food it is allowable to partake; — viz., a Dasa, a Gondola (cow- herd), a Napita (barber), a Kulamitra, an Ardhashareerin; and also one who delivers himself up.
22. A person begotten by a Brahman upon a Shoodra female, is a Dasa if he has not received the sacrament; he becomes a Napita on receiving the sacrament.
23. A son begotten by a Kshatriya on a Shoodra female, is known" by the name of Gopala; Banishments undoubtedly may partake of his food.
24. A person begotten by a Brahman on a Vaishya female, on receiving the sacrament is known by the name of Ardhika; Brahmans may no doubt partake of his food.
25 — 26. If among castes, whose food it is not allowable to partake, — water, or curd, or ghee, or milk contained in any vessel belonging to them, be unwittingly partaken by one — what should be the purification? If a Brahman, or a Kshatriya, or a Vaisya, or a Shoodra comes to have an answer to the above question, — (then this is the answer). A fast and Brahma kricchra are the purifications for a member of any of the four castes.
27. But there is no fast prescribed for a Shoodra. He becomes pure by making a gift. Brdhmakurchcha together with a whole day's fast would purify even a Svapaka.
28. Urine of the cow, cow-dung, milk, curd, and ghee, these five are the five articles derived from a cow. They, and water in which the kusa grass has been dipped, — are themselves pure, and therefore purify the sin.
2 9 — 31. Urine of a black cow ought to be taken; dung of a white cow; milk of a copper-coloured cow; and curd from the milk of a blood-coloured one; the ghee from the milk of a tawny cow; or all the five may be taken from a tawny cow. One pala of urine should be taken; cow-dung as high as half the thumb; seven of milk, and three palas of curd; one pala of ghee; and one pala of water in which kusa grass has been dipped.
32. The cow's urine should be gathered, with the reci- tation of the Gayatri verse; the cow-dung, with the verse be- ginning with the word ' gandhadvaram; ' the verse for taking milk begins with ' Aappyayasva. ' That for curd begins with * dadhikravno. ' 33. The verse to be recited when ghee is taken begins with the words, A 8'ulcramasi; ' that for the water with the kusa grass dipped in it begins with the words ' devasya tva. ' The five articles derived from a cow, so sanctified by the recitation of the rig-veda verses, are to be placed near the fire.
34. The mixture should be agitated with the verse ' Apohishta, &c. ' '; then it should be again sanctified with the verse, * Maanastokay ' Not less than seven kusa grasses, with their thin ends uncut and intact, and which possess a fresh, shining colour like that of a parrot, should be used in taking up the mixture, and it should be thus made an offering of upon the fire.
35. The verses to be recited at the time of offering on the fire are those beginning respectively with the words, — *17'dvaU; ' A Idan vishmi A Manastoke; A and also the verse which has the word * sedum * in it. What remains after the offerings on the fire should be drunk by the Brahman.
36. When being drunk, it should be agitated with the recitation of the word * om called the "pranava "; it should be churned, and taken up and drunk, each act being accom- panied by the recitation of that word.
37. Whatever sin there may lie in the body of embodied beings, lurking in the skin or in the bones, — is wholly burnt by the ' Brahmakoorchcha; ' as fuel is burnt by kindled fire. For, it is pure in all the three worlds, and gods themselves are within it.
38. The god Varuna is in the urine of the cow; the god of sacrificial fire in the cow-dung; the god of wind in the curd; the moon in the milk; and the sun in the ghee.
39. When drinking, should any water issue from the mouth and drop into the vessel; that should be considered as not fit to be drunk; one must perform the Chandrayana penance for it.
40—44. If a Brahman sees that the carcase of a dog, a jackal, or a monkey has fallen into a well; or that a bone, skin, or the like has fallen; and if he has drunk of the polluted water; or if he sees a corpse has fallen; or the carcase of a crow, or an ordure-eating hog, an ass, a camel, a gavaya, an elephant, a peacock, a rhinoceros, a tiger, a bear, or a lion; and if the dead body sinks into the well; and if water of a tank so polluted be drunk; the expiation will be for all the castes, in accordance with the following order. A Brah- man becomes pure by three nights' fast; a Kshatriya by two days' fast; a Vaisya by one day's fast; and a Shoodra by fasting for a night.
45. If food of one who never cooks for the Visvedevas, or of one who habitually eats in another man's house, or of one who never cooks for giving food to others, be partaken by a Brahman, — he should perform the Chandrayana pen- ance.
46. If gifts are made by one who never cooks to give food to others, — they are fruitless, so far as the giver is concerned. Both he who gives and he who takes are destined to go to hell.
47. He,, who having accepted and set up the household fire, does not perform the five sacrifices, — the saints declare him to be ' a person averse to cook for the sake of others. ' 48. He, who every day raises in the morning, and, having himself performed the five sacrifices, subsists upon another's food, — he is the ' person who eats in another's house. ' 49. He, who being in the householder stage of life, is totally devoid of all acts of gift, is declared by saints ac- quainted with law, as ' a person who never cooks for others. ' sljfafirtWdTal 3k IM: l|RcftR?d: 50. Different are the rules for each cyclical age; the Brahmans who observe the religious rules prescribed for the particular age, are not deserving of lany censure; for as the age is, so must the Brahmans be.
wo 51. If ' hum ' (an exclamation of disrespect) be addressed to a Brahman; or if a superior be addressed with ' thee and thou; ' one should bathe, and fast for the rest of the day; should bow down, and beg pardon.
■Si 52. If one strikes a Brahman even with a wisp of grass, or drags him with a piece of cloth thrown round his neck; or wins even a lawsuit against him; he should bow down and beg pardon.
53. For belabouring with a stick, the expiation is to fast an entire day; for knocking a Brahman down, three nights' fast; if blood is drawn, the penance is atikricchra; in case of inward bleeding, the Krichchhra is the penance.
54. One performing the Atikrichchhra penance is to sub- sist for nine days on as much food as may fill the palms of his hands; and there ought to be a fast for three nights. This is called the Atikrichchhra penance.
u3"b|i£|o|iimHi Ttwt uhmUst% an 55. When there takes place an intermixture of all the sins, the repetition of the Gayatri verse, ten thousand times, is the highest form of a purification.
[The word 'intermixture, ' 'sankara' in the original, seems to mean the commission of more than one sin by one person at the same time. 1 oing 10,000 times gayathri japa will pure.
End of the eleventh Chapter.
•\ fiK^IISHZIFT: JS "V _ Cj 1. After dreaming a bad dream, or vomiting, or shav- ing, or sexual intercourse, or contact with smoke from a funeral pile, the purification is to wash oneself.
2. For swallowing unwittingly ordure or urine, or any food that has had a contact with spirituous liquor, the three regenerate castes must again undergo the sacramental rites.
3. In the second performance of the sacramental rites, the bearing of a skin garment, the string for the waist, the stick, and the ceremony of begging alms — are dispensed with.
4. With a view to purification, If he having swallowed ordure or urine, one should perform a Prajapatya; should prepare and drink the five articles derived from a cow; and should bathe: these render him pure.
5. What should be the expiation of the offender (Pratya- vasita) who tries to kill himself by falling into water, or fire, or by falling from a precipice, or by undertaking a journey for a suicidal purpose?
6. The three (inferior) castes are rendered pure by a double Prajapatya, by a pilgrimage to holy places, and by a gift of ten cows accompanied by a bull.
7 — 8. I shall now relate the expiation for a Brahman.
He must go to a forest, and, at a spot where four roads meet, just shave his head, including the coronal lock, and then perform a double prajapatya. He is to give a fee of two cows. This is the purification prescribed by Parasol. He is thereby freed from that sin, and is restored to his Brahman caste.
9. The learned have declared five kinds of bathing to purificatory: the Agneya or fiery bathing, the Varuna or the watery bathing, the Brahma or Vedic bathing, the VAyavya or windy bathing, and the Divya or the celestial bathing.
. 10 — 11. The Agneya bathing consists in bathing with ashes; the Varuna is plunging into the water; the Brahma consists in reciting the verse ' apohishta, &c.; ' the Vayavya is bathing with the dust raised by the hoof of a cow; but the celestial bathing takes place when one is drenched with, rain-water, the rain coming down while the sun is shining. This kind of bathing is of equal efficacy with the bathing in the river Ganga.
12 — 13. When a Brahman is going to bathe, all the gods, together with all the groups of the Pitrus, assume an airy form, and follow him, being thirsty, and desirous to have a drink of water. If the wet garment is wrung, they return, their hopes being unfulfilled; therefore, one should not wring his wet garment before offering libations of water to the Pitrus.
14. If, while offering libations of water to the Pitrus, one should place the sesamum seed in contact with the pores A at the root of the hair on the body, and should offer liba- tions with the seeds so placed, he should thereby be offering libations of blood, and impurities to the Pitrus, 15. If, after bathing, a Brahman shakes his dripping hair, or performs Achamana or (sipping water from the palm of his hand, ) while yet he is in water, — he is not acceptable to the Pitrus and the gods.
16. If, while performing the rite of Achamana, he has his Lead or throat wrapped with cloth, or the posterior hem of Lies under-garment is not tucked up, or his coronal lock is not tied, or if he is without his sacred thread, he remains impure, in spite of the ceremony of Achamana.
17. When he has come out of the water, he should not perform Achamana in such a way that the drops may fall upon the water; nor should he do so while in the water, in such a way as to let the drops of water fall upon the land; he should perform it while touching both water and land; thereby he becomes pure on the land and in the water.
18. One should perform Achamana, after bathing, drink- ing, sneezing, eating, travelling on the road, and change ing his garment, although he may have performed it once before.
19. After sneezing, spitting, touching the teeth, or tell- ing a* lie, or holding conversation with sinful men, one should touch his right ear.
20. Fire, water, the gods, the moon, the sun, and the wind, all dwell in the right ear of a Brahman.
21. Bathing in the daytime, while being purified by the rays of the sun, is the approved form of bathing. Bathing at night is not approved unless when the Rahu is visible in the heavens.
[Z e., when an eclipse of the moon takes place.]
22. Bathing, making of gifts, austerities, and burnt-offer- ings, may be made at night when an eclipse is seen. Night otherwise is impure; therefore night is to be shunned in performing rites.
23. The Mouths, the Vases, the radars, the Amity's, and other deities, all disappear with the moon. Therefore, gifts are not proper at night.
24. At the ceremony on the threshing-floor, at marriage, when the sun passes over from one Zodiacal sign to another, and during an eclipse, gifts are allowable in the night time; but not allowable in any other case.
25. Making of gift at night is approved, if a son has been born, or at a sacrifice, or on the occasion of an obse- quial rite, or when an eclipse is visible; but not approved in any other case.
■: 26. The two praharas or watches in the middle of the night are called Mechanistic. During the pradosha, or the first watch of the night one may perform bathing, as in the day-time.
Pradosha seems to be the first prahara after sunset.]
27. A tree on a burning-ground, a funeral pile, pus, a Chandala, and a seller of the Soma plant; having touched any of these, — a Brahman should plunge into water with his clothing on.
28. Before the gathering of bones, one, having wept, should perform the ceremony of bathing. For a Brahman, (the gathering bones) should be performed within the tenth day Achamana should be performed after it: 29. When the sun or the moon is seized by rahu, [I. e., when a solar or a lunar eclipse takes place], all water becomes as pure as the water of the Ganga, so far as bathing and giving, and other religious rites are concerned.
30. Bathing performed with the kusa grass is purifica- tory; a Brahman should makes Achamana with the kusa grass; water taken up with the kusa grass is as holy as a drink of the Soma juice 31. Those who do not cherish the household fire, who are devoid of the daily conjunctional adorations, and who do not study the Veda, — they all are declared as S'lidras.
32. Therefore, for fear of being turned into a Shoodra, every Endeavour should be made, particularly by a Brahman, to study at least a portion of the Veda, (every day) in case he is unable to study the whole.
33. A Brahman subsisting, upon a S'lidra's food, though he be engaged in constant study, in making burnt- offerings, and in reciting sacred verses, is not destined for an upward course.
34. To eat a Shoodra's food, to associate with him, to sit in the same place with, him, and receive knowledge by his instruction, would cause degradation even to one who re- sembles the kindled fire.
35. A Brahman who gets his food habitually cooked by a Shoodra woman, or has got a Shoodra woman for the matron of his house, is shunned by the pitrus and the gods, and goes to the hell called Battrava.
36. If a Brahman fattens himself with the food of a Shoodra polluted by the impurity of birth or death, I do not know what (vile) animals he will be born (in subsequent lives).
37. Twelve times he will be born as a vulture; ten times as a hog; seven times as a dog; this is what Manu has said.
38. To gain a fee, if a Brahman performs burnt-offer- ings, as an officiating priest, on a S'lidra's behalf; A le Brahman becomes a Shoodra, and the Shoodra a Brahman. A 39. If a Brahman sits down, having taken a vow of silence, — he should not speak; if, while eating, he utters words, then he should cease to eat that food.
40. When his meal is but half finished, if he drinks water in that vessel, (which contains the food?) — he thereby destroys all the virtuous works that he has done for the satisfaction of the gods and the Pitrus; he likewise destroys his own soul.
41. While Brahmans are eating together, if one out of them leaves his plate before the others have finished their meal, he is a dunce; he is the worst of sinners; he is de- clared to be the killer of a Brahman.
42. While the vessels for food still remain in their presence, if the Brahmans utter the word of 'farewell,* ( ' svasti ' in the original), the gods in that case have not their hunger appeased; and the 'pitrus are disappointed.
[Madhava says that before the vessels of food are washed, the cere mony ' svastivachana ' should not take place. This ceremony con sists in the utterance of a certain Vedic verse in which the word ' svasti ' repeatedly occurs. It is preparatory to giving the fee to the' Brahman and bidding him farewell; ' svasti ' means ' well-being. '] 43. One should never take his meal, except after bathing, reciting the sacred verses, and making burnt-offerings on the fire; nor should one eat off the reverse side of a leaf; nor at night, without a light.
44. The householder, who is kind, devoted to reflecting on virtue and for the good of those whom he has to support, and strictly impartial is the most sensible.
45. With wealth acquired by righteous means, one should support himself. He who makes his living by unrighteous means, is unworthy to perform duty.
46. A person who preserves his sacred fire, a tawny cow, a person engaged in offering a sacrifice, a king, a religious mendicant, and the great ocean, — the very sight of these purifies one; therefore one should constantly obtain a sight of them.
47. One should keep in his house the following things: the wood for striking out a sacrificial fire, a black cat, sandal-wood, a precious stone, ghee, sesamum seed, a black skin, and a goat.
48. A piece of land, upon which may stand, without being closely tied, a hundred cows, and a single bull — ten times the area of such a field -is called a gocharma (cow's hide) of land.
r 49. By making a gift of a gocharma quantity of land, a person is freed from all sins, such as the killing of a Brahman, and like other sins, which he may have com- mitted, by word of mouth, or in thought, or in deed.
50. If a gift is made to a person who has a family to support, to an indigent person specially to one learned in the Veda, — that gift becomes a source of good.
51. A person who wrongfully appropriates land can never be pure, although be may excavate tanks, wells, reservoirs and the like, and perform a hundred Vajapeya and other sacrifices, or may present a crore of cows.
52. If a woman is in menstruation within eighteen days from the last time she was, simple bathing will purify her; if after that period, the saint Ushanas has declared that the rule of three nights must be observed.
53. A person becomes impure by approaching a Handclap, a woman in confinement, a woman in menstruation, or a degraded sinner, within the distance of a yoke, or two yokes, or three yokes, or four yokes, in the reverse order.
[A yoke is a particular measure of length. ' In the reverse order, ' I. A., the rule of one yoke's length applies to a degraded sinner and A o on. ] 54. If a Brahman comes nearer than the aforesaid lengths, he should bathe with his clothing on; if, unwit- tingly he comes in contact (with any of them), he should bathe, and then look at the sun.
55. When his hands exist, if a Brahman, wanting in knowledge, drinks water with his mouth plunged into it [like a beast], he surely shall be born as a dog (in his next birth).
56—57. If a man, being angry, calls his wife by the name of a relation with whom sexual intercourse is prohi- bited by law, and if he again desires to treat her as a wife; then he must proclaim his sins in a meeting of Brahmans; he must there say, — ' I have done so, while I was fatigued, or angry, or senseless, or hungry, or thirsty, or terrified. ' If a Brahman has failed to fulfill a promise of making a gift, or a vow of performing a religious rite; — the expiation is three days ' fast.
58. A He should, at a confluence of great rivers, bathe three times, at dawn, noon, and sunset. After completing the expiation, be should give away a cow, and feast ten Brahmans.
59. If a Brahman eats the food of a wicked Brahman addicted to forbidden deeds, he must observe one day's fast,;.
60.. Within the same day, he may become pure, if he would eat the food of a Brahman who leads a religious life, and is versed in the Veda and its branches.
61. If a person dies in contact with impurities from the I upper part of the body or the lower part of the body, or I if he dies while not in direct contact with the surface of the ground, or if he dies while he was affected with some ring purity on account of a relative's birth or death, his line.,. should perform three Krichchhras, [ ' To die not in direct* contact with the surface of the ground ' J is the translation of the ' antariksha mrita ' in the original. It \ literally means ' dying in the air ' vr ' in a vacant space. ' An instance A is when a person dies, while lying down on a bedstead.] I 62. A Kricchhra consists in reciting the Gayatri verse/ ten thousand times; or reciting the Pranayama two hundred times; or bathing twelve times in a holy place, without A drying the head after each bath; or in making a pilgrimage to a distance of two 'yojanas' (eight kroshas).
63. If a householder willingly causes the discharge of his virile seed otherwise than in sexual intercourse, he should recite the Gayathri verse one thousand times, and should perform three Pranayamas.
64. A Brahman, versed in the four Vedas, should in a proper form, propound, by way of expiation for killing a Brahman, a visit to the dyke on the sea (constructed by sethu near Cape Comorian) 65. The sinner, staying at the spot where the dyke was made, must live by begging from the four castes; must shun persons of wicked deeds; and must not use an umbrella, nor wear shoes.
66. He is to proclaim himself thus: — " I am a sinner; I have committed a heinous sin; I have killed a Brahman; I am standing at the door of the house, with the expectation of getting some alms."
67. He should likewise dwell in the midst of cows, within villages or cities; or in places of hermitage, or of pil- grimage; or near the sources of rivers.
68 — 69. At these, he is to proclaim his sin. By visiting the holy sea, extended over a breadth of ten yojanas, and over a length of one hundred yojanas, and piled up with the dyke constructed by the monkey Nala at the command of Ramachandra, and by looking at the dyke, one is freed from the sin of killing a Brahman.
70. His soul being purified by a sight of the sea, he should plunge into the sea. Or if he be a king, ruling a territory, he should perform a horse-sacrifice.
71. Coming back, he reaches his house for dwelling there, with his sons and his servants, where he is to give a feast to the Brahman s, and he is to give a fee of one hundred cows to such Brahmans as are proficient in the four Vedas.
72. The killer of a Brahman is freed from his sin, if the Brahmans are prepared to give him a solution.
[This seems to imply, that if the Brahmans are satisfied that his expiation has been properly performed, and express an opinion to that effect, the sinner is freed from the sin.]
73. The visit to the Setubandha has been declared to be the form of expiation proper for a person whose residence is to the north of the Vindhya hill. This is the opinion of Parasara.
74. For killing a woman, engaged in performing a religi- ous sacrifice, the same expiation, which is prescribed for killing a Brahman, must be undergone.
75. A Brahman who has drunk wine must go to a river that falls into the sea; he must perform a Chandrayana, which being finished, he is to give a feast to the Brahmans, and by way of a fee, he is to give a cow and a bull to the Brahmans.
76. If a Brahman has drunk wine only once, he must drink flaming hot spirituous liquor; thereby he will purify himself, both as regards this world, and as regards the other world.
77. If gold belonging to a Brahman be stolen by one, he is to take a pestle in his hand, and of his- own accord to come before the king, in order that the king may kill him.
78. If he is let off by the king, or if he is killed, — in either case, he is freed from the sin. If the theft has been willingly committed, it is then that he is fit to be killed 79. As a drop of oil spreads over the water, — so is sin transmitted from one person to another, by reason of sitting, sleeping, travelling, talking, and eating together with a sinner.
80. The chandrayana penance, the eating of unripe bar- ley, the form of making a gift, called the Tulapurusha, [I, e., making a gift of such a quantity of any substance as is equal in weight to a male human being], and the act of walking behind cows, — these put an end to all kinds of sin.
81. This compilation of the ordinances of law, consist- ing of five hundred and ninety-two slokas, is the work of Parasara.
82. In accordance with the rules for studying (similar works), these institutes of law should be carefully studied, without fail, by a person who desires to go to heaven.
Must be read sincerely who wish to attain Swarga!
End of the Twelfth Chapter. END OF PARASHARA SMRITHI © Copy rights reserved by SRI HAYAGREEVA VEDA GURUKULA TRUST.