17. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza (cf. note on stanza 16). Stanzas 17 and 18 are very likely later interpolations, although the compilers of the Volsungasaga knew them as they stand here. The whole passage depends on the shades of difference in the meanings of the various superlatives: harþastr, “hardest”; sárastr, “sorest”; grimmastr, “grimmest,” and hvassastr, “keenest.” Snakes: cf. Drap Niflunga.
18. The king: Hogni; cf. Atlakvitha, 25. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza. Most editors agree that there is a more or less extensive gap after stanza 18, and some of them contend that the original ending of the poem is lost, stanzas 19–21 coming from a different poem, probably a lament closely following Sigurth’s death.
19. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza, and it immediately follows the fragmentary line 3 of stanza 18. The resemblance between stanzas 19–21 and stanzas 64–69 of Sigurtharkvitha en skamma suggests that, in some otherwise lost version of the story, Guthrun, like Brynhild, sought to die soon after Sigurth’s death. Thy steed: Guthrun’s appeal to the dead Sigurth to ride back to earth to meet her is reminiscent of the episode related in Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II, 39–48. The promise mentioned in stanza 20 is spoken of elsewhere only in the Volsungasaga paraphrase of this passage.
21. Perhaps something has been lost between stanzas 20 and 21, or possibly stanza 21, while belonging originally to the same poem as stanzas 19 and 20, did not directly follow them. Sore-pressed: a guess; a word seems to have been omitted in the original.
22. Words of the poet’s, like stanza 1, and perhaps constituting a later addition. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 3. The meaning, of course, is that the poet hopes the story of Guthrun’s woes will make all other troubles seem light by comparison.
HAMTHESMOL THE BALLAD OF HAMTHER INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Hamthesmol, the concluding poem in the Codex Regius, is on the whole the worst preserved of all the poems in the collection. The origin of the story, the relation of the Hamthesmol to the Guthrunarhvot, and of both poems to the hypothetical “old” Hamthesmol, are outlined in the introductory note to the Guthrunarhvot. The Hamthesmol as we have it is certainly not the “old” poem of that name; indeed it is so pronounced a patchwork that it can hardly be regarded as a coherent poem at all. Some of the stanzas are in Fornyrthislag, some are in Malahattr, one (stanza 29) appears to be in Ljothahattr, and in many cases the words can be adapted to any known metrical form only by liberal emendation. That any one should have deliberately composed such a poem seems quite incredible, and it is far more likely that some eleventh century narrator constructed a poem about the death of Hamther and Sorli by piecing together various fragments, and possibly adding a number of Malahattr stanzas of his own.
It has been argued, and with apparently sound logic, that our extant Hamthesmol originated in Greenland, along with the Atlamol. In any case, it can hardly have been put together before the latter part of the eleventh century, although the “old” Hamthesmol undoubtedly long antedates this period. Many editors have attempted to pick out the parts of the extant poem which were borrowed from this older lay, but the condition of the text is such that it is by no means clear even what stanzas are in Fornyrthislag and what in Malahattr. Many editors, likewise, indicate gaps and omissions, but it seems doubtful whether the extant Hamthesmol ever had a really consecutive quality, its component fragments having apparently been strung together with little regard for continuity. The notes indicate some of the more important editorial suggestions, but make no attempt to cover all of them, and the metrical form of the translation is often based on mere guesswork as to the character of the original lines and stanzas. Despite the chaotic state of the text, however, the underlying narrative is reasonably clear, and the story can be followed with no great difficulty.
1. Great the evils | once that grew, With the dawning sad | of the sorrow of elves; In early morn | awake for men The evils that grief | to each shall bring.
2. Not now, nor yet | of yesterday was it, Long the time | that since hath lapsed, So that little there is | that is half as old, Since Guthrun, daughter | of Gjuki, whetted Her sons so young | to Svanhild’s vengeance.
3. “The sister ye had | was Svanhild called, And her did Jormunrek | trample with horses, White and black | on the battle-way, Gray, road-wonted, | the steeds of the Goths.
4. “Little the kings | of the folk are ye like, For now ye are living | alone of my race.
5. “Lonely am I | as the forest aspen, Of kindred bare | as the fir of its boughs, My joys are all lost | as the leaves of the tree When the scather of twigs | from the warm day turns.”
6. Then Hamther spake forth, | the high of heart: “Small praise didst thou, Guthrun, | to Hogni’s deed give When they wakened thy Sigurth | from out of his sleep, Thou didst sit on the bed | while his slayers laughed.
7. “Thy bed-covers white | with blood were red From his wounds, and with gore | of thy husband were wet; So Sigurth was slain, | by his corpse didst thou sit, And of gladness didst think not: | ’twas Gunnar’s doing.
8. “Thou wouldst strike at Atli | by the slaying of Erp And the killing of Eitil; | thine own grief was worse; So should each one wield | the wound-biting sword That another it slays | but smites not himself.”
9. Then did Sorli speak out, | for wise was he ever: “With my mother I never | a quarrel will make; Full little in speaking | methinks ye both lack; What askest thou, Guthrun, | that will give thee no tears?
10. “For thy brothers dost weep, | and thy boys so sweet, Thy kinsmen in birth | on the battlefield slain; Now, Guthrun, as well | for us both shalt thou weep, We sit doomed on our steeds, | and far hence shall we die.”
11. Then the fame-glad one— | on the steps she was— The slender-fingered, | spake with her son: “Ye shall danger have | if counsel ye heed not;...|...By two heroes alone | shall two hundred of Goths Be bound or be slain | in the lofty-walled burg.”
12. From the courtyard they fared, | and fury they breathed; The youths swiftly went | o’er the mountain wet, On their Hunnish steeds, | death’s vengeance to have.
13. On the way they found | the man so wise;...|...“What help from the weakling | brown may we have?”
14. So answered them | their half-brother then: “So well may I | my kinsmen aid As help one foot | from the other has.”
15. “How may a foot | its fellow aid, Or a flesh-grown hand | another help?”
16. Then Erp spake forth, | his words were few, As haughty he sat | on his horse’s back: “To the timid ’tis ill | the way to tell.” A bastard they | the bold one called.
17. From their sheaths they drew | their shining swords, Their blades, to the giantess | joy to give; By a third they lessened | the might that was theirs, The fighter young | to earth they felled.
18. Their cloaks they shook, | their swords they sheathed, The high-born men | wrapped their mantles close.
19. On their road they fared | and an ill way found, And their sister’s son | on a tree they saw, On the wind-cold wolf-tree | west of the hall, And cranes’-bait crawled; | none would care to linger.
20. In the hall was din, | the men drank deep, And the horses’ hoofs | could no one hear, Till the warrior hardy | sounded his horn.
21. Men came and the tale | to Jormunrek told How warriors helmed | without they beheld: “Take counsel wise, | for brave ones are come, Of mighty men | thou the sister didst murder.”
22. Then Jormunrek laughed, | his hand laid on his beard, His arms, for with wine | he was warlike, he called for; He shook his brown locks, | on his white shield he looked, And raised high the cup | of gold in his hand.
23. “Happy, methinks, | were I to behold Hamther and Sorli | here in my hall; The men would I bind | with strings of bows, And Gjuki’s heirs | on the gallows hang.”
24. In the hall was clamor, | the cups were shattered, Men stood in blood | from the breasts of the Goths.
25. Then did Hamther speak forth, | the haughty of heart: “Thou soughtest, Jormunrek, | us to see, Sons of one mother | seeking thy dwelling; Thou seest thy hands, | thy feet thou beholdest, Jormunrek, flung | in the fire so hot.”
26. Then roared the king, | of the race of the gods, Bold in his armor, | as roars a bear: “Stone ye the men | that steel will bite not, Sword nor spear, | the sons of Jonak.”
Sorli spake: 27. “Ill didst win, brother, | when the bag thou didst open, Oft from that bag | came baleful counsel; Heart hast thou, Hamther, | if knowledge thou hadst! A man without wisdom | is lacking in much.”
Hamther spake: 28. “His head were now off | if Erp were living, The brother so keen | whom we killed on our road, The warrior noble,— | ’twas the Norns that drove me The hero to slay | who in fight should be holy.
29. “In fashion of wolves | it befits us not Amongst ourselves to strive, Like the hounds of the Norns, | that nourished were In greed mid wastes so grim.
30. “We have greatly fought, | o’er the Goths do we stand By our blades laid low, | like eagles on branches; Great our fame though we die | today or tomorrow; None outlives the night | when the Norns have spoken.”
31. Then Sorli beside | the gable sank, And Hamther fell | at the back of the house.
This is called the old ballad of Hamther.
NOTES 1. This stanza looks like a later interpolation from a totally unrelated source. Sorrow of elves: the sun; cf. Alvissmol, 16 and note.
2. Some editors regard lines 1–2 as interpolated, while others question line 3. Guthrun, etc.: regarding the marriage of Jonak and Guthrun (daughter of Gjuki, sister of Gunnar and Hogni, and widow first of Sigurth and then of Atli), and the sons of this marriage, Hamther and Sorli (but not Erp), cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory prose and note.
3. Svanhild and Jormunrek: regarding the manner in which Jormunrek (Ermanarich) married Svanhild, daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun, and afterwards had her trodden to death by horses, cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory note. Lines 3–4 are identical with lines 5–6 of Guthrunarhvot, 2.
4. These two lines may be all that is left of a four-line stanza. The manuscript and many editions combine them with stanza 5, while a few place them after stanza 5 as a separate stanza, reversing the order of the two lines. Kings of the folk: Guthrun’s brothers, Gunnar and Hogni, slain by Atli.
5. Cf. note on stanza 4; the manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza. Scather of twigs: poetic circumlocution for the wind (cf. Skaldskaparmal, chapter 27), though some editors think the phrase here means the sun. Some editors assume a more or less extensive gap between stanzas 5 and 6.
6. Lines 1–3 are nearly identical with lines 1–3 of Guthrunarhvot, 4. On the death of Sigurth cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 21–24, and Brot, concluding prose. The word thy in line 3 is omitted in the original.
7. Lines 1–2 are nearly identical with lines 4–5 of Guthrunarhvot, 4. The manuscript, followed by many editions, indicates line 3 and not line 1 as beginning a stanza.
8. Some editors regard this stanza as interpolated. Erp and Eitil: regarding Guthrun’s slaying of her sons by Atli, cf. Atlamol, 72–75. The Erp here referred to is not to be confused with the Erp, son of Jonak, who appears in stanza 13. The whole of stanza 8 is in doubtful shape, and many emendations have been suggested.
10. Some editors assign this speech to Hamther. Brothers: Gunnar and Hogni. Boys: Erp and Eitil.
11. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 21, and some editors take the word here rendered “fame-glad one” (hróþrglǫþ) to be a proper name (Jormunrek’s mother or his concubine). The Volsungasaga, however, indicates that Guthrun at this point “had so fashioned their war-gear that iron would not bite into it, and she bade them to have nought to do with stones or other heavy things, and told them that it would be ill for them if they did not do as she said.” The substance of this counsel may well have been conveyed in a passage lost after line 3, though the manuscript indicates no gap. It is by being stoned that Hamther and Sorli are killed (stanza 26). On the other hand, the second part of line 3 may possibly mean “if silent ye are not,” in which case the advice relates to Hamther’s speech to Jormunrek and Sorli’s reproach to him thereupon (stanzas 25 and 27). Steps: the word in the original is doubtful. Line 3 is thoroughly obscure. Some editors make a separate stanza of lines 3–5, while others question line 5.
12. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 1. In several editions lines 2–3 are placed after line 2 of stanza 18. Hunnish: the word meant little more than “German”; cf. Guthrunarhvot, 3 and note.
13. In the manuscript these two lines follow stanza 16; some editors insert them in place of lines 2–3 of stanza 11. The manuscript indicates no gap. The man so wise: Erp, here represented as a son of Jonak but not of Guthrun, and hence a half-brother of Hamther and Sorli. There is nothing further to indicate whether or not he was born out of wedlock, as intimated in stanza 16. Some editors assign line 3 to Hamther, and some to Sorli.
14. The stanza is obviously defective. Many editors add Erp’s name in line 1, and insert between lines 2 and 3 a line based on stanza 15 and the Volsungasaga paraphrase: “As a flesh-grown hand | another helps.” In the Volsungasaga, after Erp’s death, Hamther stumbles and saves himself from falling with his hand, whereupon he says: “Erp spake truly; I had fallen had I not braced myself with my hand.” Soon thereafter Sorli has a like experience, one foot slipping but the other saving him from a fall. “Then they said that they had done ill to Erp, their brother.”
15. Many editions attach these two lines to stanza 14, while a few assume the loss of two lines.
16. In the manuscript this stanza stands between stanzas 12 and 13. Some editors make line 4 a part of Erp’s speech.
17. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza. The giantess: presumably the reference is to Hel, goddess of the dead, but the phrase is doubtful.
18. In the manuscript these two lines are followed by stanza 19 with no indication of a break. Some editions insert here lines 2–3 of stanza 12, while others assume the loss of two or more lines.
19. Cf. note on stanza 18. Ill way: very likely the road leading through the gate of Jormunrek’s town at which Svanhild was trampled to death. Sister’s son: many editors change the text to read “stepson,” for the reference is certainly to Randver, son of Jormunrek, hanged by his father on Bikki’s advice (cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory note). Wolf-tree: the gallows, the wolf being symbolical of outlaws. Cranes’-bait: presumably either snakes or worms, but the passage is doubtful.
20. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 3. The warrior: presumably a warder or watchman, but the reference may be to Hamther himself.
21. The word here rendered men (line 1) is missing in the original, involving a metrical error, and various words have been suggested.
22. Line 2 in the original is thoroughly obscure; some editors directly reverse the meaning here indicated by giving the line a negative force, while others completely alter the phrase rendered “his arms he called for” into one meaning “he stroked his cheeks.”
23. Gjuki’s heirs: the original has “the well-born of Gjuki,” and some editors have changed the proper name to Guthrun, but the phrase apparently refers to Hamther and Sorli as Gjuki’s grandsons. In the manuscript this stanza is followed by stanza 11, and such editors as have retained this arrangement have had to resort to varied and complex explanations to account for it.
24. Editors have made various efforts to reconstruct a four-line stanza out of these two lines, in some cases with the help of lines borrowed from the puzzling stanza 11 (cf. note on stanza 23). Line 2 in the original is doubtful.
25. Some editors mark line 1 as an interpolation. The manuscript marks line 4 as beginning a new stanza. As in the story told by Jordanes, Hamther and Sorli succeed in wounding Jormunrek (here they cut off his hands and feet), but do not kill him.
26. The manuscript marks line 3, and not line 1, as beginning a stanza. Of the race of the gods: the reference here is apparently to Jormunrek, but in the Volsungasaga the advice to kill Hamther and Sorli with stones, since iron will not wound them (cf. note on stanza 11), comes from Othin, who enters the hall as an old man with one eye.
27. In the manuscript this stanza is introduced by the same line as stanza 25: “Then did Hamther speak forth, | the haughty of heart,” but the speaker in this case must be Sorli and not Hamther. Some editors, however, give lines 1–2 to Hamther and lines 3–4 to Sorli. Bag: i.e., Hamther’s mouth; cf. note on stanza 11. The manuscript indicates line 3 as beginning a new stanza.
28. Most editors regard stanzas 28–30 as a speech by Hamther, but the manuscript does not indicate the speaker, and some editors assign one or two of the stanzas to Sorli. Lines 1–2 are quoted in the Volsungasaga. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza. Erp: Hamther means that while the two brothers had succeeded only in wounding Jormunrek, Erp, if he had been with them, would have killed him. Lines 3–4 may be a later interpolation. Norns: the fates; the word used in the original means the goddesses of ill fortune.
29. This is almost certainly an interpolated Ljothahattr stanza, though some editors have tried to expand it into the Fornyrthislag form. Hounds of the Norns: wolves.
30. Some editors assume a gap after this stanza.
31. Apparently a fragment of a stanza from the “old” Hamthesmol to which the annotator’s concluding prose note refers. Some editors assume the loss of two lines after line 2.
Prose. Regarding the “old” Hamthesmol, cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory note.
PRONOUNCING INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Introductory Note The pronunciations indicated in the following index are in many cases, at best, mere approximations, and in some cases the pronunciation of the Old Norse is itself more or less conjectural. For the sake of clarity it has seemed advisable to keep the number of phonetic symbols as small as possible, even though the result is occasional failure to distinguish between closely related sounds. In every instance the object has been to provide the reader with a clearly comprehensible and approximately correct pronunciation, for which reason, particularly in such matters as division of syllables, etymology has frequently been disregarded for the sake of phonetic clearness. For example, when a root syllable ends in a long (double) consonant, the division has arbitrarily been made so as to indicate the sounding of both elements (e.g., Am-ma, not Amm-a).
As many proper names occur in the notes but not in the text, and as frequently the more important incidents connected with the names are outlined in notes which would not be indicated by textual references alone, the page numbers include all appearances of proper names in the notes as well as in the text.
The following general rules govern the application of the phonetic symbols used in the index, and also indicate the approximate pronunciation of the unmarked vowels and consonants.
Vowels. The vowels are pronounced approximately as follows: No attempt has been made to differentiate between the short open “o” and the short closed “o,” which for speakers of English closely resemble one another.
Consonants. The consonants are pronounced approximately as in English, with the following special points to be noted: G is always hard, as in “get,” never soft, as in “gem;” following “n” it has the same sound as in “sing.”
J is pronounced as y in “young.”
Th following a vowel is soft, as in “with;” at the beginning of a word or following a consonant it is hard, as in “thin.”
The long (doubled) consonants should be pronounced as in Italian, both elements being distinctly sounded; e.g., “Am-ma.”
S is always hard, as in “so,” “this,” never soft, as in “as.”
H enters into combinations with various following consonants; with “v” the sound is approximately that of wh in “what”; with “l,” “r” and “n” it produces sounds which have no exact English equivalents, but which can be approximated by pronouncing the consonants with a marked initial breathing.
Accents. The accented syllable in each name is indicated by the acute accent (′). In many names, however, and particularly in compounds, there is both a primary and a secondary accent, and where this is the case the primary stress is indicated by a double acute accent (″) and the secondary one by a single acute accent (′). To avoid possible confusion with the long vowel marks used in Old Norse texts, the accents are placed, not over the vowels, but after the accented syllables.
PRONOUNCING INDEX Ag′-nar, brother of Geirröth, 85, 86.
Āi, a dwarf, 6, 8.
Alf, a dwarf, 8.
Alf, slayer of Helgi, 286, 288, 289, 331.
Alf, son of Dag, 223, 454.
Alf, son of Hring, 306.
Alf, son of Hunding, 295, 316, 317.
Alf, son of Ulf, 222.
Alf′-heim, home of the elves, 3, 88, 186.
Alf′-hild, wife of Hjorvarth, 272, 273.
Alf′-roth-ul, the sun, 81.
Al′-grȫn, an island, 127.
Alm′-veig, wife of Halfdan, 222.
Ām, son of Dag, 223.
Am′-bōtt, daughter of Thræll, 207.
Ān, a dwarf, 6.
Ang′-eyj-a, mother of Heimdall, 229.
Arf′-i, son of Jarl, 214.
Ar″-in-nef′-ja, daughter of Thræll, 207.
Arn′-grīm, father of the berserkers, 225.
Ask, Ash, 8.
Ath′-al, son of Jarl, 214.
At′-la, mother of Heimdall, 229.
At′-li, son of Hring, 306.
Auth, mother of Harald Battle-Tooth, 227.
Auth′-i, son of Halfdan the Old, 221, 485.
Barn, son of Jarl, 214.
Bekk′-hild, sister of Brynhild, 345, 346.
Bil′-rost, the rainbow bridge, 102, 376.
Bjort, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.
Blāin, Ymir (?), 6.
Bleik, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.
Blind, follower of Hunding, 312.
Blīth, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.
Bod′-di, son of Karl, 209.
Bolm, an island, 225.
Bōnd′-i, son of Karl, 209.
Borg′-ar, brother of Borghild (?), 334.
Borg′-nȳ, daughter of Heithrek, 469–473, 479.
Brag′-i, brother of Sigrun, 318, 319.
Brand′-ey, an island, 297.
Bratt′-skegg, son of Karl, 209.
Breith, son of Karl, 209.
Brodd, follower of Hrolf, 224.
Brūth, daughter of Karl, 210.
Bū′-i, son of Karl, 209.
Bund″-in-skeg′-gi, son of Karl, 209.
Bur, father of Othin, 4, 160, 228.
Bur, son of Jarl, 214.
Buth′-lungs, descendants of Buthli, 498.
Bȳ′-leist (or Bȳ′-leipt), brother of Loki, 22, 230.
Dag, husband of Thora, 223, 454.
Dāin, a hart, 98.
Dāin, an elf, 62.
Dan, a king, 216.
Dan′-a, daughter of Danp, 216.
Digr′-ald-i, son of Thræll, 206.
Dög′-lings, descendants of Dag, 223.
Dreng, son of Karl, 209.
Drott, son of Thræll, 206.
Drumb, son of Thræll, 206.
Drumb′-a, daughter of Thræll, 207.
Dūf, a dwarf, 8.
Eg′-il, father of Thjalfi (?), 141.
Eg″-ils-sag′-a, the Saga of Egil, 139.
Eik″-in-tjas′-na, daughter of Thræll, 207.
Eist′-la, mother of Heimdall, 229.
Emb′-la, Elm, 8.
Ern′-a, wife of Jarl, 213, 214.
Ey′-fur-a, mother of the berserkers, 225.
Ey′-mund, king of Holmgarth, 222.
Eyr′-gjaf-a, mother of Heimdall, 229.
Far′-baut-i, father of Loki, 157, 168.
Feim′-a, daughter of Karl, 210.
Feng, Othin, 366.
Fīl′-i, a dwarf, 7.
Fith, a dwarf, 8.
Fjol″-svinns-mǭl′, the Ballad of Fjolsvith, 234, 239–251.
Fjōn, an island, 455.
Fjorm, a river, 95.
Fjōsn′-ir, son of Thræll, 206.
Fljōth, daughter of Karl, 210.
Fōst″-bræth-ra-sag′-a, the Saga of the Foster-Brothers, 46.
Frǣg, a dwarf, 7.
Frār, a dwarf, 7.
Frath′-mar, son of Dag, 223.
Frek′-i, son of Dag, 223.
Fri′-aut, daughter of Hildigun, 222, 223.
Frīth, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.
Frōth′-i, father of Hledis, 222.
Frōth′-i, father of Kari (?), 224.
Ful′-nir, son of Thræll, 206.
Gang, brother of Thjazi, 128.
Gang′-ler-i, King Gylfi, 94.
Gaut, Othin, 105.
Geir′-mund, kinsman of Atli, 478.
Gīf, a hound, 244.
Gīsl, a horse, 96.
Gjol, a river, 95.
Gjolp, mother of Heimdall, 229.
Gjūk′-i, son of Hogni, 449.
Glath, a horse, 96.
Glaum, Atli’s horse, 493.
Gler, a horse, 96.
Gol, a Valkyrie, 99.