[5] _Neidhart_.
[6] The views which Luther expounds in this treatise had already been expressed in a Latin work, _Resolutiones super Propositione XIII. de protestate Papae_, 1519 (_Erl. Ed., op. var. arg._, III, 293 ff; _Weimar Ed._, II, 180 ff). The present work is written in German "for the laity."
[7] _Christenheit_. Luther carefully avoids the use of the word "Church" (_Kirche_). The reason will appear in the argument which follows. In many places, however, the word "Christendom" would not Luther's meaning, and there is, for the modern reader, no such technical restriction to the term "Church" as obtained among Luther's readers. Where the word _Christenheit_ is rendered otherwise than "Christendom" it is so indicated in a foot-note.
[8] The chief point argued at the Leipzig Disputation, whether the power of the pope is _jure divino_ or _jure humano_.
[10] A comment explanatory of a passage of Scripture or of the Canon Law.
[11] Pallium, a scarf made of sheep's wool, which the pope is privileged to wear at all times, and others only on specified occasions; conferred by the pope on persons of the rank of archbishops; on its bestowal depended the assumption of the title and functions of the office. The granting of pallis became a rich source of revenue for the pope since each new incumbent of a prelacy had to apply for his own pallium in person, or by special representative, and to pay for the privilege of receiving it. At the appointment of Uriel as bishop of Mainz in 1508, even the emperor urged a reduction of one-half the usual fees, especially since the previous incumbent had paid the full price but four years previous. The request was denied. See Art _Mainz_ in PRE 1, 2.
[12] _Zur Halfte, so nicht mehr, geistlich_. See below, page 356, No. 2.
[13] Is this an allusion to the papal title, _servus servorum Dei_, "the servant of the servants of God"?
[14] Alveld's German treatise described itself in the title as a "fruitful, useful little book."
[15] Alveld's Latin treatise especially abounds in these appellations.
[16] Alveld belonged to the branch of the Franciscan Order known as the "Observants" (_fratres reglaris observatiae_), from their strict observance of the Franciscan Rule. See the title of the Latin treatise in _Weimar Ed._, VI, 277.
[18] _Gemeinde_--the German equivalent for the Latin _communio_, _communitas_, or _congregatio_. In Luther's use of the term it means sometimes "community," sometimes "congregation," sometimes even "the Church" (_Gemeinde der Heiligen_). In this case it translates Alveld's _civilitas_ (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 278).
[20] Luther quotes, in German, the reading of the Latin Vulgate.
[22] _Gemeinde_. A play on the word. On the second use of the term, compare the similar employment of the English word "parish."
[24] From _Veni Sancte Spiritus_, an antiphon for Whitsuntide dating from the eleventh century.
[26] _Es ist erlogen und erstunken_.
[27] _Gemeinde_.
[29] _Versammlung_.
[30] _Gemeinde_.
[31] _Versammlung_.
[33] A quaint interpretation of the passage: "The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch."
[35] _Nun bitten wir den heiligen Geist_, a popular pre-Reformation hymn, of one stanza, for Whitsuntide, dating from the middle of the thirteenth century; quoted in a sermon by Berthold, the Franciscan, a celebrated German preacher in the Middle Ages, who died in Regesburg in 1272. Published by Luther, with three stanzas of his own added, in his hymn-book of 1524. Vid. Wackernage, _Kirchenlied_, ii, 44; Koca, _Geachicte des Kirchenlieds_, i, 185; Julian, _Dict. of Hymnology_, 821. Also Miss Winkworth's _Christian Singers_, 38.
[37] _Gemeinde_.
[40] All sources from which the Church or the clergy derived an income were called in the broader sense, "spiritual" possessions. A further distinction was drawn between two kinds of ecclesiastical income--the _spiritualia_ in this sense being the fees, tithes, etc., and the _temporalia_ the income from endowments of land and the like.
[41] The followers of John Huss.
[42] _Zwölfbote_, a popular appellation for the apostles, meaning one of the twelve messengers.
[43] See page 351.
[45] Literally, "Rastrume better than malvoisie." "Rastrum" was a Leipzig beer reported to be extraordinarily bad; "malvoisie," a highly prized, imported wine, known in England as "malmsey."
[46] In the German treatise Alveld says: "It is not enough to have Christ for a shepherd or a head; if that were sufficient, all the heathen, all the Jews, all the errorists, all the heretics would be true Christians. Christ is a lord, a guardian, a shepherd, a head of the whole world, whether we want him or not." (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 301) In the Latin he says: "No community or assembly (_civilitars seu pluralitas_) of men can be rightly administered except in the unity of the head, under the Head Jesus Christ." This proposition he develops in detail, saying that "No brothel (_contubernium meretricum_), no band of thieves, plunderers and robbers, no company of soldiers can be ruled or held together, or long exist without a governor, chief and lord, that is to say, without one head." (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 278).
[48] Jerome Emser, _De disputatione Lipsicense_ and _A venatione Luteriana aegocerotia assertio_.
[51] In his _Sermon von Sacrament des Leichnams Christi_ of 1519 (_Weimar Ed._, II, 742 ff.) Luther had made a plea for the restoration of the cup to the laity. At the request of Duke George of Saxony, the bishop of Meissen (Jan. 20th, 1520) forbade the circulation of this tract in his diocese (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 76; Hauerbath, _Luther_, I, 316). The controversy, to which Luther contributed is _Verklärung etlicher Artikel_, etc. (_Weimar Ed._, VI, 78 ff.), was bitterest in the Leipzig circle to which Alved belonged.
[52] See pp. 373 and 380.
[53] A reference to Emser's _De disputatione Lipsicense_, and _A ventione Luteriana aegocerotis assertio_, see above, p. 363.
[54] Luther's greeting to a forthcoming and much heralded work of Eck's, which appeared under the title _De primatu Petri_.
[55] This statement cannot be substantiated. But see commentaries on Acts 26:10 f.
[56] The memory of the warlike and avaricious pope Julius II. was still fresh in the mind of Luther and his contemporaries.
[57] Alveld so announced himself in the title of his Latin treatise. In order go gain the necessary leisure for its composition he had obtained a dispensation from all the capel services of his monastery. See _Weimar Ed._, VI, 277.
[58] In a similar vein of satire Shakespeare uses this very phrase in "Merry Wives of Windsor," III, 5.
[59] _Gemeinde_.
[60] Alveld had stated that the attempt had been made "more than 23 times"; and again, "The assembly has existed more than 1486 under the chair of St. Peter which Christ has established." See _Weimar Ed._, VI.
[61] _Gemeinde_.
[62] Still the old terminology.
[63] Equivalent to father-confessor. The pope's own confessor is so called.
[64] Alveld makes this distinction in both of his treatises.
[65] _Gemeinde_.
[66] See page 373.
[67] See especially the _Resolutiones super Propositione XIII_.
[68] i. e., The Russians, who were in ecclesiastical fellowship with the Orthodox Greek Church. The metropolitan see of Moscow represented the opposition to union with Rome, which had been proposed in 1439; the second metropolitan see of Russia, that of Kief, was until 1519 favorable to the union. See A. Palmieri and W. J. Shipman, in _The Catholic Encyclopedia_, X, 594 ff; XIII, 255 f., and Adeney, _Greek and Eastern Churches_, 385 ff.
[69] _Gemeinde_.
[69] _Gemeinde_.
[70] Annates (_annatae_, _annalia_), originally the income which a bishop received from the vacant benefices in his diocese, usually amounting to a year's income of the benefice. By a decree of John XXII, 1317 (_Extrav. Jn. XXII, Lib. I, C. 2_), the annates are fixed at one-half of one year's income of the benefice reckoned on the basis of the tithes, and payable on accession of the new incumbent. Two years later (1319) the same Pope set an important precedent by claiming for himself the annates from all benefices falling vacant in the next two years (_Extrav. Comm. 3, 2, C. II_). The right to receive annates subsequently became a regular claim of the popes. The term was extended after 1418 to include, beside the annates proper, the so-called _servitia_, payments made to the curia by bishops and abbots at the time of their accession. Luther discusses the subject at greater length in the _Address to the Christian Nobility_. (See Vol. II) [73] This is Alveld's explanation in his German treatise.
[74] _Comment_, equivalent to "lie" or "invention."
[75] _Rastrum_, see above, note on p. 362.
[76] The sheeps' clothing in which they come.
[77] A reference to the sale of dispensations, more fully discussed in the _Address to the Christian Nobility_.
[78] At the well-known disputation in the previous year.
[79] John Lonicer in _Contra romanistam fratrem_, etc., and John Bernhardi in _Confutatio inepti et impii libelli_, etc.; both replies to Alveld's Latin treatise which appeared shortly before this treatise of Luther's.
[80] _Gemeinde_.
[81] A promise fulfilled in his _Address to the Christian Nobility_.
[82] In the title to his Latin treatise.
[83] Of the German treatise.
INDEX SCRIPTURE REFERENCES INDEX Aaron Abraham Abraham's bosom Absolution Abuses, in the Mass Achatius Adam Address to the Christian Nobility Adlolf of Merseberg Adversity, blessings of the greatest Aegidius, St. Agatha, St. Agricola Albrecht of Mainz Altar-cloths Alveld Ambrose Anapatist Annates Anthony, St. Antichrist Antilogistae Apology Apostate Apostle Apostles Aristotle Articles of faith Assurance of salvation Attrition Augsburg Confession Diet of Augustine Augustine's Confessions Auxiliatores Ave Maria Aven amal Babylon, king of Babylonian captivity Baptism three parts of the sign of a flood of grace a covenant and penance significance of makes guiltless comfort of always to be remembered false confidence in Baptismal collect vows Barbara, St. Barbara's, St., Day Begangniss Beggars Bendedictite Benevolence Bernard of Clairvaux Bernhardi, John Bertholdt Bible, Translation of Bishop, qualifications of Bishops all equal Blasius, St Blessings within us before us behind us beneath us on left hand on right hand above us Bohemians bon Christian Boniface VIII. Books, heathen, are dangerous Both kinds, communion in Brandenburg, Bishop of Breviary Bridget, St.
Cajetan Canon of the Mass Law Canonical Hours Canonisation Carthusians Castigation Casuistry Catherine, St. Celia, St. Ceremonies one instituted by Christ Charity Charles V. Chastity vows of Children, training of Chimera Christ, our example our greatest blessing our Priest righteousness of Christ, the Rock Christenheit Christian, the name Church membership does not make lord of all Christopher, St. Church authority of corruption of House of Prayer spiritual mother worldliness of not bound to Rome a spiritual community three uses of the term marks of Cicero Clergy Collects Cologne Commandments, Ten First Second Third First three Fourth First four Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth and Tenth of God a guide in confession in prayer of the Church Comment Commissaries Communion without confession of saints Community, government of Compostella Confession Roman Catholic conception of Lutheran conception of why we confess insincere when not to make justifies of sin Sacrament Confessionalia Confessional Letters Conscience troubled evil Considerateness Constitutions Contrition Corporal Councils Courtesans Covenant Covetousness Cranach Cranmer Creed Cross of Christ Cup, why withheld Curse, a fount of blessing Custom, value of Cypriacus, St. Cyprian Damned, the David Day and night Death and dumb, Mass for Death a blessing bitterness of, due to si a door to life a penance and satisfaction Decrees, papal Decretals Defensores Devil Dietenberger, John Dionysus Dionysus, St. Diseases, number known Dishonesty Disobedience Dispensation from vows Disputation Doctors Easter Day Eck Elevation of the host Elmser Endowments Enemies, duties toward Epicureans Erasmus, Disider Erasmus, St. Estates, why instituted Esther, Queen Eternal punishment Eucharistia Eustachiua, St. Evils, within us never fully known before us behind us beneath us on our left hand on our right hand above us to be loved Excommunication Exodus, a type Extreme Unction Faith the highest good work Faith makes works good the test of good works makes all works equal in the Mass true priestly office stages of work of the First Commandment includes all good works and daily sin and prayer infirmity of baptismal Fasting Fathers, Church Fear Feeding, meaning of Feiertag Fides, Informis, formata, informata Flattery Flesh, the Flood, a type of baptism Forgiveness of sin Fourteen defenders Frederick the Wise Fuggers, the Gelübde Gemeinde General Councils George of Saxony George the Martyr German Books Mass Germans, characterised Gerson Gideon Glosses Gluttony God, Name God, praise of to have a god wants our help Goliath a type of sin Good name, danger of need of works none pure defined how rejected how they differ Treatise. outline importance Gospel Gottesdienst Graces of pardon Gratia infusa Gratias Greed Greek Church Gregory Guilt of sin remission of Gulden Habitus Head and lord of Christendom Heathen Heaven Heinse, Simon Hell full of God Heresy Heretic Herod Highpriest, a type of Christ History, value of Holidays Holiness and prayer as title of the pope Holy Spirit Home, a Church Honor as a motive to good works Hope Husband and wife, duties of Hymns quoted Hypocrites Idolatry Imitatio Christi Immersion Indulgence Letters fairs Indulgences Inner man Instruction to indulgence sellers Intercession of the Church Israel, a type Jahrmarket James, St. Jeduthun Jerome Jesus, Name of Jews the three Job Job's wife John XXII. John of Saxony John Baptist, St., Day of Joseph's wagons Jubilee Indulgence Judas Julius II. Justice of God Justification by faith Keys of the Church power of Koestlin Laity Last Day Law of Moses, abolished Lawrence, St. Laws and works produce sects purpose of Legends of saints Leipzig Disputation at Leo X. Letter to Letters of pardon Liberality Liberty of a Christian Life, a spiritual baptism repentance beginning of death Lonicer Lord's Day Lord's Prayer Supper Louvaine Love of God required in a bishop Low Mass Luther's coarse language inconsistency indifference to slander lack of love love of peace pride submission to pope zeal for Christ Luther's zeal for the pope writings self-abasement sense of duty master of theology called a heretic Luxury Mainz, Boshopric Malvoisie Man, two natures three parts of Manasseh, Payer of king Margaret, St. Mass a memorial not a good work not a sacrifice fruit of anniversary golden mortuary requiem yearly of the Holy Cross of our Lady for the dead Masters, duties of Mathesius Matthias, St. Meekness limits of Meissen, bishop of Melanchthon Men, four classes of Mersio Metanoia Micaiah Mildigkeith Miltitz Modus confitendi Monastic houses Monica, St. Monks Monstrance Mortal sin when to be confessed Muscovites Moses Mother of God Naaman New Testament Treatise on Year's Present Noah Nobility, German Address to Oaths Obedience to Church to masters to parents to state Octavianus Oelgoetzen Offering, in the Mass Offertory Officiales Officium Old Testament Opus operatum operati operantis Orders, monastic Original sin Our Lady Outward man Ovid Pallium Pantaleon, St. Papacy, corruption of Papacy, Luther's conclusion of Treatise on Papal bulls pardons power of human right Pardon Parents, duties of toward Paschal, St. Paschal Lamb Passion of Christ Passover Pastor Pater noster Paul, St. the hermit Paul of Bourgos peccata aliena Penalty of sin remission of Penance mistaken Penitence Penitential Canons Persecution Persia Person and office Personal faith Peter, St. Peter's, St., at Rome Petros, Petra Pfennig Pharisee and Publican Pharisees Pilgrimages Plagues Pledge of Baptism Plenary indulgence Poentitentia Pope power over purgatory powers of the devil's vicar Popes, some heretics Power of the Church of the keys Praise of men, to be avoided Prayer as a good work without ceasing outward and inward and holiness common power of House of in pulpit thoughtless what is to be prayed for for the dead in the mass Preaching Preceptorium, Luther's Precepts of the Church Preparation for the mass Preparatotia "Prevail against the gates of hell," Prierias Priest vicar of God arrogance of Priesthood of believers reforms suggested to Private confession Princes, duties of Promises of God Prostitution Protests against Indulgences Proverbs quoted Providence Purgatory Purpose of better life Quæstiones Rastrum Real Presence Reason of man, perilous Reformation Reforms, suggested to princes Relics Rent-charges Repentance Roman Catholic doctrine Requiems Reservatio culpæ poenæ Reserved cases Resolutiones super prop. XIII. Rest, bodily spiritual Reuchlin Riches not sin Rietschl Right hand and left band Righteous man defined Rock, a type of Christ does not signify authority Roman Church See Rome corruption in Rosary Russians Sabbath Sacrament Sacrament of the Altar Sacramental sign efficacy Sacramentarians Sacraments, number of Sacrifice, of the Haas spiritual Sadducees Saints worship of days Sanctification Sanctus Sanftmüthigkeit Satisfaction sacramental Scriptures estimate of Roman usage of Sebastian's, St., Day Sects Sentences, of Peter Lombard Sermo Sermon, the v. Sacrament des Leichnams Serpent, a type of Christ Servants, duties of Severinus Shame mother of glory motive to avoid evil Seal, the sacrament a Sheba, Queen of Signs, given by God of the sacrament Silence, when a sin Sin after baptism daily, and faith distinctions of fictitious mortal secret venial the nature of the body the three armies of Sinful inclinations, do not condemn are truly sin Sinnlichkeit Sixtus IV. Solicitude Solomon, a type Sorgfältigkeit Spalatin Spenlein, Georg "Spiritual" authority birth contrasted with temporal when to be resisted estate finery wickedness Spirituales Spiritualia Staupitz Still Mass Suffering sanctified by Christ second step of faith Sunday Superstition in the Mast Sylvester, v. Prierias Taufe Temporalis Temporal authority contrasted with spiritual Temptation sent by God Terence Tessaradecas Testament, defined of the Mass parts of Tetzel Thanksgiving, in the Mass Theses, XCV. text of Thief on the Cross Torgau Transubstantiation Treasure of the Church Trent, Decrees of Trust, in God Truth loveth light witnessing to Truthfulness Turk Romans the true Turks Type and fulfilment Unbelief Unity of the Church Veni sancte Spiritus Venial sin Verklärung etlicher Artikel Vicar, the pope no Vierzehnheiligenkirche Vitus, St Votum saciamenti satisfactionis Vow, of baptism Vows commutation of dispensation of Wahrheit sagen War Wicked, prosperity of Will of man, perilous Witness to truth Wittenberg, castle church Woman Word of God the Words of the Sacrament of baptism Works and faith Work-righteous saints Works of mercy Worldly Worry Worship Writings of men Wrong, to be resisted Young, training of the Zarephath, widow of Zedekiah Zwölfbote SCRIPTURE REFERENCES OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA NEW TESTAMENT