CioEHO: place of his birth, 143, note 30; instance of Soman corruption from, 197, 193; his judgment of the action of Csesar — correction of Montesquieu's statement of same, 210, and note 8; his idea that Cae- sar was inactive after the battle of Phaisalia, 220; instance from, of Caesar's contempt of the senate, 221, 222; high historical value of his letters, 222, 223; his opinion as to the manner in which the assassination of Csesar should have been followed up, 247, 248; his bad pohcy in elevating Octavius, 249; his character as compared with that of Cato, 249, 250; his great vanity and small passions, 250, and note 8; idea of his place in Eoman history, 241; his opinion on the doctrine of Tyrannicide, 241, 242; his state- ment in reference to the confisca- tion of his house, 461; in reference to Eoman soldiera, 48, note 2.
CiNoiKNATus: spirit of his age, as compared with that of Pompey and Cffisar, 286, 237.
CiBocs: the great ch-cus at Eome one of the principal works which relate back to the time of the kings, 36; factions of the circus and the hip- podrome, 420, 421; their puerile character an indication of the men- tal status of the people, 421, note 18.
Cities: great cities not specially fa- vorable to the production of genius, 143, note 30; few of the eminent Latin poets and prose writers born in Eome, ibid.; parallel experience of modern times, ibid.; average number of persons to the dwell- ing in the city of Eome, compared with the like element for the prin- cipal modern cities of Em'ope and America, 370-374.
Civilization: -ancient civilization much more military and much less industrial than the modern, 59, 60; more diversity in the social condi- tion of ancient than of modern Eu- rope, 61; this fact favored the ag- grandizement of the Eomans, ibid.; more disproportion of power among the modem than the ancient states of Europe, ibid.; this fact renders it difficult in modem times for a small European state to rise to emi- nence, ibid.; the case of Prussia considered, 66, 67; spirit of con- quest more pronounced in ancient than in modem societies, 67; in-\ fluence of the Eomans upon the world's civilization, 124-128, 149- 154, 427-434; when ancient civili- zation was most cosmopolitan in character, 273; comparison of an- cient with modem civilization in this respect, 273-277; emotional excitement in ancient and modem 498 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
societies, 286, 286, 288-292; rela- I tion of ancient and modem civili- zations to the longevity of nations, 408-412; comparative relation of ancient and modem civilizations to liberty and slavery, 174-179, 201- 207; to hvmianity and education, 311-316, 204, 205, 432, 146-149; their comparative relation as to territorial extension, 411; as to in- tercommunication, 273-277; how the relation of the civil and ecclesi- astical powers varies with the de- velopment of civilization, 466-469.
CiAXTDius: the manner of his eleva- tion, 298; he completes the ruin of the ancient orders, ibid.; effect of the gladiatorial spectacles on, 294.
CiEOMEifEa: his attempt to restore the ancient Spartan laws, 64.
CleOpatea: her hetrayal of An- thony, 260; reflection on her rep- resentative coquetry, ibid.
Coinage, of copper money derived by the Eomans from the Etrurians, 41.
Coliseum, alluded to, 37.
Colonies, Eoman, 82; their twofold advantage, ibid., note 12; Eoman policy of colonizing redundant pop- ulation, 267, 268.
CoLTiMETis, referred to, 488.
CoMMEEOE, the early Eomans with- out, 25; Carthage founded upon, 80, note 8; commerce of Carthage reduced by the founding of Alex- andria, 83; Montesquieu's view re- specting the instability of great commercial nations, ibid.; this view considered, ibid., note 15; Constantinople becomes the prin- cipal commercial center of the world, 358-360, 472; commerce passes thence to the Italian cities, 478.
CoMNENCs, Andbonicus: his invectives against the French crusaders, 476.
Compass, maeineb's, ancients with- out, 84, 85; effect of discovery of, on navigation, 85, 86.
CoMTE: his idea of the comparative military spirit of ancient and mod- em societies, 59, 60; his apprecia- tion of the influence of the Eomans on civilization, 153, 154.
Conquest: slowness with which the early Eomans effected their con- quests, and the advantage thence resulting, 27, 29, and note 18; spirit of conquest more in harmony with ancient than with modern ideas, 67; illustration of same from the action of the United States and the German Empire, 110, note 3; Eoman policy of conquest particu- larly stated, 129-145; this pohoy low and selfish, but most success- ful for ancient times, 146.
CoNSTANTiNE THE Geeat: Hs policy in relation to the praetorian pre- fects, 356; in the founding of a new capitol, 358-360; in disposing, of the military force of the empu-e, 361, 362.
Constantinople: disastrous effect of the founding of, upon Eome and upon Italy, 358-361; the new city becomes a center of great wealth, 360; bad policy of Constantine in providing for the distribution of grain to the inhabitants of, 359; it carries on the principal commerce of the world, 472; transfer of the commerce of, to the cities of Italy, 478; the two great attacks upon, by the Arabs, 471, note 1; capture of, by the cmsaders, 483, 484; by Cantacuzene, 457; it finally repre- sents all that remains of the Greek empire, 481; and is captured by Mohammed II, 488.
ANALYTICAL INDEX.
499 CoNSTAHnus Chlokus: alleged divis- ion of the empire between him and Galerius, 358.
Constitution, Eomau: such that it admitted the oorreotion of abuses, 172; necessity of this In a free state, 173; the examples of Athens, Carthage, the modern republics of Italy, and England, as illustra- tions, 172, 173; the constitution of Servius Tullius (providing for a divisioD of the people by classes and centuries) reaUy an aristocracy of rank and wealth, 174-176; the subsequent division by tribes more liberal, but still greatly unequal, 176; general view of the constitu- tion of republican Eome in its re- lation to liberty, 177, 178; its infe- riority in this respect to the gov- ernments of modem Europe, and especially to that of the United States, 179.
Consuls: institution and advantages of the consular system, 24; its drawbacks, 37-39.
CoHDAT, Chaelotte, allusion to, 242.
CoEioLANus, reference to, 87.
CoEBupTioN: general idea of Eoman corruption, 197-200; Romans re- tained their devotion to war after they became corrupt, 199, 200; this viewed as an instance of the sur- vival of the " ruling passion," 200, note 7; instance of Eoman corrup- tion given by Cicero, 197, 198; monstrous corruption of Cassar, Pompey, and Crassus, 262; idea of the corruption of the two parties and its causes, 191-194, 236-240; cornipt manners more dangerous to a state than violation of the laws, 169; idea that the ancient nations were more readily corrupted by wealth and luxury than the mod- em, 411.
CoBSAiKs: unworthy motive on account of which they were for- merly tolerated by the great states of Europe, 473, and note 4.
Ckassus: his corruption, 262; he makes war upon the Parthians without authority, 268, note 7.
Ceomwell: the character of his army referred to, 449.
Ceusades: opinion in which they originated, 475, 476; menacing atti- tude of the crusaders toward the Eastern empire, 476; comparative conduct of the French and German crusaders, 476, 477; Latin crusade against the empire of the East, 477; conduct of the French crusaders on capturing Constantinople, 477, 483; extent of the empire of the Latin crusaders, 478; period of their dom- ination in the East, ibid.; they are expelled by the Greeks, ibid.; the Crusades the most remarkable phe- nomena in the world's history of re- ligious fanaticism, 482; their period of duration and final result, ibid.
GuBULE Chaies: Eoman curule chairs of magistracy derived from the Etrurians, 41.
CYSosoEPHALiE: Macedon humbled by the battle of, 114.
Ctpeus, relation of the kingdom of, to the crown of Egypt, 122.
CrKENE, relation of, to Egypt, 122.
Daeius: inferior material of his armies as compared with those of the Greeks, 122, 123.
Davis, Dr. N.: his work on " Car- thage and her Eemains " referred to and cited, 103, 104.
Decemvies: paralyzing effect of their tyranny on the state, 28, 29.
Decline, Eoman: magnitude of the 500 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
repuTilio and magnitude of the city, two causes of, according to Montes- quieu, 180-187; the original Eo- mans overwhelmed by the influx of foreigners, 182-184; the disor- ders thence resulting, and the ex- tinction of the ancient Eoman spirit, iKd.; further statement of the causes of Eoman decline, 187, note 11; absorption of blood by foreign admixture the general cause of national decline, according to De Gobineau, 188, 189; this concep- tion considered generally, and in relation to the Eomans in particu- lar, 189, 190; attempt to determine with precision the epochs of Eo- man grandeur and decadence, 190- 194; the two chief causes of the latter, 194; three notable parallels between the rise and the decline of the Eoman power, and the rationale of the same, 194, 195; Gibbon's idea of the period of Eoman de- cline questioned, 195, 196; De Quincey's idea of the same, ibid.
Debt, National, Eoman empire dis- tinguished from modem states in reference to, 387.
De GoBUJEAn: his idea that the de- cline of nations depends upon the absorption of the national blood, 188, 189; this conception consid- ered and limited, 189, 190.
Dentatus, CuEnjs: contrast of the spirit of his age with that of Csesar and Pompoy, 236, 237.
De Quih-oey: his criticism of Gib- bon respecting the period of Eo- man decline, 195, 196; his idea of the two Autonines, 337, 338; his idea of the population of ancient Eome, 871; and of the unhappy po- sition of the Eoman emperors, 852.
DicTATOES originate with the aristo- cratic party, 167, and note 10.
DiniDs, JuLiAuns, purchases the em- pii-e at auction, 318, 819.
Diocletian: his rule that there should be two emperors and two Cffisars, 355.
Discipline, Militabt, standard of, among the Eomans, 48-56; it was their resource in all extremities, 52; it was the first thing which they acquired and the last which they lost, 52, note 12.
DtriLLius: his naval victory over the Carthaginians, 86.
E Eastern Question, relation of, to modern Greece, etc., 485-487.
Education, Mental, contrast be- tween ancient and modem societies in relation to, 315, 316; narrow- ness of base of the Greek and Eoman republics in this respect, ibid.; modem system of popular education, ibid.; its fundamental idea of rendering education univer- sal had but a rudimentary place in ancient societies, ibid.
Education, Physical, among the Eomans, 50, 51; among the Greets, 122, 123; more regarded in ancient than in modem times, 51.
Edwabds, M.: his idea of the physi- cal type of the Eomans, 58.
Egypt: in primitive times supersti- tion deban-ed foreigners from, 83; injurious rule of the Persians in, ibid.; under the Greeks, took the lead in the world's commerce, ibid.; condition and internal poli- ty of, when approached by the Eo- mans, 121, 122; sisters shared with brothers in succession to the crown of, ibid.; its forces consisted of Greek auxiliaries, 122; effect of conquest of, on the value of money ANALYTICAL INDEX.
501 at Eome, 360; duration of, referred to, 409.
EiiBAssADOES, Eesident: a feature of modern as distinguislied from an- cient societies, 4iO, 441; institu- tion of, inimical to secret state en- terprises, ibid.
Ejipekoes: the magistracies of the republic assumed by, and united in, 319; difference of their func- tions from those of modem mon- archs, ibid.; it was in the char- acter of tribunes that they per- petrated their greatest enormities, 2S4; rationale of their amazing cruelty, 294; their executions for the purpose of confiscating the estates of their victims without a parallel in modem societies, 295; they were inimical to the aristoc- racy and friendly to the plebs, 296, 297; rationale of this double rela- tion, iHd.^ and note 7; elective re- lation of the armies to, 329, 380; facility with which they were mas- sacred by the soldiers, 327, 328; plan resorted to by Diocletian to render their lives more secure, 355; difference between the manners of the early and the later emperors, 356, 357; influence of Asiatic ideas and manners upon them, 357, 358; statistics of their assassination and their reigns from Csesar to Augus- tulus, 346-352; light thence shed upon the comparative excellence of the £oman polity and that of the monarchies of modem Europe, 352, 353.
■Empiee, EoiLUf: rationale of the passage of the republic into the empire, 188-195, 225-228, 234^240; on establishment of the empire the forms of the republic stUl observed, 265, note 10; the empire to be viewed as the permanent triumph of the popular over the patrician faction of the republic, 297, note 7; and 237-239; it was at some periods a species of irregular military gov- ernment, similar to that of Algiers, 329; in its whole course it vacillated between the elective, the hereditary, and the patrimonial types of mon- archy, 351, 352; great inferiority of the government of, to the monar- chies of modem Em-ope, ibid.; idea of the physical extent, ethnic com- position, intercommunication, pop- ulation, andmilitary and naval force of, at the period of its greatest es- tate, 308-311; division of, into Eastern and Westem, 358; ration- ale of this division, 368-370; prov- inces of, which were first overrun by the barbarians, 398; the manner of the barbarians in subverting the empire of the West, 397-402; why the Westem empire fell first, 399, 400, and note 19; time of its final extinction, 405, and 397, note 18; fall of the Westem empire marks the close of Eoman history in the principal sense, 406, 407; reflec- tions in connection with this event, 408-412; curious opinion of the Eomau augurs in respect to the duration of the Eoman power, 408.
Empire of the East: its Grecian as- pect, 406, 407; in what sense its history is Eoman, 407, 408; long period of its duration after the fall of the Empire of the West, 408, 407; the causes of this, 470-473; its low civU character, 437-440; partial conquest of, by the Turks, 475; by the Latin crusaders, 477, 478; expulsion of the latter by the Greeks, 478; weakness of the new Greek empire, 478, 479; it is final- ly subdued by the Turks, 488.
Enolani), taken as an illustration 502 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
of tlie stability of great commercial states in modem times, 83, note 1 5; self- correcting character of her constitution, referred to, 173; aver- age reign of her monarohs from "William the Conqueror to Victoria, compared with that of the Koman emperors from Caesar to Augustu- lus, 351, 352; great organic supe- riority of the modem state indi- cated thereby, ibid.
Engeatdto, influence of the modern art of, referred to, 441.
Emnns, reference to, 143, note 30.
Epioubtis: corrupting influence of his philosophy on the Eomans, 197.
Epieds, small historical signifioanoo of, after the time of Pyrrhus, 77.
Eqtjesteiaits, horses of, kept at the public expense, 55, note 19; they were divided into eighteen centu- ries, and took precedence of the other classes, 175, 176.
Eteubians preceded the Eomans in civilization, and were first cornipt- ed, 28, 40; they supplied the early Eomans with augurs, skilled work- men, decorative art, household utensils, coinage of copper money, etc., 41; the Eomans derived from them their institution of liotors, the curule chair of magistracy, the purple robe of state, ibid.; and the gladiatorial spectacle, 54, 55.
Edeope, AiroiEirr, prehistoric stone age of, referred to, 44, 45; detached character of the civilizations of, 124^127; unity impressed upon these by the Eoman power, 127, 128; progressive diffusion of use of iron from south to north of, 344- 346.
EuEOPE, Modeek: the ratio of the military and naval forces of its principal powers, as compared with the like ratio for the United States and the Eoman empire, 68-70, 310; progressive state of, 272, 273; pros- pect of ultimate and great diminu- tion of its immense military estab- lishments, ibid.
Faeids, referred to, 107; how he ac- quired the surname of Maximus, 171.
FiBEioitis: his opinion of the Epi- curean philosophy, 197, note 1; difference between the spirit of his age and that of Pompey and Cse- sar, 236, 237.
Fetiales: their functions in relation to peace and war, 467.
Flandees, Count of, elected em- peror of the East, 478.
FoETiFioATioirs I no machines used by ancient Italians for attacking fortified places, 26, 27; when such machines began to be used among the Greeks, 26, note 12; ancient African cities but little fortified, 82; Eoman method of fortifying their camps, 49, and note 4; 76, 77, and note 2; they at length aban- don this custom, 379; fortifications of Koman cities neglected or dis- mantled by the barbaric conquer- ors, 414; the early Eomans had no fortified places, 425; their great number during the decline of the empii-e, 425, 426, and note 21.
Fbauoe: extent to which the ancient Galhc stock survives in, 93; simi- larity of Gallic and French traits given as an instance of the persist- ency of race characters, 91, 94; the two sorts of civil wars of, 261; average reign of her kings com- pared with that of the Eoman em- perors, 351, 352; what this com- parison indicates, ibid.; early ANALYTICAL INDEX.
503 French history explained by the oppressiveness of the Boman gov- ernment, 883, 389; character of the French crusaders as compared with that of the German, «6, 477, 483, 484. Feieslajtd, physical condition, of, in ancient times, 447, and note 5.
6 Gaics: his place as a Eoman lawyer, 431.
Galebixis, alleged divisioa of the empire in the time of, 358, 368.
Galueitos, critical condition of the empire during the reign of, 332, 333.
Gailot, great invasion of barbarians during the reign of, 331.
Gastaldi: his "prehistoric Eemains in Italy " referred to, 46, 47.
Gatjls: their captui'e of Eome, and the cause of the quarrel that led to this event, 30-32; their numerous wars with the Eomans, 76; their defective arms, tMd.; their general character according to Montes- quieu, ibid.; the same otherwise viewed, 91; Maohiavelli's and Livy's idea of the same, 91-93; afBhation of the ancient Galhc and modern French characters, 92; large proportion in which the Gal- lic element survives in the French nation, 93; idea of the pJiydque of the Gauls as compared with that of the Eomans, 94; great number of Gallic tribes, 125; destructive exactions of the Eoman government upon Gaul under the later em- perors, 389.
Genoa, duration of, in comparison with certain ancient cities, 410; commerce of the decaying Greek empire transferred to, and to other Italian eities, 478, 479.
Gensebio, reference to, 400, 401.
Gebmaniods, excessive grief of the Eoman people on the death of, 285, 286; like instance of extravagant popular feeling in modem times, 289-291.
Geemahty, physical aspect of, in ancient times, 447; how this has been changed by art, iiM,; char- acter of the German crusaders as compared with that of the Jrench, 476,- 477, 483, 484; pacific return of German armies at close of Franco-Prussian war referred to, as an illustration of the modern spirit, 110, note 3; mental produc- tiveness of, alluded to, 275, 276; relation of, to reformation of 16th century, 464, Gibbon: his view of the influence of the Eomans upon manldnd, 153; his conception of the period of Eoman decline questioned, 195, 196; his idea of the character of Trajan, 303, note 19; his remarks respecting in- fanticide among the ancients, 313; his allusion to the statement of Zosi- mus respecting the oppressiveness of the Eoman tax, 390; his state- ment respecting the purity of the Eoman law during the reign of Caracalla, 322, note 9; his division of the history of the Eoman law into three periods, 429; remark by, in relation to the Eoman law and lawyers, 431; his estimate of the population of ancient Eome exam- ined and modified, 371, 373; idea from, of the factions of the circus, 421, note 18; his description of AttUa, S97, note 12; his idea of the efficacy of Greek fire, 471, note 1; references to, in relation to the cities, roads, population, and mili- tary establishment of the empire, 309, 310.
604 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
Gladiatobs, Spectacle of, bor- rowed from the Etrmians, 54, 55; used by the Komans aa a stimulus to martial ferocity, 55, note 17; had the effect of rendering the spec- tators bloodthirsty, 294; origin and description of, 311-313; great number of victims slain in the ex- hibitions of, 312; value of this spectacle as an indication of the status of the Romans, 312, 313; it succumbed to the spirit of Chiis- tianity, ibid., and 362, note 14.
Goths: how they entered the em- pire, 363-366; their ravages, 366; unlike the Huns, they did not culti- vate lands, 365, and note 27; their settlement in the empire, 367; their destructive character, 398, note 14.
GovEBiTMENT: no government in all respects despotic, 460; all power rests on the general spirit of the nation, and is unsettled when this is shocked, ibid.; sense in which all governments repose upon opin- ion, 465, 466; difference between free and despotic governments in this respect, 466; the utility and the rationale of the principle of hereditary succession in monar- chical states, 352, 353.
Geaoohi, political significance of se- ditions in time of, 192; appeal of Tiberius Gracchus to the nobles, 65; his Agrarian law and his un- just fate, 75, 246, note 1.
Greece, Anciewt; numerous muni- cipal states of, 126; condition of, when attacked by the Eomans, 110- 114; would have been invincible if united, 112; "balance of power" among the little states of, ibid.; ne- cessarily dependent character of the Greek republics, 116; ascendency of the Eomans in, 115, 116; pohti- cal maxim which they established among the cities of, 123; schools of, viewed as one of the chief intellect- ual oentera of antiquity, 276; com- parison of these with the similar centers of modern civilization, 276, 277.
Geeeoe, MoDEBir, referred to in connection with Europe's eastern question, 480, 487.
Greek Fiee, 470, 471, and note 1.
Greeks: Greek cities in Italy — their early coiTuption, 28; unlike the Eomans, the Greeks attained their best in war and art at the same time, 58; beneficial influence of their rule upon Egypt, 83; their games, 122; sesthetio superiority of these to the Eoman spectacles, 297, note 6; their physical superi- ority to the barbarians and Asiatics, 122, 123; their defective observ- ance of the oath, 197, and note 2; unequivocal character of their in- fluence on the world's civilization, 150, 151; how they differ from the Eomans in this respect, 151, 152; the "Ten Thousand" referred to, 101.
Greeks or the Eastern Empire; idea of their bigotry, and of their passion for theological disputation, 448-460; their mental penchant akin to that of the Greeks of the classical ages, 454, note 25; most of the speculative disputes which vexed the Christian church of Greek paternity, ibid.; their idea of shedding the blood of Christiaus, and the peculiar character of their punishments, 489, and note 10; their insensate folly during the closing days of the empire of the East, 481; the Greek and Latin schism of the church referred to, 475.
Gdizot: his partially just, but in- ANALYTICAL INDEX.
505 complete, idea of the munioipal character of ancient societies, 127. Gdnpowdeb, curious effect of the dis- covery of, on the force of navies, 86..
H Qasbiah: he voluntarily abandons the conquests of Trajan, 806; his policy in this respect occasions much discontent, ibid.; idea of the vast extent of the empire after it was thus reduced, 308.
HiionBAL: his position in ancient history, 87; Montesquieu's idea that he could not have taken Eome after the battle of Cannse, 89; the question considered further, 98, 99; drawback arising from the merce- nary character of his troops, 90; he armed his soldiers in the Eoman manner, 115; he was not sent into Italy by the government of Car- thage, nor much succored by it, 90; fortune turned against him by his own conquests, ibid.; Livy's hoiir-mots of, distrusted, 107; rapid rise and gradual decline of his power in Italy, 94, 95; his recall, 108; his defeat at Zama, ibid., and note 1; he flies to the court of An- tiochus, 119, note 14; his futile ad- vice to that monarch, 119.
Helots: their number relative to the number of their Spartan masters, 203.
HEjntT IV, OF Fkaitoe: his assassi- nation referred to, 243.
Hebacleonas, punishment inflicted upon— method of the degenerate Greeks, 439, note 10.
Heeodotds makes no mention of the Eomans, 109, note 2; significance of this, ibid., note (o). 22 Hesiod: his authority as to a Bronze Age among the Greeks, 344.
HisTOBT, Genbbal: idea that prog- ress pervades, mainly a result of modern thought, 11,12; truth of, as to men, much affected by fortune, 24; universal history to be viewed as a movement towards an ideally perfect civilization, 150; nations to be valued according to their influ- ence upon this movement, ibid.; resolution of history into four great periods as regards the condition of the industrial classes, 205-207; phenomena of history only to be understood when looked at com- paratively, 277; intellectual de- velopment of the Eomans superior to that of the Greeks in the sphere of history, why? 428.
HisTOEr, EosiAu: its place in uni- versal history, 13; how far early Eoman history thoroughly credible, 40-42; how far partially so, 42; four periods of Eoman history as to credibility, 42, 43; it becomes more secret and obscure after the estab- lishment of the empire, 269; it ter- minates in the principal sense on the fall of the empire of the West, 406; but continues in a subordinate sense until the faE of the empire of the East, 406, 407.
HoLLAHD, physical condition of, in ancient times, 447.
HoMEB: his high regard for the phys- ical accomplishments of his he- roes, 51; his testimony that the use of bronze preceded the use of iron among the Greeks, 344.
HoNOEics: great collapse of the em- pire during the reign of, 397, and note 13.
HooEiEB, citation from, in illustration of the stoical philosophy, 336, 337.
HoEAOE: place of his birth referred 506 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
to, 143, note 30; superstitious rite of human Baoriflee among the Eo- mans in the time of, 342.
Htioo: his emendation of Gibbon's threefold division of the history of Eoman Uiw, 429.
Humanity, Virtue of: the polythe- ism of the GreeliS, Eomans, and other Indo-European nations de- ficient in, 339, 340; want of, in the Eoman system of slavery, 204, 205; and in the legal power of Eoman father over child, husband over wife, and debtor over creditor, 482; and in the custom of the Roman triumph, 146, 149; and in the gladiatorial spectacle, 311, 313; and in the practice of infanticide, 313-315.