labor Rent, a form of rent, under which Law, that profits are proportioned as the the direct producer works with his magnitudes of capitals applies only to own means of production, 918. capitals of the same organic composi- Labor Rent, clearly shows both the sur- tion with the same rate of surplus- plus labor and the natural productive- value and the same time of turn-over, ness of labor applied to the soil, 920. 181.
Labor Rent, clearly shows identity of Lease, its long duration profitable for surplus-value with unpaid labor, 919. the tenant, who invests capital suc- Land, a rise in its price may be iden- cessively upon the same land, 788.
tical with a fall in the price of labor- Legislation, if unsound, may intensify power, 737. a money crisis, 575.
Land, as soon as appropriated in its Lending money means to remain its entirety, its price generally deter- owner, 415.
mined by that of the cultivated area. Lexis* explanation of Contradiction an- 782. alyzed by Engels, 19, 20.
Land, cases in which its price may Loanable Capital, becomes abundant comrise and their relation to interest and pared to the productive capital so long rent, 902. as the scale of production remains the Land, its monopoly a historical premise same, 573.
of capitalist production, 723. Loanable Capital, by itself is not re- Land, its price an element in the cost productive capital, 593.
price of the producers, but not an Loan Capital, a demand for it and its element in the price of production of supply would be identical with a dethe product, 944. mand and supply of capital in general.
Land, its price consumes capital, 940. if there were no money lenders, 609.
Land, its price does not represent an Loanable Capital, to what extent its acinvestment of agricultural capital, 942. cumulation coincides with actual ac- Land, its price has a tendency to rise, cumulation, 580.