brought me to consider the possibilities of modern agricul ture, as well as those of an education which would give to every one the possibility of carrying on at the same time both — enjoyable manual work and brain work. I developed these ideas in a series of articles in the ‘‘ Nineteenth Century,” which are now published as a book under the title of ‘‘ Fields, Factories, and Workshops.”
Another great question also engrossed my attention. It is known to what conclusions Darwin’s formula, the “ strug-_ gle for existence,’’ had been developed by his followers gen- erally, even the most intelligent of them, such as Huxley. There is no infamy in civilized society, or in the relations — of the whites towards the so-called lower races, or of the © / strong towards the weak, which would not have found its” excuse in this formula.
Even during my stay at Clairvaux I saw the necessity of completely revising the formula itself and its applications to human affairs. The attempts which had been made by — a few socialists in this direction did not satisfy me, but I found in a lecture by a Russian zodlogist, Professor Kessler, — a true expression of the law of struggle for life. Mutual aid,” he said in that lecture, “is as much a law of nature © as mutual struggle; but for the progressive evolution of the: species the former is far more important than the latter.” These few words —confirmed unfortunately by only 7 couple of illustrations (to which Syévertsoff, the zodlogist of whom I have spoken in an earlier chapter, added one or i i ce $e ‘now considered as necessary for a decent existence. But MUTUAL AID A LAW OF NATURE 499 two more) — contained for me the key of the whole pro- blem. When Huxley published in 1888 his atrocious article, ‘The Struggle for Existence; a Program,” I decided to put in a readable form my objections to his way of understand- ing the struggle for life, among animals as well as among men, the materials for which I had been accumulating for two years. I spoke of it to my friends. However, T found that the interpretation of ‘struggle for life’? in the sense of a war-cry of ‘‘ Woe to the Weak,” raised to the height of a commandment of nature revealed by science, was so deeply rooted in this country that it had become almost a matter of religion. Two persons only supported me in my revolt against this misinterpretation of the facts of nature. The editor of the ‘“ Nineteenth Century,” Mr. James Knowles, with his admirable perspicacity, at once seized the gist of the matter, and with a truly youthful energy encouraged me to take it in hand. The other sup- porter was the regretted H. W. Bates, whom Darwin, in his “ Autobiography,” described as one of the most intelligent men he ever met. He was secretary of the Geographical Society, and I knew him; so I spoke to him of my inten- tion. He was delighted with it. ‘ Yes, most assuredly write it,” he said. ‘That is true Darwinism. It is a shame to think of what they have made of Darwin’s ideas. Write it, and when you have published it, I will write you a letter of commendation which you may publish.” I could not have had better encouragement, and I began the work, which was published in the “ Nineteenth Century ” under the titles of ‘“ Mutual Aid among Animals,” “ Among Savages,” ‘“‘ Among Barbarians,” ‘“ In the Medieval City,” and “ Amongst Ourselves.” Unfortunately I neglected to submit to Bates the first two articles of this series, dealing with animals, which were published during his lifetime; I hoped to be soon ready with the second part of the work, ‘Mutual Aid among Men;” but it took me several years 500 MEMOIRS OF A REVOLUTIONIST to complete it, and in the meantime Bates passed from among us.
The researches which I had to make during these studies, ® in order to acquaint myself with the institutions of the barbarian period and with those of the medizval free cities,: led me to another important research: the part played in — history by the state during its latest manifestation in Europe, in the last three centuries. And on the other hand, the i study of the mutual support institutions at different stages of civilization led me to examine the evolutionist bases of the senses of justice and morality in man.
Within the last ten years the growth of socialism in Eng- land has taken on a new aspect. Those who judge only by the numbers of socialist and anarchist meetings held in: the country, and the audiences attracted by these meetings, are prone to conclude that socialist propaganda is now on ~ the decline. And those who judge the progress of it by the numbers of votes that are given to those who claim to re- present socialism in Parliament jump to the conclusion that there is now hardly any socialist work going on in England. But the depth and the penetration of the socialist ideas can nowhere be judged by the numbers of votes given _ in favor of those who bring more or less socialism into their — electoral programmes. specially is this the case in Eng- ~ land. The fact is, that of the three systems of socialism which were formulated by Fourier, Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen, it is the last-named which prevails in England and Scotland. Consequently it is not so much by the number of meetings or of socialist votes that the intensity of the movement must be judged, but by the infiltration of the socialist point of view into the trade-unionist, the cooperative, and the so-called municipal socialist movements, as well as the general infiltration of socialist ideas all over the country. Under this aspect, the extent to which the THE WIDE SPREAD OF SOCIALIST IDEAS 501 socialist views have penetrated is immense in comparison with what it was in 1886; and I do not hesitate to say that it is simply colossal in comparison with what it was in the years 1876-82. And I may also add that the perse- vering endeavors of the small anarchist groups have contrib- uted, to an extent which makes us feel that we have not wasted our time, to spread the ideas of no-government, of the rights of the individual, of local action and free agree- ment, as against those of state supremacy, centralization, and discipline, which were dominant twenty years ago.
All Europe is now going through a very bad phase of the development of the military spirit. This was an un- avoidable consequence of the victory obtained by the Ger- man military empire, with its universal military service system, over France in 1871, and it was already then fore- seen, and foretold by many, in an especially impressive form by Bakunin. But the counter-current already begins to make itself felt in modern life.
Communist ideas, divested of their monastic form, have penetrated in Europe and America to an immense extent during the twenty-seven years in which I have taken an ac- tive part in the socialist movement and could observe their growth. When I think of the vague, confused, timid ideas which were expressed by the workers at the first congresses of the International Workingmen’s Association, or which were current at Paris during the Commune insurrection, even among the most thoughtful of the leaders, and com- pare them with those which have been arrived at to-day by a vast number of workers, I must say that they seem to me to belong to two entirely different worlds.
There is no period in history — with the exception, perhaps, of the period of the insurrections in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, which led to the birth of the me- dizeval Communes — during which a similarly deep change has taken place in the current conceptions of society. And 902 MEMOIRS OF A REVOLUTIONIST now, in my fifty-seventh year, I am even more deeply con.
vinced than I was twenty-five years ago that a chance com- ~ bination of accidental circumstances may bring about in © Europe,A, revolution as wide-spread as that of 1848, and far more important; not in the sense of mere fighting be- — tween different parties, but in the sense of a profound and rapid social reconstruction; and I am convinced that what- - ever character such a movement may take in different coun- tries, there will be displayed everywhere a far deeper com- prehension of the required changes than has ever been displayed within the last six centuries; while the resistance which the movement will meet in the privileged classes \will hardly have the character of obtuse obstinacy which ‘made the revolutions of times past so violent. To obtain this great result is well worth the efforts which .so many thousands of men and women of all nations and all elasses have made within the last thirty years.
ie a a a lh aR No tae Ne Ne Fir a ey eh aut A ee Me ee ay ee oe Ue een Oe aN ee a tee INDEX INDEX ADLERBERG, Count, 149.
Agents, government. See Spies.
Agriculture, in Finland and other parts of Russia, 237-239.
Aigle, Switzerland, 437, 438.
Aigtitit, Manchuria, 206.
Albarracin, a member of the Jura Federation, 395, 396.
Alexander II., at the funeral of the Dowager-Empress, 111, 120; at- tends the manceuvres of the mili- tary schools, 121-123; takes the first steps towards the abolition of serfdom, 129, 130; hesitates to proclaim freedom, 130-132; issues manifesto of emancipation, 132- 134; meets with popular approval, his relations with a certain prin- cess, 144, 145; closely watched by the police, 145, 146; his moods, 146; an incident at a parade of the garrison, 146, 147; his char- acter, 148-151; his policy becom- ing reactionary, 148-151; 152; surrenders to the reactionaries, 163, 164; his address to the newly promoted officers, 165, 166; his talk with Kropétkin before the latter’s departure for Siberia, 166, 167; his betrayal of the reform movement, 183; retains Dmitri Militin as minister of war, 242; a tool of Shuvdloff and Trépoff, 242, 243; as a bear <8 er, 243, 244; his courage, cowardice, brutality, and cruelty, 244; official corruption under, 245, 246; restriction of education under, 247, 248; shot at by Kara- protected by the very men whom he afterwards exiled, 315, 316; 344, 349; refuses to liberate Alex- ander Kropétkin, 357; 376, 377; increases the sentences of social- ists, 415; adopts severe measures against the revolutionary movement, 427-429; his relations with Dmitri Kropétkin, 428; his cour- age and cowardice again, 429; his relations with Princess Yu- rievski-Dolgoriki and the Em- press, 430; alarmed by an attempt to blow up the Winter Palace he creates a sort of dictatorship, which he soon abolishes, 430; wavers between constitutionalism and absolutism, 431; decides to convoke a deliberative assembly, 431; his assassination, 431, 432; the tragedy of his life, 432, 433.
Alexander III., a true descendant of Paul I., 152, 153; his lack of education, 152, 153; his haughti- ness and impetuosity, 153; 246, 413; fears assassination on his accession, 434; organizations for the protection of, 434, 485; at first willing to convoke a National Assembly, he finally resolves to remain absolute ruler, 436; an arrangement to protect him until after his coronation, 445, 446; objects to Kropétkin’s re- lease from Clairvaux, 484.
Amir, the river, 184-186; barge scenery on, 189; a post boat jour- ney on, 189, 190; floods and high seas in the rainy season, 190, 191; a typhoon on, 191; a perilous journey on, 192,193; a steamer Amur region, the, annexation to Rusgia, 184; settlement of, 184- 186. ee Manchuria, Siberia, Transbaikdlia-— Anarchism, the first spark of, 282; the aim of the Jura Féderation, 287; gaining headway in Western Europe, 378; its presence saves Europe from a period of reaction, the ideal society under, 398, 399; a long struggle necessary to bring about the change, 399, 400; associated but entirely free effort necessary, 400-402; a part of a philosophy to be treated by the same methods as the natural sciences, 403; in France (1881- 82), 447; manifestations during the panic at Lyons, 448, 449; trial of Lyons anarchists, 451, 452, 454, 455; an animated movement in Paris in 1886, 487, 488; results of anarchist work in England, 501. See Circle of Tchaykévsky, Com- munism, Jura Federation, Nihil- ism, Revolution, Revolutionary movements in Russia, Socialism, ‘* To the people.””
Andréi, the Kropétkin cook, 42.
Andréi, the Kropétkin tailor, 21, Andrieux, M., sometime prefect of Paris police, 436, 444; his spuri- ous anarchist paper, 478-480.
Anichkoff Palace, the, 434.
Annenkoff, General, chief of police, Aprdxin Dvor, the, 157.
Arguii, the river, 194, 199, 208.
Armfeld, Nathalie, 266.
Avant-Garde, suppression of the, Baikal, Lake, 218-220.
Bakunin, Mikhael, 169, 287; his in- fluence in the anarchistic move- ment, 288, 289; his imprison- ment, 343, 344; 386; excluded from the International Working- men’s Association, 387; his death, Barge navigation on the Amir and its tributaries, 186-189, 191-193.
Bastian, Adolph, 217.| Bates, Henry Walter, 499.
Bavéri, 135.
Becker, Herr, librarian of the im- perial library of Russia, 84-86, Belgium, the International Work- ingmen’s Association in, 274, 281, Bern, the red flag at, 397.
Bernard, anarchist, 454.
Blagovéschensk, Siberia, 190, 191, Bogolviboff, 415.
Bosio, Angiolina, 119.
Boulanger, General, 447.
INDEX Boy of the Commune, heroism of Brousse, Paul, 393; his arrest and imprisonment, 417; his paper the Avant-Garde suppressed, 7; expelled from Switzerland, Cafiero, personality of, 394; 473.
Catherine, Grand Duchess, cousin of Alexander II., 431.
Celinski, a Polish insurgent, 222.
aye of the press in Russia, Oe Chatelard, the castle of, 424, Cherkdssky, Prince, 177, 179.
Chernyshévsky, 131; his arrest and his novel What is to be Done? 301; transferred from Siberia to Astra- khan, where he dies, 445.
Chinese functionary, an old, 203, Chinese in Manchuria, the, 211.
Chit4, Transbaikdlia, 170; munici- pal self-government in, 171; how it got its watchtower, 182, 183; Circle of Tchaykévsky, the, organ- ization of, 304; originally formed for purposes of self-improvement, 304; growth of, 305; engages in the spread of books among students, 305; becomes a centre of © socialist propaganda and estab- lishes relations with the working- people, 305-308; membership of, 306; 310; its inner harmony, 317; its place of meeting, 317; its female members, 317-319; its meetings, 325; arrest of most of: its members, 330-332; methods used for continuing its work, 332.
See Nihilism, Socialism, ‘‘ To the people.’’
Clairvaux, the prison of, its history, 458; the author’s confinement in, 459-470; internal economy of, 459-461; its surroundings, 461, 462; has the aspect of a manufac- turing town, 462; one of the best penal institutions in Europe, 462; aged prisoners in, 463, 464; com- munication among the prisoners, 464-466; administration of, 469.
Clarens, Switzerland, the author aetas -" P os a *, re, PE Bee f INDEX settles at, 424; a spy at, 472, (Darwin, Charles, his Origin of Collectivism, 447.
sana effort, necessity of, 215- Commune, the Paris, refugees of, with insufficiently determined ideals, 291, 400, 401; Lefrangais’s book on, 393; the treasures of the National Library and the Louvre during, 486; relief of the poor during, 486.
Communism, attitude of the French mind towards, 447; spread of the idea in Europe and America, 501. See Anarchism, Socialism.
Compositor, a Russian, 422.
Conquéte du Pain, La, 497.
Constantine, Grand Duke, 129, 148, Katk6ff against, 254.
Constitutionalism in Russia, 313, 314; Alexander II. and, 431; Alexander III. and, 436; 489. oe Liberal movement in Russia, the.
Corps of pages, the, Kropdédtkin enters, 70, 71; its organization, 71, 72; its inner life changed after the death of Nicholas I., 73; the master and the pupils, 73-82; de- velopment of the new spirit, 82; education in, 83-93, 113-118; the new master, 108; assists in the funeral ceremonies of the Dowa- ger-Empress, 109-111; a frolic, 111, 112; military maneuvres of, duties of pages, 140-144; final promotion of members as officers, - Corruption in the official life of St.
Cossacks, Transbaik4lian, their or- ganization and settlement in the Amur region, 185, 186; their in- quisitiveness, 200-202; on the Usurf, 213.
Cossacks, Usurf, 213.
Costa, 406; arrest and imprison- ment of, 407.
Court life, 141-144.
Courts of law, nests of moral in- fection, 469.
Cowen, Joseph, 437.
Cracow, Poland, 293-295, ‘Crimean war, the, 63-65.
Species, 97, 98, 115; his formula, fe ‘* struggle for existence,’’ 498, Delécluze, 284.
Discipline, of no value in real life, Dolgorviki. See Yurievski-Dolgo- ruki, Princess.
Dolgushin cirele, the, 425.
Don Quixote, Turgtieneff on, 412.
Dowager-Empress, widow of Nicho- las I., funeral of, 109-112.
Dukhobértsy, the semi-commu- he organization of the, 216, Dumartheray, associated with Kro- potkin and Herzig in starting Le Révolté, 417; personality of, 419; his work on the paper, 420; suggests the purchase of a print- ing-plant for Le Révolté, 421; puts all his energy into the Easter in Russia, 33-35.
Ebert, writing-teacher at the school of pages, 89, 90.
Economy and extravagance in Rus- sian life, 31-33.
Education in Russia, revival of in- terest in, 83; influences of the priesthood on, 247; its restric- tion in the seventies, 247, 248; movement for the higher educa- tion of women, 258-263. See ‘* To the people.”’
Elssler, Fanny, 20.
Emelidnoff, runs to the help of the wounded Tsar, 432.
Empress. See Dowager-Empress and Marie Alexd4ndroyvna.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Kropét- kin contributes to, 444, 459.
Equerries’ Quarter, Old. See Old Equerries’ Quarter.
Executive Committee, the, declares war against absolutism, 429; makes a daring attempt to blow up the Winter Palace, 480; a new plot of, 431; enters into an agreement with Ignatieff, 445, Extravagance and economy in Rus- sian life, 31-33.
Fair, a Russian country, 102-104. Fédchenko, zodlogist, 230. Fédchenko, Olga, 230.
Ferré, a Blanquist, 396, oe Factories, and Workshops, Finland, Kropétkin’s exploration of the glacial deposits in, 234, 235; condition of the peasants in, Fire of 1862 in St. Petersburg, the Flaubert, Gustave, 409, 410.
Fleury, General, 243.
Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, the, the author’s confinement in, 341-363; its terrible history, 348, 344; the author’s cell in, 344, 345; routine of life in, 352, 353.
Fourierism, 405.
France, proposed restoration of the Bourbon monarchy prevented by the socialists, 387, 388; sup- pression of revolutionary papers and of the ‘* Marseillaise,’’ 389; rapid quiet development of ideas in, 406; circulation of Le Révolté in, 423, 447; development of the anarchist movement in, 447; ef- fect of the Lyons trial on the anarchist movement in, 454; pris- ons in, 456-470; her alliance with Russia, 484; attitude of the mid- ae classes towards socialism, D, Franz Josef Land, 233, Freedom, an anarchist-communist monthly, 497.
Frol, the Kropétkin major-domo, Functionary, an old Chinese, 203, Gagdrin, Princess, 9.
Gamaléya, Mademoiselle, 111.
Ganz, drawing-teacher at the school of pages, 90-93.
Gatchina, the palace at, 434.
Geneva, acentre of the international socialist movement, 276; Kropét- kin in, 276-280; work of the In- ternational Workingmen’s As- sociation in, 276-280.
INDEX Goce some Russian, 228- Geographical Society. See Russian Geographical Societ George, Henry, his Poverty, 440.
Germany, the face of the country contrasted with Russia, 268; so- cialism in, 274; beginnings of the Social Democracy in, 385; hostil- ity to the revolutionary spirit in, Ghent, international socialist con- Ghirfn, Manchuria, 208, 210.
Girardot, Colonel, his personality, 73-75; his system of discipline in the school of pages, 75-79; his dislike of Kropdétkin, 79, 80; loss of influence, 81, 82; dis- missal, 82.
Glacial period, the, 239, 333; the author’s book on, 349-351, 365.
Goncharéff, his Precipice, 300.
Grand dukes, private life of the, Grigérieff, Peter, 139.
Grinevétsky, kills Alexander II. and himself, 432.
Gruber, Dr., 259.
Guesde, Jules, 406.
Guillaume, James, beginning of the — author’s friendship with, 282, alii and International Workingmen’s As- sociation, 387; his personality, 391; 396, 405; compelled to leave Switzerland and return to France, Gukévskaya, Miss, 426.
Hamlet, Turguéneff on, 412.
Harrow, England, 488.
Héléne Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, Helmersen, General, 234.
Hérzen, Alexander, his review his article Thou hast conquered, Galilean, 130; his Bell, 131, 408; Herzig, starts Le Révolté with Kro- | pétkin and Dumartheray, 417; Hoedel, his attempt upon the German Emperor’s life, 416. Holy League, the, 435, 438.
INDEX Hospital, the military, 365-367.
Hugo, Victor, 460.
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 498, 499.
Hyndman, Henry Mayers, 441; his England for All, 442; starts his socialist paper Justice, 442; 492.
Hyndman, Mrs. Henry Mayers, 441.
Igndtieff, Count Nikoldi Pévlovich, 146, 197; said to have frustrated a scheme to compel Alexander III. to sign a constitutional mani- festo, 4385; appointed prime minister, 436; 443; sends agents into Switzerland to sow dissension among refugees, 444, 445; makes a compromise with the Executive Committee, 445, 446.
In ei omg and French Prisons, Ingod4, the river, 208.
Innocentus, bishop of the Amur, International Workingmen’s As- sociation, the, origin of, 269-271; importance of the congresses of, 272, 273; its work in various countries, 273, 274; Kropdétkin joins, 274, 275; enthusiasm in Geneva for, 276-278; elevating influence of, 277; political wire- pulling by leaders of, 279, 280; essentially a workingmen’s move- ment, 281; development of an in- ternal governing body followed by the opposition of the Jura Federation, 281, 282; its origi- nal aim, 384; divides into two factions, 385, 386; its method of solving the problems of socio- logy by appealing to the work- ers themselves, 402, 403; 404; wrongly accused of conspiracy against the lives of European sovereigns, 416, 417; collectivism preached in, 447; the French law against ex-members of, 451, 452. See Jura Federation.
217; winter amusements at, 220, 221; 222, 223; some society girls Ishiitin, 253.
Italy, work of the International Workingmen’s Association in, 273; effect of the presence of socialists upon the actions of the monarchy, 388; scientific re searches in, 489.
Ivdnoff, soldier servant of the author, 133.
Ivdnoff, Vasily, 104, 136.
Jallot, a Blanquist, 396.
Jews, smuggling, 293-295.
Joukévsky, Nicholas, 280; person- ality of, 395.
Jura Federation, the, a _ rebel against the authority of the general council of the Interna- tional Workingmen’s Associa- tion, 281, 282; personnel and or- ganization of, 282-287; the author joins, 383; excluded from the In- ternational, 387; the centre of anarchistic work in Europe, 390; members of, 391-395; work of, 396-403; its main activity the working out of the practical and theoretic aspects of anarchism, 398; takes a large part in the elaboration of the anarchist ideal, 403; wrongly accused of conspiracy against the lives of European sovereigns, 416, 417; its organ, the Avant-Garde, sup- pressed, 417; boldly declares it- self anarchist-communist, 447. See International Workingmen’s As- sociation.
Jura Mountains, the, Kropdétkin sa 281; socialism in, 282, 286, Kara Sea, the, 231, 232.
Karandiné, Elisabeth, her mar- riage to the author’s father, 14, 15. See Kropétkin, Princess.
Katkéff, 162; the leader of the serfdom party, 180; accuses radicals and liberals of complicity with Karakézoff, 254; 260, 309, Kavélin, 151.
Kelnitz, Dmftri, his personality and student life, 303, 304; invites the author to join the circle of evading the police, 330, 331, 335; goes to the Balkan peninsula te join the insurgents, 383.
Kennan, George, 181, 182.
Kessler, Professor, 498.
Khdnshina (Chinese brandy), 190.
Kharkoff, the prison of, 427, 428.
Khingdn, the Great, 199, 203, 204, Kirin. See Ghirfn.
Klasévsky, Professor, 84, 86-88, Knowles, James, 499.
Kornfloff, the sisters, 318, 320.
Korsd&koff, governor- general of East Siberia, 169, 208.
Korsdkoff, General, of the fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, 341, Kovalévsky, Sophie (Sénya), 260.
Kovalsky, 426, 427.
Kravehinsky, Serghéi (Stepnidk), conversation with the author and George Kennan, 182; 267; his Career of a Nihilist, 278; a gen- eral favorite in the circle of Tehaykévsky, 319; his reckless- ness about his own safety, 319, 320; beginning of an intimate acquaintance with the author, 320; his personality, 320, 321; a story of his work among the peasants, 321; his eryptographic correspondence with the author, 321, 322; his work among the peasants in disguise, 322; his escape from arrest, 323; a leader of the agitation in Moscow, 323; as a pamphleteer, 324; 325; elud- ing arrest, 330; forced to leave St. Petersburg, 331; goes to the Balkan peninsula to aid the in- surrection against Turkey, 383; Kropétkin, Madame, the author’s severe literary critic of her hus- band’s writings, 424; 437, 438, studies and settles at Clairvaux near the prison, 461; her inter- views with her husband in prison, 461; 465; detects a Russian spy in London, 477, 478; her experi- ence with two spies at Clairvaux, Kropétkin, Princess (Ekaterina Sulfma), the author’s mother, her death, 6, 7; her marriage, 11; her personality, 12; 60, 61.
Kropétkin, Princess (Elisabet Kropétkin, Alexander (Sdsha), 45; development of his intellect — at school, 48; 61; early literary attempts, 68, 69; 85; correspond- ence with his brother, 94-97; a reader and writer of poetry, 95; his ideas about reading, 95,96; _ his ideas on religion and philo- — sophy, 96-98; clandestine meet- — ings with his brother, 99-101; 102, 155, 195; becomes an officer of — the Irkiitsk Cossacks, 198; with — his brother at Irkutsk, 217; re- — turns to St. Petersburg with his — brother, 223; enters the military — academy for jurisprudence, 224; in the literary circles of St.
Petersburg, 249, 250; his last — visit to his father, 264, 265; visits Sal re his brother in prison, 347-349; — his veracity and frankness, 347; — removes to Switzerland, 347; his — attitude towards socialism, 348; his scientific work, 348; returns — to St. Petersburg to help his brother, 348; obtains permission _ for his brother to finish his book — on the glacial period in the © fortress, 349; another interview with his brother, 354, 355; his. arrest and exile, 355-357; his © term of exile, 445, 489; corre- — spondence with his brother, 488- 490; his astronomical work, 490; hampered in his scientific work by the conditions of his exile, © 490, 491; despair and death, 491. — wife, in poor health, 424; a| Kropdétkin, Prince Alexéi Petré- — vich, the author’s father, 7; his — character and military career, — 9-11; his first marriage, 11; marries Elisabeth Karandiné two years after the death of the © author’s mother, 14; 26, 27; his _ wealth in serfs, 28; his private — band, 29, 30; his pleasure in © exercising patronage and inenter- taining, 30; his gambling, 31; his economies and extravagances, — 62; secures his promotion ag gen- ao INDEX 511 eral through his ex-serf, 59; 99, 156; his last illness, 264, 265; his funeral, 265.
Kropétkin, Dmitri Nikoldevich, the author’s cousin, aide-de-camp of the Emperor, 131, 165; gov- ernor-general of Kharkoff, 357; shot by a revolutionist, 428; his attitude towards political offend- Kropétkin, Héléne, the author’s adequate medical attendance for her brother in prison, 364; ar- rested and imprisoned for a fort- Kropétkin, Nicholas, the author’s brother, 7, 26, 48; goes to the Crimean war, 63.
Kropétkin, Pauline, the author’s Kropétkin, Peter, birth, 5; at his mother’s death-bed, 6, 7; ances- try and parentage, 8-13; his father’s second marriage, 14, 15; his lessons at home, 16-18; child- ish amusements, 18-22; early visits to the theatre, 20-22; at- tends a fancy dress ball in honor of the Tsar, 25; is inscribed as a candidate for the corps of pages, 25, 26; home life in Mos- cow, 28-31, 36-39; life at Nikdl- skoye, 39-46; awakening of a love of nature, 44; becomes in- terested in the French Revolution and renounces his title, 47; has a German tutor, 48; goes to school for a time, 48; under his Russian tutor, 48, 49; growing love of nature, 49; early development of literary tastes, 49; intellectual development at fourteen, 66-68; early ventures in authorship and journalism, 68-70; enters the corps of pages at St. Petersburg, 70, 71; life at the school of pages, 72-93, 108-125; studies German literature, 85, 86; correspondence with his brother Alexander, 94— 97; his reading while at the school of pages, 95-98; church- going and religion, 96, 97; his first start as an investigator of the life of the people, 102-107; at the funeral of the Dowager- Empress, 109-111; studies his- tory, 113,114; studies the natural sciences and other branches, 114- 118; interest in machinery, 119; fondness for music and the opera, 119, 120; learns surveying, 123- 125; first acquaintance with re- volutionary literature, 126, 127; becomes a constitutionalist, 127, 128; appointed sergeant of the corps of pages and page de chambre to the Emperor, 140; life at court, 141-149; choosing a regi- ment, 154-156; assists in fighting the great fire in St. Petersburg, 157-161; becomes an officer of the mounted Cossacks of the Amir, 162, 166, 167; conversation with the Emperor, 166, 167; ben- efit derived from residence in Siberia, 168; arrives at Irkutsk and becomes aide-de-camp to General Kiikel, the governor of TransbaikdAlia, 169; goes to Chit4 and assists the governor in pro- moting the reform of the exile system and instituting municipal self-government, 170-173; his plans of reform buried under the wave of reaction, 181; his travels in government service on the Amur and its tributaries, 184, 187-194; journey as courier from Irkiuitsk to St. Petersburg, 194- 196; interviews with officials, 196, 197; a winter journey to Irkutsk, 198; appointed attaché to the Governor-General of East Siberia for Cossack affairs, 198; an exploration in Manchuria, 199-207; an exploring journey up the Sungarf, 208-212; investi- gates the economical conditions of the Usurf Cossacks, 213; ex- plorations in and about Trans- - baikdlia, 214, 215; lessons taught him by his life in Siberia, 215- 217; prepared to become an anarchist, 217; life with his brother Alexander in Irkutsk, 217; leaves the military service after the in- surrection of Polish exiles and returns to St. Petersburg, 223; enters the university, 224; dis- covers the principles of the dis- cuales of the mountains of orthern Asia, 224-227; secre- tary to the section of, physical geography of the Russian Geo- graphical Society, 228; plans an arctic expedition, which is vetoed by the government, 232-234; sent by the Geographical Society to Finland and Sweden for the purpose of exploring the glacial deposits, 234, 235; anxious to write an exhaustive physical geography of Russia, 235; de- clines the position of secretary to the Geographical Society, 235, 236; his interest in the life of the peasants awakened in Finland, 237-241; returns to St. Peters- burg, 242; his last visit to his father, 264, 265; attends his father’s funeral, 265; his first visit to Western Europe, 268; joins the International Working- men’s Association at Ziirich, 274; visits Geneva, 276; decides to devote his life to the cause of revolution, 278; visits Neu- chatel and the Jura Mountains and observes the work of the Jura Federation, 281-287; be- comes an anarchist, 287; returns to St. Petersburg, 292-295; smug- gling prohibited books and papers into Russia, 293-295; at the university again, 303; joins the circle of Tchaykdévsky, 304-306; offers to lay aside personal feel- ings and work for constitution- alism, 313, 314; his proposal not accepted by the circle, 314; his work in the circle, 317, 324; acquaintance and _ correspond- ence with Stepnidk, 320-322; talks to the workers in disguise, 326-329; takes the name of Borodin, 328; eluding arrest, 331-333; reads to the Geographi- cal Society his report on the glacial formations of Finland and Russia, 333; his arrest, 334, 335; his examination by the public prosecutor, 335, 337-340; im- prisoned in the fortress of St.