It has been assumed that this ** infandus Britonum dux** was the same Cadwalla who had defeated Edwin, and that theBruts misrepresent his historyin continuing his reign through those of Oswald and Oswy when he was in reality slain in 634; but it is remarkable that while Bede names Cadwalla on every occasion when he has to record his previous acts, he does not do so here, but says simply that the *' dux Britonum'^ was slain. Nennius calls this battle " Bellum Catscaul " — ^that is Cad ys guaul, the battle at the wall, and says the commander slain was '' Catgublaun, rex Gwenedote regionis/' while he calls Cadwalla, CatguoUaun; and Tighemac still further varies the name, for in 632 he records a battle by Cathlon, ** in quo Oswalt mac Etal- fraith victor erat et Cathlon rex Britonum cecedit;' while he had named Cadwalla Chon in the previous year. There seems, therefore, some indication that the Cadwalla who defeated and slew Edwin, and the ^dux Britonum" who was slain by Oswald, were different persons, and the probability is that the two kings — Cadvan king of Gwynedd, and Cadwallon 72 STATE OF BRITAIN WHEN OILDAS WROTE, king of Wales — ^reigned during some years together, that their real names approached each nearly in sound, and that it was Cadvan, the father, who was slain in 634, while the Bruts are in this instance not unworthy of credit in representing the reign of Cad- wallawn, the son, as lasting many years longer. There is every reason to believe that he continued in success- ful hostility to the Angles at least as long as the war with Penda lasted, and the remark of Bede that the occupation of Northumbria by Cadwallawn was looked upon as so unhappy and hateful, that it had been agreed by all who have written about the reigns of kings to interdict the memory of those perfidious monarchs and to assign that year to the reign of the following king, Oswald, shows that there was a strong desire to suppress as much as possible the acts of Cadwallawn. It is therefore not unlikely that Cadwallawn assisted Penda in the war when Oswald was slain, and in the war between Oswy and Penda, in 655, when Penda was eventually slain. It is stated by Bode that Penda had thirty legions with him, led on by thirty commanders who had come to his assistance. Tighemac, in nar- rating the same event, calls them reges, and Nennius says that the ''reges Britonum interfecti sunt, qui exierant cum rege Pantha in expeditione,'' but that ** solus autem Catgabail rex Guencdote regionis cum exercitu evasit de nocte consurgens.'' That the Britons largely assisted in this war is therefore plain, and by Catgabail here probably Cadwallawn is meant His death four years after, in 659, as stated by the AND RINGS OF THE LINE OF DYFL 73 Brute, seems to me, therefore, quite in acoordanoe with probability.
No such vieWy however, can be taken of the two subsequent reigns. In them, as stated by the Brata, there are the obvious marks of fabrication. Cad- waladyr goes to Rome, where he dies on the 12th day before the kalends of May 689. Ceadwealla^ king of the West Saxons — ^a Saxon by birth and descent — likewise goes to Rome, where he dies on the 20th of April 689; and the actions of Ivor, Cadwaladyr^a successor on the throne of Wales, predsely coxiespond with those of Ina, Ccadwealla's successor on the throne of Wessex. There are, therefore, the obvious signs of artificial construction here, and the process seems to have been this: — The plague or pestilence before which Cadwaladjrr ia said to have fled to Armorica really took place, as we learn firom Bede and Tighemac, in 664, and it did not last for eleven, but for only one year; and Nennius states explicitly that Cadwaladjrr died in it. ''Dum ipse (Osguid) rognabat venit mortalitas hominum, Catgualart reg- nante apud Britoncs post patrem suum el in ea perilt" As Osguid or Oswy died in 670, there can be no doubt that the plague in 664 is meant; but in the Chronicle of 977, it is advanced nearly twenty years, and there we read, in 682 — " Mortalitas magna fuit in Britannia in qua Catgualart filius Catguolr laun obiit." When this chronicle is woven into still later chronicles, instead of ** in qua Catgualart filius CatguoUaun obiit," we read, ^^ pro qua Catwaladir filius 74 STATE OF BRITAIN WHEN OILDAS WROTE, Catwallaun in Minorcm Britanniam aufugit;" and Geoffrey of Monmouth adds the pilgrimage to Rome, and his death there.
The steps are plain enough. First, the plague and the death of Cadwaladyr in it, advanced from 664 to 682; and secondly, the death denied, and Cad- waladyr said to have retired to Armorica; and thirdly, the incident which really terminated the life of Ceadwealla of Wessex adopted and applied to that of Cadwaladyr.
The motives which led to this fabrication are pro- bably the same with those which led to the consensus of English historians to suppress the acts of Cadwalla. Cadwallawn was evidently a powerful king, and had waged, in conjunction with Penda, a successful war against tiie Angles of Northumbria. For one year he had actually been in possession of the kingdom, and bis sucoeaaful career of upwards of twenty years must have raised the courage and the hopes of the Cymry to tiie highest. Then came the disaster of 655, when Oswy crushed the combination against him, when Penda and most of his British auxiliaries were slain, and Cadwallawn only escaped with his life, and died four years after. The result of this victory was that Oswy brought the Britons into subjection under him — a subjection which continued during his reign and that of his successor Ecfnd, till the latter was slain in the battle of Dunnichen in 686, and as, in the case of Northumbria, the year of Cadwalla's occupation was added to the reign of Oswald, so the twenty years AND KINGS OF THE LINE OF DTFI. 75 of this subjection was added to the reign of Cad* waladyr. The fact that he had died in the pestilence was not altered, but the date of it was advanced tsom 664 to 682; and, subsequently, the death was denied, and he was said to have retired to Armorica, whence the Cymiy looked for him to return and re-establish the supremacy over the Angles lost by the disaster of 655. When the battle of Dunnichen terminated this subjection, Bode records that, ''Nonulla pars Britonnm'' —some but not all — ^recovered their liberty, and this part was the kingdom of the northern Britons of Cumbria, for the Chronicle of 977 records no king of Wales between the death of Cadwaladyr in 664 and that of Rodri in 754, when it has the entry, ^* Rotri rex Britonum moritur," but during that period records the deaths of the kings of Strathclyde. In 722, '^Beli filius Elfin moritur;* and, in 750, "Teudubr filius Bdi moritur." This interval was filled up by the fictitious reign of Ivor, the events of which were taken firom those of Ina, the successor of Ceadwealla.
Rotri, or, as he is usually termed, Rodri Molwynog; was the first real king of Wales after the death of Cad- waladjrr; and when the Chronicle of 977 records^ in 722,. ''Bellum Hehil apud Comuenses; Gueith Oartmailauc; Cat Pencon apud dextrales Brittones et Brittones vic^ tores fuerunt in istis tribus bellis,"' it probably narrates the successes which led to the termination of the sub- jection of the Britons to the Saxons, and the re- establishment of the Welsh kingdom in the person of RodrL He died in 754, and was succeeded by his son 76 STATE OF BRITAIN WHEN GILDAS WBOTE.
Conan or Cynan Tindaethwy, whose death is recorded hy the Welsh Chronicle in 816, ** Cinan rex moritur/' in whom the direct line of Cadwaladyr failed, and the maniage of his only daughter pkced a new family on the throne.
Her husband was Morvyn Frych, king of Manau; or, as he is designated in the Cyvoesi, o dir Manau, firom the land of Manau.
ICANAU GODODIN AND THB FIOI& 77 CHAPTER VL MAKAU OODODIN AND THE PI0T8.
The name of Maiiau was applied hy the Wekh to the Isle of Man. Thus, in NenniuSi ''tres magnas inanlaa habety quanun una vergit contra Armoiicas et vocator Inisgueith; secnnda sita est in mnbilico maiis inter Hibemiam et Britanniam et vocatur nomen ejus En- bonia, id est, Manaiu" Thus the Latin foim was Ea- bonia, the Cy mricy Manau; but it appears firom Nennius that this name of Manau was also applied to a district in North Britain, when he says that Cunedda with his sons '' venerat prius de parte sinistrali, id est^ de regione que vocatur Manau Guotodin.''
The Irish name for the Isle of Man is Manand or Manann; and it appears from the Irish Annals that a district on the north was likewise known by that name, as they record in 711 a slaughter of the Picts by the Saxons in Gampo Manand, or the Plain of Manann^ as distinguished from the island. It is, of course, difficult to discriminate between the two places, and to ascertain whether an event recorded as taking place in Manau or Manann belongs to the island or the district Events which really belong to the one are often attributed to the other; and the fact that there existed a district 78 MAKAU GODODIK AND THE PIGT8.
bearing this name, having become comparatiyely for- gotten, has led to the presumption in ahnost every case that the events recorded in connection with the word Manau or Manann belong to the island. It may help us to discriminate between the two to refer to the legendary matter, both Irish and Welsh, connected with this name of Manau or Manann.
From Manau in Welsh is formed the word Manawyd, and from Manawyd the personal name Manawydan. From Manann in Irish is formed the personal name Manannan. Manawydan in Welsh and Manannan in Irish are sjmonymous terms. In a curious tract in the Irish MS., termed the Yellow Book of Lecan, is the following account of the di£ferent persons bearing the name of Manannan: — There were four Manannans in it It was not in the same time they were.
Manandan mac Alloit, a Druid of the Tuath De Danann, and in the time of the Tuath De Danann was he. Oirbsen, indeed, was his proper name. It is he, that Manannan, who was in Arann, and it is of him it is called Eamain Abhiach.* And it was he that was killed in the battle of CuiUeann bj Uilleann Abradhruadh, son of Gaithir, son of Nuadad of the silyer band, in defending the sorereigntj of Connanght And when his grave was dug, it was there sprang forth Loch * The islaiid of Anan in the Firth of Clyde, here caUed Eamhain Ablach, or Kamsnia of the Apple Trees. Eamain is said in Connac's dotaarj to be derived from Eomain, and that from Eo L nW, or breart-pin, and Muin L Iraige^ or neck. This word Mnin is re- piecented in Welsh bj Mynyw, as St David's is called in Irish Cillemoine, in Welsh, llynyw. I conjecture, therefore, that Arran being called Esnudn is the Insula iiinau or Mynyw mentioned in the lifeofGildaa MAKAU GODODIK AND THE PICIB. 79 Oirbsen over the land, so that from him ^ named) Loeh (KilMen. This was the first Manannan.
Manannan mac Girp, king of the Isles and of Manaan, in the time of Conaire, son of Edersceoil, was ha And it was he made the espousal of Tuaide, daughter of Conall Colhimrach, the fetter child of Conaire, and from him is named Tuagh Inbhir.
Manannan mac lir, t ^ a celebrated merchant waa he between Erin, and Alban, and Manann, and a Druid was he also, and he was the best navigator that was frequenting Erin, and it wis he used to know through science, hj observing the skj, the period that the calm or the storm should continue, and of him the one Manannan nominabatur et ideo Scoti et Britones enm dominoni maris yocayerunt et inde £lium maris esse dixenmt at denm ei ideo adorabatura gentibus ut deum quia transformat se in moHis formis per gentilitatem.
Manandan mac Atgnai was the fourth Manannan. He it waa that came to avenge the children of Uisnech, and it waa he that had sustained the children of Usnech in Alban, and th^ had con- quered what was from Manann northwards of Alban, and it waa they that drove out the three sons of Gnathal, son of Moigann— viz. lathach, and Tuathach, and Mani Lamhgarbh — ^firom theae lands, for it was their father that had dominion of that eountiy, and it was the children of Usnech that killed hisL^Feifew Book of Lecan, Trin. CoR Dub. H. 2. 16.)
An account of Manannan mac lAyi is found almost in the same words in Connac's Gloasaiyi and by other Irish traditions he is made the same person with Manannan mac AUoid, as in the following stanxa in an old Irish poem: — Manannan, son of lir, from the Lake^ Fought many battles: Oirbsen was his name; after hundxedi Of victories, of death he died.
Both of them belong to the mythic people termed in Irish traditions^ Tuatha De Danann. The second 80 MAKAU GODODIK AND THE PICTS.
people who are said to have colonised Ireland, according to the oldest traditions, which seem to have furnished the account in Nennius, were the Nemedians or children of Nemeid. They were driven out of Ireland by the pirates called the Fomoire. They left in three bodies, commanded by the three grandsons of Nemeid. Simon Breac, son of Stam, son of Nemeid, went to Thrace with his band, and from him descended the Firbolg; Jobaath, son of Jarbhainel, son of Nemeid, went to the north of Europe, and firom him descended the Tuatha De Danann; and Briotan Maol, the son of Fergus Leithdearg, son of Nemeid, went to Dovar and lardovar in Alban, and dwelt there with his posterity; and this colony is men- tioned in the Albanic Duan, where the Nemedians are said to have been the second people in Alban. The third colony in Ireland were the Firbolg, and the fourth the Tuatha De Danann, who came from the Dordi of Europe to Alban, and remained seven years in Dovar and lardovar, whence they went to Ireland. There they found the Firbolg and drove them out^ a part of whom, according to Irish tradition, passed over into Manann, Ili or Isla, Recra, and other islands. The Irish Nennius mentions this occupation of Manann and other islands by the Firbolg; and it is obviously the same event which is stated in the Latin Nennius as one of the four settlements of Scots in Britain, ** Builc autem cum suis tenuit Euboniam insulam et alias circiter."
The only other Irish traditionary notices of MANAU GODODIN AND THE PICTS. 81 Manann arc that Cormac Ulfatai a king of Irelaxidy Baid to have reigned in the third century, was so named from having banished the Uladh, or Picts of Ulster, from IreLind, and driven them to Manann; and that an ancient Irish tract in the Book of Ballimote men- tions Seal balbh Ri Oruithentuaith acua Manaindr^ that isy king of Pictland in Alban and of Manann, According to Welsh traditions^ Manawydan was the son of a British king called lAyx Lediaith. It is hardly possible to doubt the identity of the Manannan mac Llir of the Irish legends, and Manawydan ap IXyi of the Welsh, and the epithet Lediaith indicates that he was not of a people speaking a pure Cymric dialect. There are three very significant words which are applied in Welsh to indicate the mutual rdation of languages. These are — Gyfiaith^ where two tribes have a common speech; Lediaith^ or haUnspeech, where is a certain amount of deviation or dialectic di£ference; and Anghji/iatih, the opposite of Cyfiaith, where the languages are considered as foreign to each other; and the epithet of Llediaith indicates that Llyr be- longed to a race who spoke a peculiar dialect of Cymric One of the kings in the list of shadowy monarchs of Britain contained in the Bruts is Lljrr. He is the King Lear of Shakespeare, and the father of Gronorylla, Ragan, and Cordeylla; but Creidylad, who is the same as Cordeylla, is by other traditions the daughter of Llud Law Ereint There seems, therefore, to have been the same juggle between the names Llyr and Llud in the Welsh legends as between Lir and Alloit in the Irish.
Cunedda is said in the Oenedbgia to have gone VOL I. a 82 MANAU GODODIN AND THE PICTS.
with his sons from a regie in the north called Manau Guotodin, and in the Welsh genealogies attached to Nennius his eldest son Typipaun is said to have died " in regione que vocatur Manau Guodotin."
According to the Bonhed y Saint there were three holy families of Britain. The second was the family of Cunedda. The third was that of Biychan. He is said to have been the son of Anllech or Aullech, a Gwyddelian, who married Marchell, daughter of Tewdwr, king of Garthmadrin, the region afterwards known by the name of Brecknock which took its name from Biy- chan, and to have had twenty-four sons and as many daughters. It has been supposed that there were more persons than one of the name, and the families of di£ferent Biychans have been combined by tradition in one; but be this as it may, some of the sons are connected with Manau and several of the daughters with the Men of the North. Thus Khun Dremrudd and Rhawiny two of the sons, are said to have been slain by the Saxons and Picts, and to have founded churches in Manau. Another son, Arthen, was buried in Manau, and Khun had a son Nevydd, who is said to have been a bishop in y Gogledd, where he was slain by the Saxons and Picts. Of the daughters, Nefyn was the wife of Cynvarch, and mother of Urien; Gwawr was the wife of Eledjrr Lydanwyn, and mother of Llywarch Hen; Lleian was the wife of Gafran, and mother of Aeddan; Nefydd was the wife of Tudwal, and a saint at Llech Celyddon in the north; Gwrgon Goddeu was the wife of Cadrod Calchvynydd, and Gwen was the wife of Llyr Merini, and mother of MANAU OODODIN AND TUB FI0T8. 83 Caradawc These were all of the Owyr y Gogledd, or Men of the North, and Corth or Cjrmorth, anotlier daughter, was wife of Brynach Wjddel, the fifittfaer of Daronwy, and one of the Gwyddel of Owynedd. In the CogncUio de Brachan, in the Cotton Library (Vesp. A. xiy.)y the sepulchre of Brychan is said to be ''in insula que vocata Enysbrachan que est juzta Manmam."
Lastly, we have in a poem, which is not in either of the Foiir Books, but is placed by Stephens in the tenth century, mention of the Briihwyr du o Fanaw, or Black Brithwyr firom Manau* That these notices of Manau or Manann in the Irish and Welsh legends do not all apply to the same place seems plain enough, and it remains to find a clue to disentangle them. That the second of the four Manannans belongs to the island, and the fourth to the region in Alban, seems obvious. The first and third, whether they are to be viewed as the same or different Manannans, equally belong to the legend of the Tuatha De Danann; and as they occupied a district in Alban, it is probable that they are associated with both island and region. The Manann colonised by the Firbolg was certainly the island; on the other hand, Cuncdda came from the region in the north, and the family of Brychan, whose sons were slain in Manau by the Picts and Saxons, and whose daughters married Men of the North, also belongs to the region in the North.
The clue seems to be that the island was associated with the name of the Scots, and the region with that of the Picts. Nennius includes the settlement of ''Boilc 84 MAKAU GODODIN AND THE riCTS.
cum suis,'' or of the Firbolg, in Man and other islands, among the colonies of the Scots in Britain; and Orosius, who wrote in the fifth century, says that " Mevania insula a Scotorum gentibus habitatur." On the other hand, the Picts seem peculiarly connected with the region of Manau in the north. Cormac drove Picts of Ulster to Manann, aiid it is connected with the kingdom of Cruithentuath, or Picdand in Alban. Kennius calls the people whom Arthur defeated at Mynyd Agned, or Edinburgh, CcUh Bregiotiy and the Briihwyr are frequently mentioned in the poems. The words which form the root of these epithets are, Brith, forming in the feminine Braith, Diversicolor, Maculosus^ and Brych — ^the equivalent in Cymric of the Gaelic Breao — ^Macula. Both refer to the name Picti, or painted; and Agned or Mynyd Agned pro- bably comes from an obsolete word, cigneaw, to painty agneaid, painted. It is singular enough that in the pedigree of Cunedda, given in the Welsh genealogies as 977, it is deduced from a certain J?n^Aguein, grand- son of Aballec, son of Amelach, son of Beli Mawr, and the name of Biychan obviously comes from Brych, The history of this region, so far as we can trace it, will likewise show the connection of these painted men, or Picts, with it The first event that seems founded on some historic truth is the battle fought at Mynyd Agned, by which the people called the Cath Bregion were defeated, and the establishment of Llew as ruler over Lothian. He is the Lothus of the legends of Saint Kentigem, and is said to have been buried near Dunpender Law, in East Lothian. His maxau gododin and the ncis. 89 daughter Thenew, the mother of Kentigem, after an attempt to put her to death, in one legend on Don- pender, in another on Eepduff, now Eilduffy is cast adrift in a boat jfrom Aberlady Bay.
Some of the localities connected with this distriefe also emerge in the legends of Saint Monenna or Darerca of Killsleibeculean, in Ulster, who is recoided by Tighemac as dying in the year 518. There are three lives of St Monenna, but they do not differ much in the leading incidents of her life. She was bom in Ireland, and associated eight viigins with her, and, according to all of the lives, a widow (una vidua), with her son Lugar. In Scotland, she founded, according to one life, a church in Gallo- way, called Chilnacase; according to another life^ three churches in Galloway; and the following churches on the summits of several mountains in Scotland, in honour of St. Michael: one " in cacumine mentis qui appellatur Dundevenel;" another " in monte Dunbro- tan; " a third " in Castello quod dicitur Strevelin; " a fourth '' in Dunedene que Anglica lingua dicitur Edine- burg/^ where she left five virgins; and a fifth on the ''Mens Dunpeledur/' The first was on Dundonald in Ayrshire, near the mouth of the Irvine, into which the Glen flows, where Arthur^s first battle was fought; and the three next were on the three fortified rocks of Dumbarton, Stirling, and Edinburgh, where Arthur fought three of his battles; while Dunpeledur, on which she founded another, is associated with Llew or Lothus, on whom Arthur bestowed the territory of Lothian. As Arthur was pre-eminently a 86 MAKAU OODODIN AND THE PICTS.
hero fighting against pagan Saxons and apostate PictB, these foundations appear to synchronise with the re-establishment of the Christian chiirch there; and as one of Monenna's churches was on Dun- pender Law, it seems not improbable that Thenew, the mother of KentigerUy was» in point of fact, one of the virgins in that church/ Kentigem must have been bom about 518, which synchronises with the date of Monenna's death; and one of her virgins, called Tannat^ ia said in one of the lives to have died three days after her. Monenna's chiirch was in that part of Ulster called Dalaraidhe, and peopled by the Irish Picts; and her foundations in Scotland being in Galloway and in the regions near Edinburgh, show that her mission mainly was to the Picts of Galloway and of Manann.
The connection between the Picts of Ulster and the Picts of Manann, obscurely shadowed forth in the legendary expulsion of the Ultonians to Manann, by Gormac, king of Ireland, in the third century, appears to have existed at this time. An old notice in some of the Irish MSS. states that Baedan, son N of Cairill, king of Ulster, ** cleared Manann of Galls or strangers, so that the sovereignty belonged to the TTltonians thenceforth, and the second year after his death the Gael abandoned Manann.'^* Baedan died, according to Tigfaemac, in 581. In 577, he records, ^primum periculum UUxd an Eaman;^ and, in 578, "* abreversio Ulad de Umania.' The Annals of Ulster give these names as Eufania and Eumania. It has MANAU GODODIN AND THE PI0T8. 87 been supposed that Eamania or Eaman, the old capital of Ulster, is meaDt; but the expression ^ abreversio " could hardly be used with reference to a place within Ulster, and the Irish annalists were not likely to pervert the name of a place so celebrated as that of Eamania, These names Eimiania and Eufania are more probaUy attempts to express the Latin name Eubonia^ and to refer to Manann, and to the expedition bjr which Baedan cleared it of Galls. Two years after his death the Gael are said to have left it; and, in 583, l^g^ emac records the battle of Manann by Aedan mac Gabran, king of Dalriada^ which likewise appears in the old Welsh chronicle in 584 as ^^Bellom contra Ettboniam/' It was therefore a battle fought between Aedan and the people of Manann.
The next event recorded in connection with Manann is the war between Penda with the aid of the Britons, and Oswy, in which the former was overthrown and slain, and the latter extended his dominion over the Britons, and wrested from the Picts a part of their ** Provincia.** Bede tells us that in a year which he does not specify, but which must have been after the year 653, Oswy was exposed to the fierce and intolerable eruptions of Penda, king of the Mercians, and promised to give him more and greater royal ornaments than can be imagined to purchase peace, provided the king would return home and cease to ravage and destroy the provinces of his kingdom; but that Penda refused to grant his request^ and resolved to destroy and extirpate all his nation. Whereupon Oswy attacked him with a small army, though he had thirty legions led on by most skil- 88 MANAU GODODIN AND THE PICTS.
fill commanders^ the Pagans were defeated and slain, the thirty rojral commanders were abnost all of them killed; and he adds, " The battle was fought near the river Winwaed.* The same transaction is narrated by the author of the Oenealogia^ but it is obvious that ho is making use of two separate accounts; for the second paragraph narrates what must have preceded the con- clusion of the first, and in the one the king of Mercia is called Pantha, and in the other Penda. By this account, the thirty commanders were kings of the Bri- tons, who go with Pantha on an expedition as far as the city of ludeu (usque in urbem que vocatur ludeu), and Oswy gave to Penda all the wealth that he had in the city, even into Manau (reddidit divitias cum eo in urbe, usque in Manau, Pendse), and Penda gave it to the British kings, and this was called Atbret ludeu — ^the ransom of ludeu. Oswy then attacked Penda, and slew the thirty kings, Catgabail alone escaping, and this was the ** Stxages Gai CampL" The one is the Anglic account^ the other is the Cymric. By the latter, Oswy bought off the attack upon the city of ludeu, and the city itself, and the battle which fol- lowed Hmst have been in or near Manau. The two accounts are not inconsistent; except in so far as Bede says that Penda refused the redemption-money, while the Welsh account says he took it and gave it to the British kings. Both agree that he was attacked, and the thirty conmianders slain. Bede does not say where this happened, except that the battle was near the river Winwaed. The Welsh account says it was in the north, and is corroborated both by Florence of Worcester, who MANAU GODODIK AND THE PICT8. 89 says that Penda invaded Bemicia^ and by Tighemae, who says that he was accompanied by thir^ Idngg. Bede does not expressly say that Penda was alain in that battle, but in the next section he adds that Oswy brought the war to a conclusion by his slaughter, " in regione Loidis^'' on the 1 5th November in the thirteenth year of his reign, which represents in Bede the year 655; and the Chronicle of 977 implies that the two events were not the same, for it has in 656 '^Stragcs 6ai Campi,"and in the following year, 657, 'Tantha ocdaia* This defeat was followed by the subjugation of the greater part of the Picts, who had probably aided Penda and Cadwalla, and not only Manau and Galwetfaia^ or Galloway, became subject to Oswy, but apart of the ** provincia Pictorum^ on the north of the Firth of Forth. This subjection lasted for nearly thirty years, till the defeat of Ecfrid at Dunnichen in 686 enabled the Picts to regain that part of their provincia which had been wrested from them. Manau and Galloway seem, however, to have been considered still part of the AngUc kingdom, and their Pictish population sub- ject to them, as we find the Angles establis^g a Bishopric in Galloway after 686, and the Picts of Manann or Manau obviously rebelling against them. In 698 Tighemac records a ''battle between the Saxons and the Picts, in which the son of Bemith, who was called Brechtraig, was slain,'' and the Saxon Chronicle mentions the same transaction under the