12. In Hegelian terms, the concrete is the Idea in itself and the Idea as sys- tematically developed in history and in thought. The particular actuality is ab- stract because the concrete is the whole. See, for example, G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen iiber die Geschichte der Philosophie, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe, I-X VIII, ed. Philipp Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-45; ASKB 549-65), XIII, p. 37; Saimtliche Werke, Jubildumsausgabe [.A.], I-XXVI, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), XVII, p. 53; He- gel’s Lectures on the History of Philosophy, I-III (tr. of 2 ed. of G.P., 1840; Kier- kegaard had 1 ed., 1833-36), tr. E. S. Haldane and Frances H. Simson (New York: Humanities Press, 1955), I, pp. 23-25: The Notion of the Concrete...
It is a common prejudice that the science of Philosophy deals only with abstractions and empty generalities, and that sense-perception, our empiri- cal self-consciousness, natural instinct, and the feelings of every-day life, hie, on the contrary, in the region of the concrete and the self-determined. Asa matter of fact, Philosophy is in the region of thought, and has therefore to deal with universals; its content is abstract, but only as to form and ele- ment. In itself the Idea is really concrete, for it is the union of the different determinations. It is here that reasoned knowledge differs from mere knowledge of the understanding, and it is the business of Philosophy, as op- posed to understanding, to show that the Truth or the Idea does not consist in empty generalities, but in a universal; and that is within itself the partic- ular and the determined. If the Truth is abstract it must be untrue. Healthy human reason goes out towards what is concrete; the reflection of the un- derstanding comes first as abstract and untrue, correct in theory only, and amongst other things unpractical. Philosophy is what is most antagonistic to abstraction, and it leads back to the concrete.
If we unite the Notion of the concrete with that of development we have the motion of the concrete. Since the implicit is already concrete within it- self, and we only set forth what is implicitly there, the new form which now looks different and which was formerly shut up in the original unity, is merely distinguished. The concrete must become for itself or explicit; as implicit or potential it is only differentiated within itself, not as yet explic- itly set forth, but still in a state of unity. The concrete is thus simple, and yet at the same time differentiated. This, its inward contradiction, which is in- deed the impelling force in development, brings distinction into being. But 638 Notes to Pages 238-45 thus, too, its right to be taken back and reinstated extends beyond the dif- ference; for its truth is only to be found in unity. Life, both that which is in Nature and that which is of the Idea, of Mind within itself, is thus mani- fested. Were the Idea abstract, it would simply be the highest conceivable existence, and that would be all that could be said of it; but such a God is the product of the understanding of modern times. What is true is rather found in motion, in a process, however, in which there is rest; difference, while it lasts, is but a temporary condition, through which comes unity, full and concrete.
See JP II 1606 (Pap. V B 41).
13. SeeJ. L. Heiberg, Alferne (Copenhagen; 1835).
14. See, for example, Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, I, Werke, IV, pp. 75-76; J.A., IV, pp. 553-54; Hegel’s Science of Logic (tr. of W.L., Lasson ed., 1923, Kierkegaard had 2 ed., 1833-34), tr. A. V. Miller (New York: Humanities Press, 1969), pp. 445-46: Ground is first, absolute ground, in which essence is, in the first instance, a substrate for the ground relation; but it further determines itself as form and matter and gives itself a content.
Secondly, it is a determinate ground as ground of a determinate content; in that the ground relation in its realization as such becomes external to itself, it passes over into conditioning mediation.
Thirdly, ground presupposes a condition; but the condition no less pre- supposes the ground; the unconditioned is their unity, the fact in itself, which through the mediation of the conditioning relation passes over into Exist- ence.
15. See note 1 above.
16. Johanne Luise Patges Heiberg (1812-1890), wife of Johan Ludvig Hei- berg, was the leading Danish actress at the time. See Crisis in the Life ofan Ac- tress, KW XVII (SV X 319-44). Peter Jorgen Frydendahl (1766-1836) was noted for both his talent and the range of his roles. Johan Adolph Gottlob Stage (1791-1845) was preeminent in creating an ironical effect. Joachim Lud- vig Phister (1807-1896) is the admired subject of Herr Phister as Captain Scipio, KW XVII (Pap. IX B 67-73).
17. A review of Thomasine Gyllembourg’s novel by Poul Martin Moller in Maanedsskrift for Litteratur, XV, 1836, p. 145; Efterladte Skrifter, I-III (Copen- hagen: 1839-43; ASKB 1574-76), II, p. 137.
18. With reference to the following two paragraphs, see Supplement, p. 546 (Pap. III B 95).
20. See Johann Georg Hamann, “Leser und Kunstrichter; nach perspectivischem Unebenmasse,”” Hamann’s Schriften, I-VIII, ed. Friedrich Roth and G. A. Wiener (Berlin, Leipzig: 1821-43; ASKB 536-44), II, p. 397 (‘‘aus Lesern entstehen Schrifisteller’’) (ed. tr.).
21. Danish: fra Leveren, literally, “from the liver.”
Notes to Pages 248-63 639 22. K., 1; R., p. 1. The quotations (ed. tr.) from the work are not always exact, usually because of the need to accommodate a brief quotation gram- matically to the text of the review.
23. K.,1;R., p. 1.
32. According to Charles’s report (K., 16; R., pp. 12-13), Pamela, a seam- stress, had forced Charles to marry her by threatening suicide with ‘‘a mon- strous pair of tailor’s shears.”
33. K.12;R.,p.9.
34. R., p. 4.
40. K., 18; R., p. 14, the last line of the play.
42. The main character in Ludvig Holberg’s play with that title. See Den Danske Skue-Plads, I-VIl (Copenhagen: 1788; ASKB 1566-67) V, no pagina- tion; Comedies by Holberg, tr. Oscar James Campbell and Frederic Schenk (New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1914), pp. 119-78.
43. R., p. 11.
44. A character in Clemens Brentano, Die mehreren Wehmiiller und ungar- ischen Nationalgesichter (Berlin: 1833; ASKB 1850). See Supplement, p. 546 (Pap. I A 337).
45. K., 8; R., p. 7. Rinville and Emmeline alternate in singing (ed. tr.): It may be said at times A man deserts his gir]; Yet still the heart does cling To love that first was his.
46. See “Miguel de Cervantes Saavedras Levnet,” by Don Gregoria Mayans y Siscar, in Cervantes, Don Quixote, I-IV, tr. Charlotta Dorothea Biehl (Copen- hagen: 1776-77, ASKB 1937-40), I, p. 21. King Philip III, upon seeing a stu- dent frequently laughing and clapping his hand to his forehead while reading a book, exclaimed that the student either must not be very bright or must be reading Don Quixote.
47. Goethe, Egmont, V, 1, Werke, VIII, pp. 268-72; Works, II, pp. 228-30.
640 Notes to Pages 265-75 49. A usurer to whom Charles owes money.
51. K.,7;R., p. 6.
53. K.,9;R., p.8.
55. Cf. Adam Gottlob Oehlenschliger, Aladdin, eller Den forunderlige Lampe. Et Lystspil, IV, Adam Oehlenschlagers Poetiske Skrifter, I-I1 (Copen- hagen: 1805; ASKB 1597-98), Il, p. 274; Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp, tr. Henry Meyer (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1968), p. 170.
56. K.,10;R., p. 8.
57. R., p. 9.
59. R., p. 11.
61. News of Charles’s marriage.
62. Terence, Andria, 99; P. Terentii Afri Comoediae sex, ed. M.B.F. Schmieder and F. Schmieder (Halle: 1819; ASKB 1291), p. 16; The Lady of An- dros, Terence, I-II, tr. John Sargeaunt (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 1, pp. 14 15.
65. See Kong Olaf Tryggvesons Saga, 251; Oldnordiske Sagaer, I-XII, tr. Carl Christian Rafn (Copenhagen: 1826-37; ASKB 1996-2007), II, pp. 280-83; Snorre Sturlason, Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings, tr. Erling Mon- sen (Cambridge, Mass.: Heffer, 1932), pp. 212-13 (the climax in a sea battle between Olav’s Norwegian forces and Swedish, Danish, and rebel Norwe- gian forces): Einar Tambarskelver was aft in the middle hold (by the mast) of the Serpent; he was shooting with his bow and shot harder than all others. He shot at Eric the Jarl and struck the tillerhead right above the jarl’s head, and the ar- row went as far in as its own bands. The jarl looked at it and asked if they knew who had shot it; but at the same time there came a second arrow so near the jarl that it flew between his side and his arm and struck so deeply into the headboard that the point stuck out on the other side. Then the jarl said to a man who was called Finn and who was said by some to be a Finn— he was an outstanding bowman: ‘‘Shoot the big man in the middle hold”. Finn shot and the arrow struck the middle of Einar’s bow at the moment when he was drawing his bow for the third time. The bow burst into two parts. Then said King Olav, “What burst there so loudly?” Einar answered: “Norway from thine hand, O king!” “‘So great a burst has not yet befallen,” said the king; “‘take my bow and shoot with it’’, and he threw his bow to him. Einar took the bow and straightway drew it beyond the point of the Notes to Pages 277-85 641 arrow; he shouted, ‘““Too weak, too weak is the king’s bow’”’. He threw the bow back, took up his shield and sword, and fought.
66. Those named in the last four paragraphs of the chapter were in twenty- five performances of The First Love between June 10, 1831, and March 5, 1835 (except for the performance of February 17, 1835, in which Adolf Marius Ro- senkilde [1816-1882] played Charles).
67. Quite likely a reference to Karl Werder (1806-1893), German Hegelian philosopher, whose lectures on logic and metaphysics Kierkegaard attended while in Berlin for the Schelling lectures during the winter of 1841-1842. See Letters, Letters 55, 61, KW XXV.
68-71. See note 16 above.
ROTATION OF CROPS 1. See Aristophanis Comoediae, \-II, ed. Wilhelm (Guilielm) Dindorf (Leip- zig: 1830; ASKB 1051), I, pp. 149-50; Aristophanes, I-III, tr. Benjamin Bickley Rogers (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1924), III, pp. 379-81: CHR. O yes, by Zeus, and many more than these. So that none ever has enough of thee. Of all things else a man may have too much, Oflove, CA. Of loaves, CHR. Of literature, CA. Of sweets, CHR. Of honour, CA. Cheesecakes, CHR. Manliness, CA. Dried figs, CHR. Ambition, CA. Barley-meal, CHR. Command, CA. Pea soup.
2. Des Aristophanes Werke, I-III, tr. Johann Gustav Droysen (Berlin: 1835- 38; ASKB 1052-54), I, pp. 149-50. In the first line of the quoted text, the word Andern (else), which appears after Allem (everything), is omitted.
3. See, for example, G.W.F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, 11, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe, I-X VIII, ed. Philipp Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-45; ASKB 549-65), V, p. 342; Sdmtliche Werke. Jubildum- sausgabe [J.A.}, I-XXVI, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), V, p. 342; Hegel’s Science of Logic (tr. of W.L., Lasson ed., 1923; Kierkegaard had 2 ed., 1833-34), tr. A. V. Miller (New York: Humanities Press, 1969), p. 835: Now the negativity just considered constitutes the turning point of the movement of the Notion. It is the simple point of the negative relation to self, the innermost source of all activity, of all animate and spiritual self-move- 642 Notes to Pages 286-88 ment, the dialectical soul that everything true possesses and through which alone it is true; for on this subjectivity alone rests the sublating of the op- position between Notion and reality, and the unity that is truth.
4. See Genesis 2:20-22.
5. See Genesis 11:4-9.
6. The only desire of the Roman people, according to Juvenal, Satires, X, 80-81; Die Satiren des Decimus Junius Juvenalis, tr. F. G. Findeisen (Berlin, Leip- zig: 1777; ASKB 1250), p. 374; Juvenal and Persius, tr. G. G. Ramsay (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1928), p. 199: ‘Bread and Games!”’
7. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, pp. 546-47 (Pap. Il] B 122:1).
8. Dyrehave, a large wooded park north of Copenhagen.
9. With reference to the following two paragraphs, see Supplement, p. 547 (Pap. III B 122:2).
10. Told of King Hjarne, King Frode’s successor, in Scandinavian legend~- ary history. See Den danske Kronike af Saxo Grammaticus, tr. Anders Sorensen Vedel (Copenhagen: 1851; ASKB 2008-10), VI, 25, p. CXII.
11. See Plato, Gorgias, 511 e-512 b; Platonis quae exstant opera, I-XI, ed. Friedrich Ast (Leipzig: 1819-32; ASKB 1144-54), I, pp. 428-31; Udvalgte Dia- loger af Platon, I-VIII, tr. Carl Johan Heise (Copenhagen: 1830-59; ASKB 1164- 67, 1169 [I-VII)), III, p. 165; The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Ham- ilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 293-94 (Socrates speaking): For I suppose he [the pilot of a ship] is capable of reflecting that it is uncertain which of his passengers he has benefited and which he has harmed by not suffering them to be drowned, knowing as he does that those he has landed are in no way better than when they embarked, either in body or in soul. He knows that if anyone afflicted in the body with serious and incurable dis- eases has escaped drowning the man is wretched for not having died and has received no benefit from him; he therefore reckons that if any man suffers many incurable diseases in the soul, which is so much more precious than the body, for such a man life is not worth while and it will be no benefit to him if he, the pilot, saves him from the sea or from the law court or from any other risk. For he knows it is not better for an evil man to live, for he must needs live ill.
See Irony, KW II (SV XII 268).
12. See, for example, Aristotle, Politics, 1253 a; Aristoteles graece, ed. Im- manuel Bekker, I-II (Berlin: 1831; ASKB 1074-75), Il, p. 1253; The Works of Aristotle, -XII, ed. J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1908-52), X: Hence it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political [social] animal. And he who by nature and not by mere Notes to Pages 288-92 643 accident is without a state, is either a bad man or above humanity; he is like the ‘Tribeless, lawless, hearthless one,’ whom Homer denounces—the natural outcast is forthwith a lover of war; he may be compared to an isolated piece at draughts. Now, that man is more of a political animal than bees or any other gre- garious animals is evident.
13. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 547 (Pap. HIB 122:3).
14. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 547 (Pap. III B 122:4).
16. See “acquired immediacy” in the first sentence of the preceding para- graph.
17. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 547 (Pap. III B 122:5).
18. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 548 (Pap. III B 122:6).
19. Nero (37-68), emperor of Rome, burned the city in the year 64. See Suetonius, “Nero,” 38; Caji Suetonit Tranquilli Tolv forste Romerske Keiseres Levnetsbeskrivelse, I-II, tr. Jacob Baden (Copenhagen: 1802-03; ASKB 1281), II, pp. 102-04; Suetonius, I-Il, tr. J. C. Rolfe (Loeb, New York: Macmillan, 1914), II, pp. 155-57.
20. See, for example, Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, 1, Werke, III, pp. 147- 48, 154; J.A., IV, pp. 157-58, 164; Science of Logic, pp. 137, 142: The infinite in its simple Notion can, in the first place, be regarded as a fresh definition of the absolute; as indeterminate self-relation it is posited as being and becoming. The forms of determinate being find no place in the series of those determinations which can be regarded as definitions of the abso- lute, for the individual forms of that sphere are immediately posited only as determinatenesses, as finite in general. The infinite, however, is held to be absolute without qualification for it is determined expressly as negation of the finite, and reference is thus expressly made to limitedness in the infi- nite—limitedness of which being and becoming could perhaps be capable, even if not possessing or showing it—and the presence in the infinite of such limitedness is denied.
But even so, the infinite is not yet really free from limitation and finitude; the main point is to distinguish the genuine Notion of infinity from spu- rious infinity, the infinite of reason from the infinite of the understanding; yet the latter is the finitized infinite, and it will be found that in the very act of keeping the infinite pure and aloof from the finite, the infinite is only made finite.
What we have here is an abstract transcending of a limit, a transcending which remains incomplete because it is not itself transcended. Before us is the 644 Notes to Pages 292-95 infinite; it is of course transcended, for a new limit is posited, but the result is rather only a return to the finite. This spurious infinity is in itself the same thing as the perennial ought; it is the negation of the finite it is true, but it cannot in truth free itself therefrom. The finite reappears in the infinite itself as its other, because it is only in its connection with its other, the finite, that the infinite is. The progress to infinity is, consequently, only the perpetual repetition of one and the same content, one and the same tedious alternation of this finite and infinite.
21. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, VII, 2; M. Antoninus Commentarii libri XII, ed. J. M. Schultz (Leipzig: 1829; ASKB 1218), p. 179; The Communings with Himself of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, tr. C. H. Haines (Loeb, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 165.
23. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 548 (Pap. III B 122:8).
24. See, for example, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 250-54; Aeschylos Werke, tr. Johann Gustav Droysen (Berlin: 1842; ASKB 1046), pp. 419-20; The Complete Greek Tragedies, I-IV, ed. David Grene and Richmond Latti- more (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958-60), I, p. 320: Prometheus I caused mortals to cease foreseeing doom. Chorus What cure did you provide them with against that sickness? Prometheus I placed in them blind hopes. Chorus That was a great gift you gave to men. Prometheus Besides this, I gave them fire.
25. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 548 (Pap. I B 122:9).
26. See Horace, Epistles, I, 6, 1; Q. Horatii Flacci Opera (Leipzig: 1828; ASKB 1248), p. 217; Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, tr. H. Rushton Fairclough (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1929), p. 287. See also Eighteen Upbuilding Dis- courses, KW V (SV IV 113); Fragments, p. 80 and note 35, KW VII (SV IV 244).
27. In Greek mythology, the river of forgetfulness or oblivion in the un- derworld, to be crossed by those entering the realm of the dead.
28. In Greek mythology, the three-headed dog that guarded the gate of Hades. See, for example, Virgil, Aeneid, V1, 417-24; Virgils Eneide, I-II, tr. Johan Henrik Schonheyder (Copenhagen: 1812; not listed in ASKB), pp. 273- 74; Virgil, I-II, tr. H. Rushton Fairclough (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1920), U, p. 535.
29. See Plutarch, “Marcellus,” 14, Lives; Plutark’s Levnetsbeskrivelser, I-IV, tr. Stephan Tetens (Copenhagen: 1800-11; ASKB 1197-1200), III, p. 272; Plu- Notes to Page 295 645 tarch’s Lives, I-XI, tr. Bernadotte Perrin (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1914-26), V, p. 473: “*...Archimedes, who was a kinsman and friend of King Hiero, wrote to him that with any given force it was possible to move any given weight; and emboldened, as we are told, by the strength of his demonstration, he declared that, if there were another world, and he could go to it, he could move this.”’ See Supplement, p. 549 (Pap. III B 122:10).
30. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 549 (Pap. Ill B 122:11).
31. With reference to the following three sentences, see Supplement, p. 549 (Pap. 111 B 122:12, A 19).
32. See, for example, Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, 1, Werke, III, pp. 122- 24; J.A., IV, pp. 132-34; Science of Logic, pp. 117-18: Something and other are, in the first place, both determinate beings or somethings.
Secondly, each is equally an other. It is immaterial which is first named and solely for that reason called something; (in Latin, when they both occur in a sentence, both are called aliud, or ‘the one, the other’, alius alium; when there is reciprocity the expression alter alterum is analogous). If of two things we call one A, and the other B, then in the first instance B is determined as the other. But A is just as much the other of B. Both are, in the same way, others...Otherness thus appears as a determination alien to the determinate being thus characterized, or as the other outside the one determinate being; partly because a determinate being is determined as other only through being com- pared by a Third, and partly because it is only determined as other on ac- count of the other which is outside it, but is not an other on its own account. At the same time, as has been remarked, every determinate being, even for ordinary thinking, determines itself as an other, so that there is no deter- minate being which is determined only as such, which is not outside a de- terminate being and therefore is not itself an other.
Both are determined equally as something and as other, and are thus the same, and there is so far no distinction between them. But this self-sameness of the determinations likewise arises only from external reflection, from the comparing of them; but the other as at first posited, although an other in re- lation to the something, is nevertheless also an other on its own account, apart from the something.
33. The ritual of pledging friendship (and the use of the familiar second- person singular du instead of the formal plural De). The use of De has more or less disappeared in recent years.
34. A scene in Holberg, Mester Gert Westphaler, Il, 4; Den Danske Skue- Plads, 1-VII (Copenhagen: 1788; ASKB 1566-67), I, no pagination.
35. See Sallust, The War with Cataline, XX; C. Sallusti Crispi opera quae su- persunt, I-IV, ed. Friedrich Kritzius (Leipzig: 1828; ASKB 1269-72), I, p. 98; 646 Notes to Pages 295-306 Sallusts Catilinariske Krig, tr. Rasmus Moller (Copenhagen: 1811; ASKB 1273), p. 25; Sallust, tr. J. C. Rolfe (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1921), p. 35.
36. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 549-50 (Pap. Ill B 122:13).
37. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 550 (Pap. III B 122:14).
38. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 550 (Pap. Ill B 122:15).
39. With reference to the following two sentences, see Supplement, p. 550 (Pap. Ill A 124).
40. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 550-51 (Pap. HIB 122:16).
41. See Steen Steensen Blicher, ‘“‘Kjeltringliv,” Samlede Noveller, 1-V (Co- penhagen: 1833-36; ASKB 1521-23), I, pp. 240-42.
42. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 551 (Pap. UI B 122:17).
43. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 552 (Pap. Ill B 122:18).
44, See Jens Immanuel Baggesen, ‘‘ Theateradministratoriade,” Jens Baggesens danske Verker, 1-XII (Copenhagen: 1827-32; ASKB 1509-20), I, p. 421. The name was Hassing, for which Baggesen found no suitable rhyme except “two-thirds of Washington—which is as good as nothing” (ed. tr.).
45. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 552 (Pap. IE B 122:19). | 46. See Plotinus, Enneads, III, 4, 2; Plotinus, I-VI, tr. A. H. Armstrong (Loeb, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966-67), III, pp. 145-47. Cf. Plato, Phaedo, 81 c-82 b; Heise, I, pp. 49-52; Collected Dialogues, pp. 64-65.
47. Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein (1751-1829), a friend of Goethe’s. See Johann Wolfgang v. Goethe, ‘‘An Denselben,”’ Goethe’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe letzter Hand, I-LX (Stuttgart, Tiibingen: 1828-42; ASKB 1641-68 [I- LV)), Il, p. 168.
THE SEDUCER’S DIARY 1. See Supplement, pp. 552-53 (Pap. IV A 231).
4. For continuation of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 553 (Pap. III B 45:1).
7. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 553 (Pap. If B 45:2).
8. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 554-55 (Pap. III B 45:3).
Notes to Pages 306-11 647 9. See Letters, Letter 8, KW XXV; Pap. II A 801.
10. With reference to the remainder of the sentence and the following three sentences, see Supplement, p. 555 (Pap. III B 45:4).
11. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, p. 555-56 (Pap. II B 33, 34, 35).
13. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, pp. 556-57 (Pap. Il B 45:7, 38).
14. When Ixion, king of Thessaly, who had been given refuge on Olympus by Zeus, sought to embrace Hera (Roman Juno), Zeus substituted a cloud in her shape. A monster, Centaur, was born from this union. Ixion was chained to a fiery wheel in Hades as punishment for his act. See Paul Friedrich A. Nitsch, neues mythologisches Wérterbuch, I-II, rev. Friedrich Gotthilf Klopfer (Leipzig, Sorau: 1821; ASKB 1944-45), II, pp. 122-23; JP V 5100 (Pap. 1 A 75).
15. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 557 (Pap. Ill B 47:1).
16. With reference to the remainder of the paragraph, see Supplement, p. 557 (Pap. III B 47:2, 48, 49).
17. See, for example, Aristotle’s denial of action at a distance, Physics, 244 b-245 b; Aristoteles graece, ed. Immanuel Bekker, I-II (Berlin: 1831; ASKB 1074-75), I, pp. 244-45; The Works of Aristotle, I-XII, ed. J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1908-52), II: Now it is impossible to move anything either from oneself to something else or from something else to oneself without being in contact with it: it is evident, therefore, that in all locomotion there is nothing intermediate be- tween moved and movent.
Nor again is there anything intermediate between that which undergoes and that which causes alteration: this can be proved by induction: for in every case we find that the respective extremities of that which causes and that which undergoes alteration are adjacent...Nor, again, can there be anything intermediate between that which suf- fers and that which causes increase: for the part of the latter that starts the increase does so by becoming attached in such a way to the former that the whole becomes one. Again, the decrease of that which suffers decrease is caused by a part of the thing becoming detached. So that which causes in- crease and that which causes decrease must be continuous with that which suffers increase and that which suffers decrease respectively: and if two things are continuous with one another there can be nothing intermediate between them.
It is evident, therefore, that between the extremities of the moved and the movement that are respectively first and last in reference to the moved there is nothing intermediate.
See Supplement, pp. 557-58 (Pap. III B 51, 52; 1V A 232). 18. With reference to the following four paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 558-59 (Pap. IL] B 50:1-4).
648 Notes to Pages 312-24 19. Jery und Bately, Goethe’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe letzter Hand, |-LX (Stuttgart, Tubingen: 1828-42; ASKB 1641-68 [I-LV]), XI, p. 10 (ed. tr.).
20. Cf. Psalm 139:7-9.
21. See If Samuel 12:1-9.
23. With reference to the following three paragraphs, see Supplement, pp. 557-59 (Pap. Il B51, 52, 68:1).
24. Johann Ludwig Tieck, “Die wilde Englanderin,” in Das Zauberschloss, Ludwig Tieck’s gesammelte Novellen, I-X (Breslau: 1835), II, pp. 144-69.
25. The French paleontologist Georges Léopold Cuvier (1769-1832), in his Recherches sur les ossements fossiles des quadrupédes, 1-V (Paris: 1821-24), I, p. Ill, states that his aim is to show that an entire species can be reconstructed from a single bone.
26. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 559 (Pap. Ill B 68:2).
27. According to Danish custom, the engagement ring is ordinarily worn on the fourth finger of the right hand.
28. For continuation of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 559 (Pap. IIE B 68:3).
30. With reference to the following two sentences, see Supplement, pp. 559-60 (Pap. III 70:2).
32. With reference to the following four sentences, see Supplement, p. 560 (Pap. I] B 73).
33. Cf. G.W.F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Werke. Vollstandige Ausgabe, |-X VIII, ed. Philipp Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-45; ASKB 549-65), VIII, p. 17; Samtliche Werke. Jubilaum- sausgabe [J.A.], I-X XVI, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), VII, p. 33; Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (tr. of P.R., 1 ed., 1821, also with reference to 2 ed., 1833, and later editions; Kierkegaard had 2 ed.), tr. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 10: “What is rational is actual and what is ac- tual is rational.”
34. See Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Juan, tr. Laurids Kruse (Copen- hagen: 1807), I, 16, p. 52; Don Giovanni, tr. Ellen H. Bleiler (New York: Dover, 1964), I, 3, p. 104.
35. Ludvig Holberg, Erasmus Montanus, V, 5; Den Danske Skue-Plads, I-VII (Copenhagen: 1788; ASKB 1566-67), V, no pagination; Comedies by Holberg, tr. Oscar James Campbell and Frederic Schenck (New York: American-Scan- dinavian Foundation, 1914), p. 178.
36. A long promenade running along the harbor northward ‘rom the cen- ter of Copenhagen.
37. See note 14 above.
38. See Genesis 39:12.
Notes to Pages 325-32 649 39. Cf., for example, Johan Ludvig Heiberg, Elverhoi, 1, 5; Skuespil, I-VI (Copenhagen: 1853-41; ASKB 1533-59), III, p. 313.
40. At one time, the alcedo ispida (European kingfisher) was thought to build its nest on the water. See Supplement, p. 560 (Pap. II A 612; III B 55:1). The alcedinae comprise ninety species. The alcidae (auks, murres, puffins, 22 species) spend their winter at sea, where they dive for their food.
42. With reference to the following four sentences, see Supplement, p. 561 (Pap. III B 84).
43. With reference to the following paragraph, see Supplement, pp. 561-62 (Pap. WI B 179:28).
44. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 562 (Pap. III B 55:3).
45. In Greek mythology, Orpheus went to Hades in search of Eurydice, his wife. She was restored to him on the condition that he would not look at her before they returned to earth. He disobeyed, and she vanished.
46. See John 5:2.
47. Ovid, The Art of Love, II, 235-36; P. Ovidti Nasonis opera quae supersunt, I-III, ed. Antonius Richter (Leipzig: 1828; ASKB 1265), I, p. 237; Ovid The Art of Love and Other Poems, tr. J. H. Mozley (Loeb, Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1957), p. 83. See Supplement, p. 562 (Pap. III B 55:4).
48. See Pius Alexander Wolff, Preciosa (music by Carl Maria von Weber), tr. Caspar Johan Boye (Copenhagen: 1822), I, p. 15.
49. With reference to the following five sentences, see Supplement, pp. 562-63 (Pap. III B 78).
50. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 563 (Pap. Il B 56:1).
51. With reference to the remainder of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 563 (Pap. III B 36).
53. The northern and eastern gates of the Copenhagen wall, now the names of city railway stations.
54. An area on the far side of Sortedams Lake, one of a string of three small lakes to the northwest of the city wall of Copenhagen.
56. With reference to the following sentence, see Supplement, p. 563 (Pap. Ill B 56:4).
57. In Greek mythology, Pallas Athena (Roman Minerva) sprang full- grown, and fully armed, from the head of Zeus (Roman Jupiter) after Zeus had swallowed her mother, Metis. See Nitsch, II, p. 251.
58. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite (Roman Venus), daughter of Zeus and Dione, sprang, according to some accounts, from the sea into which the blood of Uranus was shed when he was wounded by Cronus. See Nitsch, II, p. 613.
59. For continuation of the sentence, see Supplement, p. 564 (Pap. III B 56:5).
650 Notes to Pages 332-52 60. In Greek mythology, the parents of Psyche were ordered to take her and her two sisters in bridal attire to a crag and leave them there alone. Zephyr, the west wind, softly wafted them to a castle on the far side of the mountain. See Nitsch, II, p. 506. Raphael’s painting has Psyche carried away by cupids.
61. See Genesis 41:32.
62. A street on the canal alongside Christiansborg, the parliament building.
63. See Shakespeare, King Lear, I, 1, 78-80; Shakspeare’s dramatische Werke, I-XHI, tr. August Wilhelm v. Schlegel and Johann Ludwig Tieck (Berlin: 1839- 41; ASKB 1883-88), XI, p. 6; The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. George Lyman Kittredge (Boston: Ginn, 1936), p. 1198 (Cordelia speaking): Then poor Cordelia! And yet not so; since I am sure my love’s More richer than my tongue.
66. A large woods and park west of Copenhagen containing a royal resi- dence. King Frederik V1 (1768-1839) opened the gardens to the public.
67. Cf. Genesis 2:18-23.
68. A reference to an earlier, especially medieval, family practice according to which the unmarried women had a separate room or building in which they worked and lived.
69. See Mozart, Figaros Givtermaal, tr. Niels Thoroup Bruun (Copenhagen: 1817), II, 2, p. 41; Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro), tr. Ruth and Thomas Martin (New York: G. Schirmer, 1951), II, 10, p, 136. The lines are at variance with the Danish version.