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Editorial Appendix 601 370 429 371 NOTES TITLE PAGE AND OVERLEAF EPIGRAPH. Young. Edward Young, The Complaint or Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality (1742-44), IV, 629: Are passions, then, the pagans of the soul? Reason alone baptized?
Kierkegaard had Einige Werke von Dr. Eduard Young, I-III, tr. J. A. Ebert, (Braunschweig, Hildesheim: 1767-72; ASKB 1911). There were two Danish translations at the time, Forseg til en Oversettelse af Dr. Edward Youngs Klager eller Nattetanker, tr. Emanuel Balling (Helsingor: 1767), and Dr. Edward Youngs Klage eller Natte-tanker, tr. Barthold J. Lodde (Copenhagen: 1783). The Danish translation in Either/Or does not strictly follow Ebert (I, p. 95), Balling (p. 112), or Lodde (p. 108).
PREFACE 2. See, for example, G.W.F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, 1, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe, I-X VIII, ed. Philipp Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-45; ASKB 549-65), p. 178; Sdmtliche Werke. Jubilaumsaus- gabe [J.A.], I-X XVI, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), IV, p. 656; Hegel’s Science of Logic (tr. of W.L., Lasson ed., 1923; Kierkegaard had 2 ed., 1833-34), tr. A. V. Miller (New York: Humanities Press, 1969), p. 524: The inner is determined as the form of reflected immediacy or of essence over against the outer as the form of being, but the two are only one iden- tity. This identity is first, the substantial unity of both as a substrate preg- nant with content, or the absolute fact [Sache], in which the two determinations are indifferent, external moments. By virtue of this, it is a content and that totality which is the inner that equally becomes external, but in this externality is not the result of becoming or transition but is iden- tical with itself. The outer, according to this determination, is not only iden- tical with the inner in respect of content but both are only one fact.
See Fear and Trembling, p. 69, KW V1 (SV HI 118); Pap. II B 28.
3. See John 3:8.
4. See Herodotus, History, VII, 34-35; Die Geschichten des Herodotos, 1-II, tr. Friedrich Lange (Berlin: 1811; ASKB 1116-17), II, pp. 159-60; Herodotus, I-IV, tr. A. D. Godley (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1921-24), III, pp. 347-49: Beginning then from Abydos they whose business it was made bridges across to that headland, the Phoenicians one of flaxen cables, and the Egyp- 604 Notes to Pages 6-10 tians the second, which was of papyrus. From Abydos to the opposite shore it is a distance of seven furlongs. But no sooner had the strait been bridged than a great storm swept down and broke and scattered all that work.
When Xerxes heard of that, he was very angry, and gave command that the Hellespont be scourged with three hundred lashes, and a pair of fetters be thrown into the sea; nay, I have heard ere now that he sent branders with the rest to brand the Hellespont. This is certain, that he charged them while they scourged to utter words outlandish and presumptuous: “Thou bitter water,” they should say, “‘our master thus punishes thee, because thou didst him wrong albeit he had done thee none. Yea, Xerxes the king will pass over thee, whether thou wilt or no; it is but just that no man offers thee sac- rifice, for thou art a turbid and a briny river.” Thus he commanded that the sea should be punished, and that they who had been overseers of the bridg- ing of the Hellespont should be beheaded.
5. A town about twenty miles northwest of Copenhagen.
6. Holland-made paper with a beehive watermark.
7. The term as used by Kierkegaard, who constructed the plural form from the Greek singular used in translating the Psalms, where the Hebrew Selah probably indicates a liturgical or musical pause, means aphoristic, lyrical re- flections in a range of substantive refrains. See Supplement, pp. 504-05 (Pap. II B 175, 176, 178; IV A 216).
8. A phrase from the Latin title of Meditations by Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The auction-catalog of Kierkegaard’s library lists M. Antoninus Commentarii libri XLII, ed. Johann M. Schulz (Leipzig: 1829; ASKB 1218), and Marc. Aurel. Antonin’s Unterhaltungen mit sich selbst, tr. Johann M. Schulz (Schleswig: 1799; ASKB 1219). The phrase appears at the beginning of Kier- kegaard’s journal notebook EE (February 1, 1839). See JP V 5365 (Pap. ILA 340).
9. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 504 (Pap. Ill B 176).
10. With reference to the following two paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 500-02 (Pap. HI B 188:1, 188:2).
11. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 502 (Pap. Ill B 188:3).
12. In a discussion of Greek tragedy (in a review of Adam Gottlob Oeh- lenschlager’s Dina, Intelligensblade, II, 16-17, November 15, 1842, p. 80), Jo- han Ludvig Heiberg wrote that the word “‘interesting”’ is a “modern concept, for which the ancient languages do not have an equivalent expression” (ed. tr.). See Heiberg, Prosaiske Skrifter, I-III (Copenhagen: 1841-43; ASKB 1560[III]), III, p. 371. For an interpretation of “‘the interesting,” see Fear and Trembling, pp. 82-83, KW VI (SV III 131).
13. The foolish Wise Men of Gotham put an eel in water in order to drown it and regarded the movements of the eel as signs of the death struggle. In Danish, such stories are associated with the Molboer, residents of Mols, a pen- insular area northeast of Aarhus in Jutland.
Notes to Pages 11-19 605 16. See Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 1, 13, 106-08; Di- ogenis Laertii de vitis philosophorum, I-Ii (Leipzig: 1833; ASKB 1109), I, pp. 6, 51-53; Diogen Laértses filosofiske Historie, {-II, tr. Borge Riisbrigh (Copen- hagen: 1812; ASKB 1110-11), I, pp. 5, 48-50; Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 1- IE, tr. R. D. Hicks (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1925), I, pp. 15, 111-13.
17. Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, I-IV, ed. Christian Gottlieb Jocher (Leip- zig: 1750-51; ASKB 948-51); Fortsetzung und Erganzungen, ed. Johann Chris- toph Adelung (Leipzig: 1784-87; ASKB 952-53).
18. Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, I-VI, ed. Louis Moréri (Basel: 1731-32; ASKB 1965-69).
19. Francois Boieldieu’s opera La Dame blanche, text (based on Walter Scott’s The Monastery) by Eugene Scribe, tr. Thomas Overskou (Copen- hagen: 1826), p. 12. See Kierkegaard: Letters and Documents, Letters 62, 239, pp. 126, 336, KW XXV.
20. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 502 (Pap. III B 187:3).
21. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 502 (Pap. Ill B 187:6).
22. With reference to the following four sentences, see Supplement, pp. 502-03 (Pap. III B 187:5).
DIAPSALMATA 3. By Paul Pelisson (1624-1693), possibly found by Kierkegaard in Less- ing’s Zerstreute Anmerkungen tiber das Epigramm. See Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s sdmmtliche Schriften, |-X XXII (Berlin: 1825-28; ASKB 1747-62), XVII, p. 82.
4. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 504 (Pap. Ill B 179:2, 187:4).
5. Phalaris (570/65-554/49 B.c.), tyrant of Agrigentum. See Lucian, Pha- laris I, 11-12; Luciani Samosatensis opera, I-IV (Leipzig: 1829; ASKB 1131-34), Il, pp. 256-57; Lucian, 1-VIII, tr. A. M. Harmon (Loeb, New York: Macmil- lan, 1913), I, pp. 17-19: As for my gift, it is time you heard where and how I got this bull. I did not order it of the sculptor myself—I hope I may never be so insane as to want such things!—but there was a man in our town called Perilaus, a good metal-worker but a bad man. Completely missing my point of view, this fellow thought to do me a favour by inventing a new punishment, imag- ining that I wanted to punish people in any and every way. So he made the 606 Notes to Pages 19-20 bull and came to me with it, a very beautiful thing to look at and a very close copy of nature; motion and voice were all it needed to make it seem actually alive. At the sight of it I cried out at once: “The thing is good enough for Apollo; we must send the bull to the god!”” But Perilaus at my elbow said: “What if you knew the trick of it and the purpose it serves?”’ With that he opened the bull’s back and said: “If you wish to punish anyone, make him get into this contrivance and lock him up; then attach these flutes to the nose of the bull and have a fire lighted underneath. The man will groan and shriek in the grip of unremitting pain, and his voice will make you the swee- test possible music on the flutes, piping dolefully and lowing piteously; so that while he is punished you are entertained by having flutes played to you.” When [ heard this, I was disgusted with the wicked ingenuity of the fellow and hated the idea of the contrivance, so I gave him a punishment that fitted his crime. “Come now, Perilaus,”’ said I, “‘if this is not mere empty boasting, show us the real nature of the invention by getting into it yourself and imitating people crying out, so that we may know whether the music you speak of is really made on the flutes.”’ Perilaus complied, and when he was inside, I locked him up and had a fire kindled underneath say- ing: ““Take the reward you deserve for your wonderful invention, and as you are our music-master, play the first tune yourselfl”’ So, he, indeed, got his deserts by thus having the enjoyment of his own ingenuity. But I had the fellow taken out while he was still alive and breathing, that he might not pollute the work by dying in it; then I had him thrown over a cliff to lie unburied, and after purifying the bull, sent it to you to be dedicated to the god. I also had the whole story inscribed on it—my name as the giver; that of Perilaus, the maker; his idea; my justice; the apt punishment; the songs of the clever metal-worker and the first trial of the music.
See Practice in Christianity, KW XX (SV XII 233).
6. An island across the ship channel from Copenhagen proper. In Kierke- gaard’s time, the truck gardens and small farms of Amager produced consid- erable foodstuffs for the city.
8. In Danish, the infant’s babbling utterance da-da also means ‘‘spanking.”
11. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 507-08 (Pap. II A 637).
12. See JP 1 805 (Pap. HI A 96); Repetition, p. 173, KW VI (SV III 210-11).
13. Cf. Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Lebens-Ansichten des Katers Murr, E.T.A. Hoffmann’s ausgewdahlte Schriften, 1-X (Berlin: 1827-28; ASKB 1712-16), VIH, pp. v-vi, viii. See Supplement, p. 508 (Pap. IIIf A 111).
14. Cf. Sickness unto Death, p. 74, KW XIX (SV XI 185).
15. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 508 (Pap. Ill A 112).
Notes to Pages 20-22 607 16. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 509 (Pap. Ul A 114).
17. The Danish text has the masculine pronoun; the similar journal entry has the feminine pronoun. See Supplement, p. 509 (Pap. III A 114).
18. Cf. Two Ages, pp. 97-99, 103, and notes 69 and 72, KW XIV (SV VII 91-92, 96).
19. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), Anglican dean, English writer, author of Gulliver’s Travels, etc. He gave his fortune for the founding of a hospital for the insane in Dublin, and during the few last years of his life he was severely debilitated. See, for example, Jonathan Swift, Satyrische und ernsthafte Schriften, I-VHI (Zurich: 1756-66; ASKB 1899-1906), Vorrede, | [pp. xxxvii-xxxviii]; Carl Friedrich Flégel, Geschichte der komischen Litteratur, I-IV (Liegnitz, Leip- zig: 1784-87; ASKB 1396-99), II, p. 395.
20. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 509 (Pap. 11 A 373).
21. David Hartley (1705-1757), English philosopher and physician.
23. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 509-10 (Pap. If A 400, 401).
24. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 510 (Pap. Il A 414).
25. Cornelius Nepos (c. 1 B.c.), Roman historian. See his ‘“Eumenes,” V, 4-5, The Book of Cornelius Nepos on the Great Generals of Foreign Nations, XVIII; Cornelii Nepotis vitae excellentium imperatorum (Paris: n.d.), p. 99; Cornelius Ne- pos, together with Lucius Anneaus Florus, tr. John C. Rolfe (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1929), p. 583.
26. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 510 (Pap. Il A 421).
27. The italicized words are in italicized English in the Danish text.
28. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 510 (Pap. II A 435).
29. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 510 (Pap. Il A 451).
30. Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlager, Aladdin, eller Den forunderlige Lampe, Poetiske Skrifter, I-II (Copenhagen: 1805; ASKB 1598), Il; Aladdin or the Won- derful Lamp, tr. Henry Meyer (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1968). See JP I 973; IV 4928 (Pap. X' A 393; If A 451). In 1839, eleven performances of Aladdin were given in Copenhagen over a period of five weeks, beginning on April 17. Noureddin, mentioned later in the paragraph, is a sorcerer in the play.
31. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 511 (Pap. If A 540).
32. In Hebrew, a marking of a consonant that is to be pronounced with a suggestion of a vowel.
33. In Hebrew, a marking of a consonant to denote pronunciation more as a stop than as a spirant.
608 Notes to Pages 22-26 34. Certain dignitaries of the Ottoman empire were preceded by a banner bearing three horse tails.
35. Cf. Repetition, p. 170, KW VI (SV III 208).
36. Popular German printed pictures and picture cards. See Repetition, p. 158, KW VI Sickness unto Death, p. 79, KW XIX.
37. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 511 (Pap. III B 179:3).
38. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 512 (Pap. III A 218).
40. With reference to the following two sentences, see Letters, Letter 8, KW XXV.
41. In Greek mythology, Lynceus of Messina was one of the Argonauts who accompanied Jason in the search for the Golden Fleece and was noted for his keenness of sight.
42. In Greek mythology, the giants, vanquished by the gods, were impris- oned in the volcanoes and were the cause of volcanic eruptions and noise.
43. See The Concept of Irony, with Continual Reference to Socrates, KW II (SV XIII 329), 44. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Letters, Letter 11, KW XXV.
45. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 512 (Pap. II A 273).
46. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 512-13 (Pap. I A 203; III A 49).
47. A term used in the Greek translation of Job 15:11 in the sense of disci- pline.
48. See Letters, Letter 72, KW XXV.
50. A drawbridge across the ship channel between Copenhagen and Ama- ger. See Letters, Letter 17, KW XXV.
52. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 513-14 (Pap. III B 179:8).
53. During the Middle Ages, some students wandered from university to university. See, for example, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust, I, 1. 968, stage directions, Goethe’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe letzter Hand, I-LX (Stuttgart, Tiibingen: 1828-42; ASKB 1641-68 [I-LV]), XII, p. 69; Faust, tr. Bayard Taylor (New York: Random House, 1950), p. 45.
54. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 514 (Pap. III B 179:9).
55. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 514 (Pap. II B 179:10).
56. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 514 (Pap. Il A 415).
Notes to Pages 26-32 609 57. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 515 (Pap. YH B 179:13).
58. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 515 (Pap. III B 179:14).
59. See Genesis 25:20-34.
60. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 515-16 (Pap. If A 152; Ill B 179:15). Here and elsewhere Kierkegaard spells the name Vergilius or Virgilius.
61. In the Middle Ages, the Roman poet Virgil (70-19 3.c.) was regarded as a sorcerer. See Supplement, pp. 515-16 (Pap. IT A 152; III B 41:7, 179:15).
62. See Jens Immanuel Baggesen, Jeppe, et sjellandsk Eventyr, Jens Baggesens danske Varker, I-XII (Copenhagen: 1827-32; ASKB 1509-20), I, p. 201.
63. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 516 (Pap. III B 179:17).
64. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 517 (Pap. Ii B 179:18).
65. A reference to the sacred bull of Egypt. See Paul Friedrich A. Nitsch, neues mythologisches Worterbuch, \-I, rev. Friedrich Gotthilf Klopfer (Leipzig, Sorau: 1821, ASKB 1944-45), I, p. 238.
66. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 517 (Pap. III B 179:24).
67. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 517 (Pap. Ill B 179:26).
68. See Psalm 90:4.
69. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 518 (Pap. Ill B 179:30, 32).
70. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 518-19 (Pap. It B 179:34).
71. See Acts 3:2.
72. See pp. 125-28.
73. Apuleius: Amor und Psyche, tr. Joseph Kehrein (Giessen: 1834, ASKB 1216), p. 40; Amor and Psyche, tr. Ralph Mannheim (New York: Pantheon, 1956), p. 18: ‘ ‘For soon we shall have issue, and even now your womb, a child’s as yet, bears a child like to you. If you keep my secret in silence, he shall be a god; if you divulge it, a mortal.’ ” 74. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 519 (Pap. III B 128).
75. Danish: gennemlide. The definitive Danish dictionary, Ordbog over det danske Sprog, V1, col. 841, states that the word was coined by Kierkegaard.
76. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 552 (Pap. Ml B 122:20).
77. See, for example, JP V 5535 (Pap. III A 179); Letters, Letters 62, 68, 69, pp. 125, 136, 139, KW XXV, which Kierkegaard wrote in Berlin while he was attending lectures by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
610 Notes to Pages 32-35 78. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 520 (Pap. 111 B 179:46).
79. On recollection (and the distinction between recollection and mem- ory), see Stages on Life’s Way, KW XI (SV VI 15-21).
80. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 520-21 (Pap. Ill B 179:47).
81. See note 79 above.
82. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 521 (Pap. III B 186).
83. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 521 (Pap. II B 179:51).
84. Trophonius was a legendary Greek architect of the first temple at Del- phi; the site of the oracle of Lebradea was the Trophonean cave. The story of Parmeniscus is told by the Greek antiquarian Athenaeus in The Deipnosophists, XIV, 614; Athenaeus, I-VII, tr. Charles Burton Gulick (Loeb, New York: Put- nam, 1927-51), VI, pp. 307-09.
85. Danish: Velbekomme, literally “May it do you good,” the customary re- ply by the hostess upon being thanked for the meal.
86. Cf. p. 295.
87. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 521-23 (Pap. II A 36; II B 179:52).
88. In Norse mythology, Fenris, a great wolf, the son of Loki, was chained until Ragnarok (the final destruction of the world in the conflict between Ae- sir, the gods, and the powers of Hel, led by Loki), when it would devour Odin, the chief of the gods.
89. A modified quotation from Jacob Berent Meinichen, Nordiske Folks Overtroe, Guder, Fabler og Helte (Copenhagen: 1800; ASKB 1947), p. 101. The preceding list of materials used in making the chain follows Moginichen in part and in part Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig, Nordens Mythologi (Copen- hagen: 1832; ASKB 1949), pp. 518-19. Instead of M@inichen’s Kvinders Skrig (cries of women) and Biornens Seener (sinews of bears), Kierkegaard uses ver- sions of Grundtvig’s Kvinde-Skieg (beards of women) and Byérne-Gres (grass of bears). Grundtvig states that his reading of Seener as sina (Gras) or Senegres (quitch grass) conforms to the requirement that the list contain “‘altogether un- known things.”
90. General education or diploma examination at the end of the gymna- sium or high school course, a prerequisite for entering the university.
91. See Letters, Document VII (transcript of Kierkegaard’s examen artium), KW XXV.
92. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 523 (Pap. III B 179:53).
93. See I Timothy 2:4; Pap. HI A 44. The passage may be an allusion to J. G. Fichte, Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben, oder auch die Religionslehre, Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s sémmtliche Werke, I-X1 (Berlin, Bonn: 1834-46; ASKB 489-99), for example, V, pp. 410-12.
Notes to Pages 35-38 611 94. Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712), Italian astronomer and first astronomer of the Paris Observatory.
95. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 523-24 (Pap. III B 179:55).
96. Hans Peter Rohde, in Gaadefulde Stadier paa Kierkegaards Vej (Copen- hagen: 1974), p. 85, has identified this elusive line as an Aeschylus fragment included in Aeschylos’ Werke, tr. Johann Gustav Droysen (Berlin: 1842; ASKB 1046), p. 498 (ed. tr.).
97. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 524 (Pap. II B 123).
98. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 524 (Pap. 179:56; IV A 217).
99. See Repetition, pp. 131-33, KW VI (SV III 174-75).
100. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 525 (Pap. IV A218).
101. Aristophanis Comoediae, I-II, ed. Wilhelm (Guilielm) Dindorf (Leipzig: 1830; ASKB 1051), I, pp. 69-70; Aristophanes, I-III, tr. Benjamin Bickley Rog- ers (Loeb, New York: Putnam), I, pp. 127-29. For a German translation of Aristophanes by J. G. Droysen, see Pap. III B 179:57.
102. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 525 (Pap. 111 B 179:58).
103. In Greek mythology, Prometheus was chained to a rock because of his violation in giving fire to mankind. By day, a vulture or eagle ate his liver, which healed during the night.
104. In Norse mythology, Loki (or Loke) was a personification of evil. His punishment for the death of Balder, god of light, consisted of being chained to a cliff. Over his head hung a serpent, whose poison dripped on Loki’s face. His wife Signe held a bowl over his head, but when she emptied it, poison dripped upon him. This would continue until Ragnarok. See note 88 above.
105. Cf. Sickness unto Death, p. 18, KW XIX (SV XI 132).
106. See Mark 11:23.
107. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 525-26 (Pap. II B 179:59).
108. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 526-27 (Pap. IV A 219).
109. Stilpo of Megara (c. 4 B.c.), teacher of Zeno the Stoic, maintained that universal concepts have no objects and that consequently there are only identical or tautological propositions. Every perception has only a particular object, and no universal predicates can be applied. See Supplement, p. 527 (Pap. IV A 219). See, for example, G.W.E. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, I, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe, I-X VIII, ed. Phil- lip Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-45; ASKB 549-65), IV, pp. 30, 32, 34; Sdm- tliche Werke. Jubildumsausgabe [J.A.], I-XXVI, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), IV, pp. 508, 510, 512; Hegel’s Science of Logic, (tr. of W.L.
612 Notes to Page 38 Lasson ed., 1923; Kierkegaard had 2 ed., 1833-34) tr. A. V. Miller (New York: Humanities Press, 1969), pp. 411, 413, 414: A. IDENTITY 1. Essence is simple immediacy as sublated immediacy. Its negativity is its being; it is self-equal in its absolute negativity, through which otherness and relation-to-other has vanished in its own self into pure equality-with-self. Essence is therefore simple identity-with-self.
2. This identity-with-self is the immediacy of reflection. It is not that equality-with-self that being or even nothing is, but the equality-with-self that has brought tself to unity, not a restoration of itself from an other, but this pure origination from and within itself, essential identity.
Remark 2: First Original Law of Thought In this remark, I will consider in more detail identity as the law of identity which is usually adduced as the first law of thought.
This proposition in its positive expression A = A is, in the first instance, nothing more than the expression of an empty tautology. It has therefore been rightly remarked that this law of thought has no content and leads no further.
Now as regards other confirmation of the absolute truth of the law of iden- tity, this is based on experience in so far as appeal is made to the experience of every consciousness; for anyone to whom this proposition A = A, a tree is a tree, is made, immediately admits it and is satisfied that the proposition as immediately self-evident requires no further confirmation or proof.
110. See Niels Treschow, Almindelig Logik (Copenhagen: 1813), pp. 157- 59; Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, II, Werke, V, pp. 90-91; J.A., V, pp. 90-91; Science of Logic, pp. 641-43: (c) The Infinite Judgement...The positive moment of the infinite judgement, of the negation of the ne- gation, is the reflection of individuality into itself, whereby it is posited for the first time as a determinate determinateness. According to that reflection, the expression of the judgement was: the individual is individual. In the judge- ment of existence, the subject appears as an immediate individual and conse- quently rather as a mere something in general. It is through the mediation of the negative and infinite judgements that it is for the first time posited as an individual.
The individual is hereby posited as continuing itself into its predicate, which is identical with it; consequently, too, the universality no longer appears as immediate but as a comprehension of distinct terms. The positively infinite judgement equally runs: the universal is universal, and as such is equally pos- ited as the return into itself.
Notes to Pages 38-39 613 111. See Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, II, Werke, V, p. 139; J.A., V, p. 139; Science of Logic, p. 679: As the immediate result of this bare abstraction, we obtain, of course, a fourth figure of the syllogism, namely that of the relationless syllogism U-U- U, which abstracts from the qualitative difference of the terms and conse- quently has for its determination their merely external unity, namely their equality. (d) The Fourth Figure: U-U-U, or the Mathematical Syllogism 1. The mathematical syllogism runs: if two things or determinations are equal to a third, they are equal to each other. Here the relationship of inher- ence or subsumption of the terms is extinguished.
112. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 527 (Pap. Il A 510).
113. The Australian kangaroo.
114. With reference to the title and the following paragraph, see Supple- ment, pp. 527-29 (Pap. III B 179:27, 62, 63, A 117; IV A 220).
115. See Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, U1, 33; Diogenis Laertii de vitis philosophorum, I-II (Leipzig: 1833; ASKB 1109), 1, p. 76; Diogen Laértses filosofiske Historie, I-Il, tr. Borge Riisbrigh (Copenhagen: 1812; ASKB 1110-11), I, p. 71; Lives of Eminent Philosophers, I-II, tr. R. D. Hicks (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1925), I, p. 163: “Someone asked him [Socrates] whether he should marry or not, and received the reply, ‘Whichever you do you will repent it.’ ” Cf. Baggesen, “‘Ja og Nei,” Verker, I, p. 304. See Supplement, p. 529 (Pap. I] A 117; 1V A 220); Stages, KW XI (SV VI 149-50).
116. See Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza, Ethics, V, prop. 36, 40 (‘‘sub specie ae- ternitatis”); Opera philosophica omnia, ed. August Gfroerer (Stuttgart: 1830; ASKB 788), pp. 427, 429; The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, I-Il, tr. R.H.M. Elwes (London: Bell, 1912), Il, pp. 264-65, 268: