But to return to our Bufincfs. Quintus Lutatius the Rownn^ having the Cimlri upon his heels, and being arriv'd at a river; that the enemy might give him time to pais, he pretended a refolution to fight them, pitch'd liis Camp, cntrcnch'd himfejf, fet up his Stan- dard, and fet out parties of horfe to provide forragc. The Civthiam conceiving lie would encamp there, came and encamped by him, and divided thtmfclve^ into fcveral par- ties to fupply them with provifions; of which l uiatms having nocjce, flip'd over the ri- ver before they could have time to djfliirb him. Some have turned the courfe of a river, and by a cut carrying the water on the back C\dco\ the Army^ h.avc made the r;ver for* dable, and pafled it with eafe. When the waters are rapid and the ftream ftrong, to facilitate the pa/lkge of the Foot, they put the ftrongeft of their Horfe betwixt the ftream and the Foot, to keep otf the torrent; and another party below to bear up the Foot, if the water fhould be too ftrong for any of them. Rivers that are unfordable, are likewife to be pafled with Bridges and Boats j fo that it is good to carry in your Ar- my materials for all thefe things. It happens fometimes that when you would pafs a River, the Enemy is got on the other fide, and oppofes. To remove this difficulty, I know nothing you can do better, than to follow the example of Cafar, who having brought his Army to the fide of a River in France, with defign to have paffed it, but finding t^'eYcingetrix with his Army on the other fide ready to obftru<5t him, he marched down the River feveral days journey on one fide, whilft Vercingetrix did the Jike oil the other.
But Cafnr having made a place in a Wood convenient for the concealing of fome of his men, drew out three Companies out of each Legion, caufed them to ftay behind there, and when he was gone, commanded that they fhould fet up a Bridge over the River, and fortify it; and in the mean time he follow'd his march. Vtrcingetiix obferv- ing the fame number of Legions, not fufpeding that any part of them were left be- hind, follow'd him on the other fide j but Cafar when he judged the Bridge finifhed, faced about on a fudden, and finding every thing as he expeded, he pafled the River without any difficulty.
Znnolfi. Have you any rules whereby you may difcover a ford?
Ful^. Yes, we have: where ever in a River you fee the water tremble, and carry cer- tain fireaks betwixt the place where iC Magnates and the current, you may be fure the bottom 'is good, and the place fordable, becaufe the gravel and fand which the Ri- ver does commonly carry along with it, is more fixed there, as has been often feen by experience.
Zanob't. Suppofe the flood fhould have loofened the earth at the bottom of the ford, fo as the horfc fhould fink in; what remedy then?
Fab. You muft make grills or lettices of wood, fink them into the River, and let them pafs over them. But to follow our difcourfe.
CHAP. XL FTovd to niak^ your p^ijf^^g^ thorough a J! r eighty though you te prejfed ty an ^nemy.
Tab. TF a General by accident be conducted with his Army betwixt two Mountains, and that he has but two paflages, one before, and the other behind, and the .Enemy has got polTcflion of both, he can have no better remedy than to do as has been done before; that is, to dig a deep 'Trench behind hiiri, and make it as unpafTable as hfe can, that the Enemy may believe he intended to ftop hinl there in the tear, that with his whole force he might make his way thorough the pafl'age in the Van: Which being ob- ferved by the Enemy, he concluded according to appearance; fent what flrength he , could make to the other end of the pafs, and abandon'd the Trench; whereupon the other clap'd a wooden bridge over the Trench immediately (which he had prepar'd on pur- pofe) and pafled back again without any obftru(^lion. Lucius Minutius a Roman Conful was in Uguria with an Army, and was flnit up by the Enemy betwixt the Mountains, fo as he could not difengage himfelf: being fenfible of his condition, he fent certain Numidians which he had in his Army upon fmall fcrannel Horfes towards the places whe e the Enemy had their Guards. At firfl fight the Enemy put themfelves into a poilurc to defend the paflcs, but when they obferved the Numidians in ill order, and ill mounted in refpeci of thcmfelves, they began to defpife them, and to be more remifs in their Guards; which was no fooncr perceiv'd by the Numidians^ but they clap'd Spurs to their Horfes, and charging fuddenly upon them, they pafled on in fpight of all their oppohtion; and being palftd, the mifchief and devaftation that they made in the Country, conflrained the Enemy to give free paflkge to the whole Army. A certain General being infe(ied by a numerous Enemy, drew up his Army fo ciofe, that the Enemv was able to enconipafs him round, and afterwards he fell fo fmarrly up- on tliat Quarter wh.cre tlie Ent-my was weakeft, that he nor only Vv'orlled them, but di(entan;:^rd himfc f. Ahirius Antonins in the retreat from the Pnrthtnns, ob- ferved that every morning by break of day they were upon his back as foon a* he mo- ved, 495 496 The Art of WA R. Book VI.
ved, and continued skirmifliing and molefting him quite tuorough his march; where- upon he refolved not to remove before noon. The Parthians obfcrving, concluded he would not ftir that day, and returned to their Pods, infomuch that Manuf Antonius had opportunity to march all the reft of that day without interruption. The fame perfon, to avoid the Darts of the Parthians, commanded his Men, that when the Par- thians came near them, the firft rank fhould fall down upon their knees, and the fecond rank clap their Bucklers over the heads of the firft rank, the third over the fecond, the fourth over the third, and fo on; fo as the whole Army lay as it were under a Shield and was defended from their Arrows: And this is all I can remember about the ac- cidents to virhich an Army is fubjed upon a march. I fliall pafs now to another thing, unlefs you have fomething elfe to demand. ' THE Sixth BOOK.
e CHAP. I.
What kind of places the Greeks and the Romans chofe out for their Camps, with Jhort recapitulation of what has been faid before.
Zattol>i.''wr' Think it very convenient that takes upon him the Office of demand- ■ ing, and that I lay it down; by doing fo we ftall feem to imitate the I good Generals of old, who (is I have been taught by Seignor Fairitio) JIL did ufually place the valianteft of their Soldiers in the front, and in the rear of the Army; conceiving it neceffary to have thofe in the Van who would begin the fight bravely, and fuch in the rear as would bravely maintain it. And as Cofimo be- gan this difcourfe with a great deal of prudence, fo Batttfla may finifii it with the fame J Luigi and I having born the brunt in the middle as well as we could; and feeing hitherto every man has taken his part willingly, I do not think Battifta will refufe.
Battifla. Hitherto I have fuffered my felf to be governed, and am refolved to do fo for the future; let me defire you therefore Seignor Fabritio to purfue your difcourfe, and hold us excufed if we interrupt you with thefe kind of demands.
Fabritio. As I told you before, you dome a very great kindnefs; for this interruption, and changing of perfons, rather refrefhes than troubles my fancy: But to follow our bufinefs; I fay, that it is now high time that we difpofc our Army into its quarters, for you know every thing defires reft, and fecurity; for to repofe without fccurity, is not properly to repofe. I do fancy you would rather have had me lodged my Army firft, and march'd and fought them afterwards, but we have done quite contrarv, and indeed not without necellity; for being to fliew how an Army in a march was to quit that form, and put it felf into a pofture to fi^jht, it was necclfary firft to fiiew how rhey were to be drawn up for a Battle. But to return; I fay, that if you would have your Camp fafe, you muft have it ftrong and well ordered: The difcretion of the General puts it in good order, but it is art or fituarion that makes it defcnfiblc and ftrong. The Grecians were fo curious in this point, that they would never encamp but where there was fome River, or Wood, or Bank, or other Natural Rampart to defend them: But the Ro??3ans ftood not fo much upon the ftrength of the fituation, as their own ways of fortification; nor would they ever encamp, but where according to their own Difcipline they could draw up their Army. For this reafon the Ro- niiiiis obferved one conflant form in their encampments; for diey would rather m.^ke tiie fituation of the place comply with their merliods, tlian permit their cuftoms to comply Book YI. The Art of IV A R.
comply with the firuation; but with the Grecians it was otherwife, becaufe following the condition and form of the place, it was neceflary that they varied the manner of their encampment, and the form of their Camp. The Romans therefore where the fitu- ation was weak, fupplyed it by art and induftry: And becaufe in this difcourfel have propofed the Remans for a Precedent, I (ball not leave tijcra in my manner of encamp- ment; neverthelefs 1 fhali not follow their praftice in every thing, but picking and ie- leding fuch parts as I think molt agreeable with our times. I have told you ofttn haw the Romans in their Confular Armies had two Legions of Romans, confining of about iiooo Foot, and 600 Horfe; they had moreover about ijooo more Foor, fent in by their Friends and Allies to their afiiftance: but this was a Rulej their Auxiliaries never exceeded the number of the Legions, unlefs it were in Horfe, and in them they were not fo curious. I have told you likewife iiow in all their battles their Legions were pla- ced in the middle, and their Auxiliaries in the flanks, and it was the fame in their en- campments; as you may read in fuch Authors as make any mention of their Hiftory I will not therefore be fo exa6t in my relation; I (hali content my felf only to tell you in what order I would lodge my Army at prefent, and you will underftand by that what I have borrowed from the Romar.s. You know that in imitation of their Legions I have taken two Battalions con/ifting of dooo Foot, and 300 Horfe of fervice for the Batta- lion; you know into what Companies, into what Arms, and into what Names I divi- ded them. You know how in ordering my Army to march and to fight, I have faid nothing of more men; only what was to be done, was to be done by doubling their ranks, not by any reinforcement of men. But being now to fhew you the manner of en- camping, 1 think it not convenient toftick to my two Battalions, but to unite our whole Army, compofed acccording to the model of the Romans of two Battalipns, and as ma- ny Auxiliaries; which I do the rather, that the form of our Camp may be the more com- pleat, by the reception of a compleat Army; which in my other demonltrations 1 have not thought altogether fo neceflary. Being therefore to lodge a compleat Army of 24000 Foor, and two thoufand Horfes of fervice, to be divided into four Battalions, (two of Natives, and two of Strangers) 1 would take this way.
C H A P. IL The form of a Camp.
Fahr. TLTAving found a place convenient for my Camp, I Would fet up my Standard in the midft of a fquare of fifty yards deep. The four fides of that fquare fhould refpeft the four quarters of the World, and look Eaft, Wefi, North, and South. In this fquare I would fet up the General's Pavilion: and becaufe I think it difcreet, and in part the pradice of the Ancients, I would divide my men which carry arms, frorh them who have none; and thofe who are free, from thofe who are incumbred. All or the greateft part of my arm'd men 1 would lodge towards the Eaff; my men that were difarm'd and incumbred, I would lodge towards the Weft, making my front towards the Eaft, and my rear towards the Wefl; and the North and the South fhould be my flanks. To diltinguifh the quarters of thofe which bore arm?, 1 would take this courfe; I would draw a line from the Standard towards the Eaft of dSo yards long; then I u^ould draw two other lines, (with the firft in the middle) of the fame length, but each of them at a diftance of fifteen yards from the firft; at the end of thefe lines 1 would have my Eaftern Port; and the fpace betwixt the two outward lines would make a Street which Ihould go from that Gate to the General's quarters, and take up a fpace of thirty yards in breadth, and 630 in length, (for the General's quarter would rake up fifty) and this fhould be called the General's ftreet. Then I would caufe another ftreet to be drawn out from North to South, and it fhould pafs by the end of the General's ftreet, not far from the General's quarter towards the Eaft, which fhould contain in length 1250 yards (for it fhould take up all the breadth of the Camp) and be called the Crofs-ftreet. Having defigned the General's quarters, and thefe two Streets, 1 would mark out quarters for the two Battalions that were my own Subjefts, and one of them I would difpofe on the right hand of the General's ftreet, and the other on the left. And then pafiing over the Crofs-ftreet, I would affign 32 lodgments on the left hand of the General's ftreet, and as many on the right, leaving betwixt the fi.xteenrh and fevcnreenth lodgment a fpace of thirty yards wide, as a traverfe way to pafs thorough all the lodgments of the Battalions. I would lodge the Captains of the men at Arms at the front of thofe two orders of lodgments which joyn to the Crofs ftreet, and their men at Arms in the fifteen lodg- T t t ments 45>7 498 The An of WA R. Book VI.
ments that are next them; fo as every 1 dgmenc ihould contain ten men at Arms, the whole number that I have allotted to each Battalion being an hundred and fifty. The Captains lodgments fliould be forty yards wide, and ten in length; and you muft take notice that when 1 fay lutdey 1 mean from North to South; and when loi7g, from Eaft to Weft. The lodgment for the private men at arms (fcould be fifteen yards long, and thir- ty wide. In the other fitteen lodgments which follow on both fides of theftreet, (which begin at the travetfe way, and fliould have the fame allowance of ground as I have gi- ven to the other) 1 would difpofe my light horfe. And becaule rhere are likewife of them belonging to each Battalion 150, 1 would put ten of them into each of the fifteen lodgments, and the fixtecrtth I would referve for the Captain with the fame fpace of ground as is allowed to the Captain of the men at aims; and fo the lodgments of the horfe of the two Battalions fiiould come down to the middle of the General's Street, and be a direftion to the quartering of the Foot, as 1 ftiall ftiew. You have feen howl have lodged the 300 horfe of both Battalions, with their Officers, in 32 lodgments fee up near the General's Street, and beginning at the Crofs ftreet; and how betwixt the fixteenth and the feventeenth there was referved a fpace of thirty yards to make a crofs way. Being therefore to lodge the twenty Battalia's or Companies in the two ordinary Battalions, I would appoint lodgments for every two Battalia's behind the lodgments of the horfe, and they fliould each of them contain in length 15 yards, and in bicadth thirty, according to the dimenfions of the horfe-lodgment, and they fliould be fo clofe that they fliould touch one another.
In the firft lodgment on each fide butting upon the Crofs-flreet, I would lodge the Captain of each Company over againft the lodgment of the Captain of the m*.n at Arms: and this lodgment alone fli0u!d be twenty yards wide, and ten long. In the o- ther fifteen lodgments which fucceed on both fides as far as the traverfe way, I would quarter a Company of foot, which being 450, ftioi.ld be dif{ ofed 30 to a lodgment. The other 15 lodgments Ihould be fet up on each fide by the lodgments of the light horfe, with the fame dimenfions of ground; and on each fide I would place a Battalia of foot.
In the laft lodgment on each fide I would place the Captain of the Company (right over againft the Captain of the light horfe) with a fpace ot ten yards in length, and twenty in breadth: and fo thefe two firft ranks of lodgmeftts would be half horfe, and half foot: But becaufe (as I faid before) thefe horfes arc all horfes of fervice, which have no proper perfons either to drefs or to feed them, 1 would have the foot which are quar- tered behind, obliged to look to them, and f or fo doing they fliould be exempt from o- thcr duties in the Camp; and this was the method of the Remans. After this I would leave a fpace of thirty yards on each fide, which fliould make ftreets, and be called, one of them, the firft Street on the left hand, and the other the firft Street on the right. I would then on each fide fet up another row of 32 lodgments, with their backs one to the other, with the fame fpaces as I afligned to the other; and having feparated fix- teen of them, (as with the reft) to make a traverfe way, 1 would difpofe in each fide four Companies with their Captains at the head of them, and other Officers in the rear. After I had left on both fides a diftance of thirty yards for a way, which on one fide fliould be called the fecond Street on the right hard, and on the other fide tlie fecond Street on the left hand; I would fet up another rank of 32 lodgments with the fame diftances and feparations, where I would lodge on each fide four Companies with their Ofticers: and by doing this, all the Cavalry, and the Companies of both the Battalions would be lodged in three rows of lodgments, and the General's cnar- ter in the middle. The two Battalions of Auxiliaries (having made them to confift of the fame number of men) 1 would quarrer on both fides of the two ordinary Battali- ons, with the fame number of rows, and in the fame order as them, placing firft one order of lodgments confifting half of horfe, and half of foor, diftant from the next or- der thirty foot; which diftance fliould make a Street, and be called on one fide, the third Street on the right hand; and on the other fide, the third Street on the left hand. And then I would make on each fide two more rows of lodgments with the fame diftjnces andjdiftinftions as in the lodgments of the other Battalions, which fliould make two other Streets, and be called according to their number, and the hand on which iliey are placed; fo that this whole Array will be lodged in twelve double rows of lodgments, and there will be thirteen Streets, reckoning the General's Street, and the Ciofs-ftrcet: When I have dcfigncd my circumference, and appointed my lodgments for my four Bxt- taiions, I would leave a fpace betwixt the lodgments and riie trenches of an hundred yards broad, which fliould go round my Camp: and if you compute all the fpaces, you will find that from the middle of the General's lodgment to riie Eaft Gate, are 63o yards- There are two other fpaces, one from the General's quarter 10 the South Gate, and the other Book VI. The Art of W A R. 499 other From the fame place to the North Gate, each of them 655 yards, commencing at the Center. Subftracting afterwards from each of thefe fpaces fifty yards for the Gene- ral's quarter, and five and forty more on each fide for a Piaz,z.a, and thirty yards for x Street that divi<{es each of the faid fpaces in the middle, and an hundred yards round betwixt the lodgments and trenches; there remains on all fides for lodgments, a fpace of four hundred yards wide, and an hundred long, mcafuring the length with the fpace which is taken up by the General's quarter; then dividing the faid length in the middle, there will be on each fide of the General forty lodgment?, in length fifty yards, and t«renty wide, which in all will be eighty; in which the General Officers of the Battali- ons fliould be quartered, the Treafurers, the Maftres de tnmpe, and all fuchas have any Office in the Army; leaving fome fpaces empty for lhangers, or fuch Voluntiers as fol- low ihe Wars meerly out of afftdion to the General: On the back fide of the Gene- ral's quarters I would make a Sireccfrom South to North, thirty yards broad; and ic (hould be called Front-ftreet, and run all along the eighty lodgments abovefaid. From this Front flrtet, by the General's quarter, I wou'd have another Street that fhould go from thence to the Welt Gate, thirty yards wide, anfwering both for fituation and lenqth to the GtneraJ's Street, and it ftould be called the P/zJiz^-flreet. Having fettled thefe two Streets, 1 would order a Piaxx,a or Market-place, and it fhould be at the end of the?iaxx.a flreet, over againft the General's lodging, and not far from the Front- ftreet. I would have it fquare, and every fquare to contain 121 yards. On the right and left hand of this Market-place I would have two rows of lodgments, eachofthem double, and confifting of eight lodgments, in length twelve yards, and in breadth thir-. ty; So that on each fide of the?tax.x,a 1 would have fixteen lodgments, with that in the middle, fo that in all they would be 32; in which I v^'ould place thofe horfe which remain undifpofed of, that belong to the Auxiliary fquadrons. If thefe would not be flifficient to receive them, I would confign them fome of the lodgments about the Ge- neral's quarters, efj ecially thofe which look towards the trenches. It remains now that we lodge the Pikes, and the Velites cxtraordinaiy which 1 have afllgned to each Batta- Jion, which as you know confifted (befides the ten Companies) of a thoufand Pikes extraordinary, and five hundred Velites. So that the two Battalions had 2000 Pikes extraordinary, and loooVelttes extraordinary, and the Auxiliaries {lad the fame; fo that we have flill dooo foot to lodge, which I would difpofc in that part toward the Weft, and along the ditch. From the end of the Front-ftreet towards the North, leaving a fpace of 100 yards betwixt that and the ditch, I would have a row of five double lodg- rtients, which fhould contain in length all of them 75 yards, and 60 in breadth: So as when the breadth is divided, there fiiall belong to each lodgment 1 5 yards in length, and 50 in breadth; and becaufe there will be but ten lodgments in this rank, there fhall be lodged 300 foot, 30 in a lodgment. After that, leaving a fpace of 31 yards, I would fet up in the fame manner, and with the fame diftances, another row of five double lodgments, and after that another, 'till they came to be five rows of five double lodg- ments, in all fifty, placed in a right line from the North, all of them ten yards from the fofs, and fhould entertain 1500 foot. Turning them towards the Weft Gate, in all that fpace from them to the faid Gate, I would have five other double orders, in the fame manner, and with the fame fpaces, (but with a diftance of but 15 yards from one row to another) where I would lodge 1 500 foot more. And fo all the Velites^ and Pikes extraordinary, of both the proper Battalions, fhould be lodged from the North Gate to the Weft Gate, according to the turning of the trenches, and fhould be diflributed into 100 lodgments in ten rows, ten lodgments in a row. The Pikes and the Velites extra- ordinary, of the two Auxiliary Battalions, (bould be lodged in the fame manner be*