The Poetic Edda (7/27)

8. The sword: Freyr’s gift of his sword to Skirnir eventually proves fatal, for at the last battle, when Freyr is attacked by Beli, whom he kills bare-handed, and later when the fire-demon, Surt, slays him in turn, he is weaponless; cf. Voluspo, 53 and note. Against the giants grim: the condition of this line makes it seem like an error in copying, and it is possible that it should be identical with the fourth line of the next stanza.

10. Some editors reject line 3 as spurious.

12. Line 2 is in neither manuscript, and no gap is indicated. I have followed Grundtvig’s conjectural emendation.

13. This stanza is almost exactly like many in the first part of the Hovamol, and may well have been a separate proverb. After this stanza the scene shifts to the interior of the house.

15. No gap indicated in either manuscript. Bugge and Niedner have attempted emendations, while Hildebrand suggests that the last two lines of stanza 14 are spurious, 14, 1–2, and 15 thus forming a single stanza, which seems doubtful.

16. Brother’s slayer: perhaps the brother is Beli, slain by Freyr; the only other references are in Voluspo, 53, and in Snorri’s paraphrase of the Skirnismol, which merely says that Freyr’s gift of his sword to Skirnir “was the reason why he was weaponless when he met Beli, and he killed him bare-handed.” Skirnir himself seems never to have killed anybody.

17. Wise Wanes: cf. Voluspo, 21 and note.

18. The Arnamagnæan Codex omits this stanza.

19. Apples: the apple was the symbol of fruitfulness, and also of eternal youth. According to Snorri, the goddess Ithun had charge of the apples which the gods ate whenever they felt themselves growing old.

21. Ring: the ring Draupnir (“Dropper”) was made by the dwarfs for Othin, who laid it on Baldr’s pyre when the latter’s corpse was burned (cf. Voluspo, 32 and note, and Baldrs Draumar). Baldr, however, sent the ring back to Othin from hell. How Freyr obtained it is nowhere stated. Andvari’s ring (Andvaranaut) had a similar power of creating gold; cf. Reginsmol, prose after stanza 4 and note. Lines 3 and 4 of this stanza, and the first two of stanza 22, are missing in the Arnamagnæan Codex.

25. The first two lines are abbreviated in both manuscripts.

26. With this stanza, bribes and threats having failed, Skirnir begins a curse which, by the power of his magic staff, is to fall on Gerth if she refuses Freyr.

27. Eagle’s hill: the hill at the end of heaven, and consequently overlooking hell, where the giant Hræsvelg sits “in an eagle’s guise,” and makes the winds with his wings; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 37, also Voluspo, 50. The second line is faulty in both manuscripts; Hildebrand’s emendation corrects the error, but omits an effective touch; the manuscript line may be rendered “And look and hanker for hell.” The Arnamagnæan Codex breaks off with the fourth line of this stanza.

28. Hrimnir: a frost-giant, mentioned elsewhere only in Hyndluljoth, 33. Line 3 is probably spurious. Watchman of the gods: Heimdall; cf. Voluspo, 46.

29. Three nouns of doubtful meaning, which I have rendered rage, longing, and heart respectively, make the precise force of this stanza obscure. Niedner and Sijmons mark the entire stanza as interpolated, and Jonsson rejects line 5.

30. In Regius and in nearly all the editions the first two lines of this stanza are followed by lines 3–5 of stanza 35. I have followed Niedner, Sijmons, and Gering. The two words here translated vile things are obscure; Gering renders the phrase simply “Kobolde.”

31. The confusion noted as to the preceding stanza, and a metrical error in the third line, have led to various rearrangements and emendations; line 3 certainly looks like an interpolation. Three-headed giants: concerning giants with numerous heads, cf. Vafthruthnismol, 33, and Hymiskvitha, 8.

32. No gap indicated in the manuscript; Niedner makes the line here given as 4 the first half of line 3, and fills out the stanza thus: “with which I will tame you, / Maid, to work my will.” The whole stanza seems to be either interpolated or out of place; it would fit better after stanza 25.

33. Jonsson marks this stanza as interpolated. The word translated most evil is another case of guesswork.

34. Most editors reject line 3 as spurious, and some also reject line 6. Lines 2 and 3 may have been expanded out of a single line running approximately “Ye gods and Suttung’s sons.” Suttung: concerning this giant cf. Hovamol, 104 and note.

35. Most editors combine lines 1–2 with stanza 36 (either with the first two lines thereof or the whole stanza), as lines 3–5 stand in the manuscript after line 2 of stanza 30. Hrimgrimnir (“The Frost-Shrouded”): a giant not elsewhere mentioned. Line 5, as a repetition of line 4, is probably a later addition.

36. For the combination of this stanza with the preceding one, cf. note on stanza 35. The scribe clearly did not consider that the stanza began with line 1, as the first word thereof in the manuscript does not begin with a capital letter and has no period before it. The first word of line 3, however, is so marked. Line 5 may well be spurious.

37. Again the scribe seems to have been uncertain as to the stanza divisions. This time the first line is preceded by a period, but begins with a small letter. Many editors have made line 2 into two half-lines. A charm: literally, the rune Thurs (þ); the runic letters all had magic attributes; cf. Sigrdrifumol, 6–7 and notes.

42. Abbreviated to initial letters in the manuscript.

43. The superscription is lacking in Regius. Snorri quotes this one stanza in his prose paraphrase, Gylfaginning, chapter 37. The two versions are substantially the same, except that Snorri makes the first line read, “Long is one night, | long is the second.”

HARBARTHSLJOTH THE POEM OF HARBARTH INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Harbarthsljoth is found complete in the Codex Regius, where it follows the Skirnismol, and from the fourth line of stanza 19 to the end of the poem in the Arnamagnæan Codex, of which it occupies the first page and a half.

The poem differs sharply from those which precede it in the Codex Regius, both in metrical form and in spirit. It is, indeed, the most nearly formless of all the Eddic poems. The normal metre is the Malahattr (cf. Introduction, where an example is given). The name of this verse-form means “in the manner of conversation,” and the Harbarthsljoth’s verse fully justifies the term. The Atli poems exemplify the conventional use of Malahattr, but in the Harbarthsljoth the form is used with extraordinary freedom, and other metrical forms are frequently employed. A few of the speeches of which the poem is composed cannot be twisted into any known Old Norse metre, and appear to be simply prose.

How far this confusion is due to interpolations and faulty transmission of the original poem is uncertain. Finnur Jonsson has attempted a wholesale purification of the poem, but his arbitrary condemnation of words, lines, and entire stanzas as spurious is quite unjustified by any positive evidence. I have accepted Mogk’s theory that the author was “a first-rate psychologist, but a poor poet,” and have translated the poem as it stands in the manuscripts. I have preserved the metrical confusion of the original by keeping throughout so far as possible to the metres found in the poem; if the rhythm of the translation is often hard to catch, the difficulty is no less with the original Norse.

The poem is simply a contest of abuse, such as the early Norwegian and Icelander delighted in, the opposing figures being Thor and Othin, the latter appearing in the disguise of the ferryman Harbarth. Such billingsgate lent itself readily to changes, interpolations and omissions, and it is little wonder that the poem is chaotic. It consists mainly of boasting and of references, often luckily obscure, to disreputable events in the life of one or the other of the disputants. Some editors have sought to read a complex symbolism into it, particularly by representing it as a contest between the noble or warrior class (Othin) and the peasant (Thor). But it seems a pity to take such a vigorous piece of broad farce too seriously.

Verse-form, substance, and certain linguistic peculiarities, notably the suffixed articles, point to a relatively late date (eleventh century) for the poem in its present form. Probably it had its origin in the early days, but its colloquial nature and its vulgarity made it readily susceptible to changes.

Owing to the chaotic state of the text, and the fact that none of the editors or commentators have succeeded in improving it much, I have not in this case attempted to give all the important emendations and suggestions. The stanza-divisions are largely arbitrary.

Thor was on his way back from a journey in the East, and came to a sound; on the other side of the sound was a ferryman with a boat. Thor called out: 1. “Who is the fellow yonder, | on the farther shore of the sound?”

The ferryman spake: 2. “What kind of a peasant is yon, | that calls o’er the bay?”

Thor spake: 3. “Ferry me over the sound; | I will feed thee therefor in the morning; A basket I have on my back, | and food therein, none better; At leisure I ate, | ere the house I left, Of herrings and porridge, | so plenty I had.”

The ferryman spake: 4. “Of thy morning feats art thou proud, | but the future thou knowest not wholly; Doleful thine home-coming is: | thy mother, methinks, is dead.”

Thor spake: 5. “Now hast thou said | what to each must seem The mightiest grief, | that my mother is dead.”

The ferryman spake: 6. “Three good dwellings, | methinks, thou hast not; Barefoot thou standest, | and wearest a beggar’s dress; Not even hose dost thou have.”

Thor spake: 7. “Steer thou hither the boat; | the landing here shall I show thee; But whose the craft | that thou keepest on the shore?”

The ferryman spake: 8. “Hildolf is he | who bade me have it, A hero wise; | his home is at Rathsey’s sound. He bade me no robbers to steer, | nor stealers of steeds, But worthy men, | and those whom well do I know. Say now thy name, | if over the sound thou wilt fare.”

The ferryman spake: Thor spake: 11. “Why shouldst thou hide thy name, | if quarrel thou hast not?”

Harbarth spake: 12. “And though I had a quarrel, | from such as thou art Yet none the less | my life would I guard, Unless I be doomed to die.”

Thor spake: 13. “Great trouble, methinks, | would it be to come to thee, To wade the waters across, | and wet my middle; Weakling, well shall I pay | thy mocking words, If across the sound I come.”

Harbarth spake: 14. “Here shall I stand | and await thee here; Thou hast found since Hrungnir died | no fiercer man.”

Thor spake: 15. “Fain art thou to tell | how with Hrungnir I fought, The haughty giant, | whose head of stone was made; And yet I felled him, | and stretched him before me. What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake: 16. “Five full winters | with Fjolvar was I, And dwelt in the isle | that is Algrön called; There could we fight, | and fell the slain, Much could we seek, | and maids could master.”

Thor spake: 17. “How won ye success with your women?”

Harbarth spake: 18. “Lively women we had, | if they wise for us were; Wise were the women we had, | if they kind for us were; For ropes of sand | they would seek to wind, And the bottom to dig | from the deepest dale. Wiser than all | in counsel I was, And there I slept | by the sisters seven, And joy full great | did I get from each. What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

Thor spake: 19. “Thjazi I felled, | the giant fierce, And I hurled the eyes | of Alvaldi’s son To the heavens hot above; Of my deeds the mightiest | marks are these, That all men since can see. What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake: 20. “Much love-craft I wrought | with them who ride by night, When I stole them by stealth from their husbands; A giant hard | was Hlebarth, methinks: His wand he gave me as gift, And I stole his wits away.”

Thor spake: 21. “Thou didst repay good gifts with evil mind.”

Harbarth spake: 22. “The oak must have | what it shaves from another; In such things each for himself. What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

Thor spake: 23. “Eastward I fared, | of the giants I felled Their ill-working women | who went to the mountain; And large were the giants’ throng | if all were alive; No men would there be | in Mithgarth more. What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake: 24. “In Valland I was, | and wars I raised, Princes I angered, | and peace brought never; The noble who fall | in the fight hath Othin, And Thor hath the race of the thralls.”

Thor spake: 25. “Unequal gifts | of men wouldst thou give to the gods, If might too much thou shouldst have.”

Harbarth spake: 26. “Thor has might enough, | but never a heart; For cowardly fear | in a glove wast thou fain to crawl, And there forgot thou wast Thor; Afraid there thou wast, | thy fear was such, To fart or sneeze | lest Fjalar should hear.”

Thor spake: 27. “Thou womanish Harbarth, | to hell would I smite thee straight, Could mine arm reach over the sound.”

Harbarth spake: 28. “Wherefore reach over the sound, | since strife we have none? What, Thor, didst thou do then?”

Thor spake: 29. “Eastward I was, | and the river I guarded well, Where the sons of Svarang | sought me there; Stones did they hurl; | small joy did they have of winning; Before me there | to ask for peace did they fare. What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake: 30. “Eastward I was, | and spake with a certain one, I played with the linen-white maid, | and met her by stealth; I gladdened the gold-decked one, | and she granted me joy.”

Thor spake: 31. “Full fair was thy woman-finding.”

Harbarth spake: 32. “Thy help did I need then, Thor, | to hold the white maid fast.”

Thor spake: 33. “Gladly, had I been there, | my help to thee had been given.”

Harbarth spake: 34. “I might have trusted thee then, | didst thou not betray thy troth.”

Thor spake: 35. “No heel-biter am I, in truth, | like an old leather shoe in spring.”

Harbarth spake: 36. “What, Thor, didst thou the while?”

Thor spake: 37. “In Hlesey the brides | of the Berserkers slew I; Most evil they were, | and all they betrayed.”

Harbarth spake: 38. “Shame didst thou win, | that women thou slewest, Thor.”

Thor spake: 39. “She-wolves they were like, | and women but little; My ship, which well | I had trimmed, did they shake; With clubs of iron they threatened, | and Thjalfi they drove off. What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”

Harbarth spake: 40. “In the host I was | that hither fared, The banners to raise, | and the spear to redden.”

Thor spake: 41. “Wilt thou now say | that hatred thou soughtest to bring us?”

Harbarth spake: 42. “A ring for thy hand | shall make all right for thee, As the judge decides | who sets us two at peace.”

Thor spake: 43. “Where foundest thou | so foul and scornful a speech? More foul a speech | I never before have heard.”

Harbarth spake: 44. “I learned it from men, | the men so old, Who dwell in the hills of home.”

Thor spake: 45. “A name full good | to heaps of stones thou givest When thou callest them hills of home.”

Harbarth spake: Thor spake: 47. “Ill for thee comes | thy keenness of tongue, If the water I choose to wade; Louder, I ween, | than a wolf thou cryest, If a blow of my hammer thou hast.”

Harbarth spake: 48. “Sif has a lover at home, | and him shouldst thou meet; More fitting it were | on him to put forth thy strength.”

Thor spake: 49. “Thy tongue still makes thee say | what seems most ill to me, Thou witless man! Thou liest, I ween.”

Harbarth spake: 50. “Truth do I speak, | but slow on thy way thou art; Far hadst thou gone | if now in the boat thou hadst fared.”

Thor spake: 51. “Thou womanish Harbarth! | here hast thou held me too long.”

Harbarth spake: 52. “I thought not ever | that Asathor would be hindered By a ferryman thus from faring.”

Thor spake: 53. “One counsel I bring thee now: | row hither thy boat; No more of scoffing; | set Magni’s father across.”

Harbarth spake: 54. “From the sound go hence; | the passage thou hast not.”

Thor spake: 55. “The way now show me, | since thou takest me not o’er the water.”

Harbarth spake: 56. “To refuse it is little, | to fare it is long; A while to the stock, | and a while to the stone; Then the road to thy left, | till Verland thou reachest; And there shall Fjorgyn | her son Thor find, And the road of her children | she shows him to Othin’s realm.”

Thor spake: Harbarth spake: 58. “With toil and trouble perchance, While the sun still shines, | or so I think.”

Thor spake: 59. “Short now shall be our speech, | for thou speakest in mockery only; The passage thou gavest me not | I shall pay thee if ever we meet.”

Harbarth spake: 60. “Get hence where every evil thing shall have thee!”

NOTES Prose. Harbarth (“Gray-Beard”): Othin. On the nature of the prose notes found in the manuscripts, cf. Grimnismol, introduction. Thor: the journeys of the thunder-god were almost as numerous as those of Othin; cf. Thrymskvitha and Hymiskvitha. Like the Robin Hood of the British ballads, Thor was often temporarily worsted, but always managed to come out ahead in the end. His “Journey in the East” is presumably the famous episode, related in full by Snorri, in the course of which he encountered the giant Skrymir, and in the house of Utgartha-Loki lifted the cat which turned out to be Mithgarthsorm. The Hymiskvitha relates a further incident of this journey.

2. The superscriptions to the speeches are badly confused in the manuscripts, but editors have agreed fairly well as to where they belong.

3. From the fact that in Regius line 3 begins with a capital letter, it is possible that lines 3–4 constitute the ferryman’s reply, with something lost before stanza 4.

4. Thy mother: Jorth (Earth).

5. Some editors assume a lacuna after this stanza.

6. Three good dwellings: this has been generally assumed to mean three separate establishments, but it may refer simply to the three parts of a single farm, the dwelling proper, the cattle-barn and the storehouse; i.e., Thor is not even a respectable peasant.

8. Hildolf (“slaughtering wolf”): not elsewhere mentioned in the Edda. Rathsey (“Isle of Counsel”): likewise not mentioned elsewhere.

9. In danger: Thor is “sekr,” i.e., without the protection of any law, so long as he is in the territory of his enemies, the giants. Meili: a practically unknown son of Othin, mentioned here only in the Edda. Magni: son of Thor and the giantess Jarnsaxa; after Thor’s fight with Hrungnir (cf. stanza 14, note) Magni, though but three days old, was the only one of the gods strong enough to lift the dead giant’s foot from Thor’s neck. After rescuing his father, Magni said to him: “There would have been little trouble, father, had I but come sooner; I think I should have sent this giant to hell with my fist if I had met him first.” Magni and his brother, Mothi, inherit Thor’s hammer.

12. This stanza is hopelessly confused as to form, but none of the editorial rearrangements have materially altered the meaning. Doomed to die: the word “feigr” occurs constantly in the Old Norse poems and sagas; the idea of an inevitable but unknown fate seems to have been practically universal throughout the pre-Christian period. On the concealment of names from enemies, cf. Fafnismol, prose after stanza 1.

13. This stanza, like the preceding one, is peculiarly chaotic in the manuscript, and has been variously emended.

14. Hrungnir: this giant rashly wagered his head that his horse, Gullfaxi, was swifter than Othin’s Sleipnir. In the race, which Hrungnir lost, he managed to dash uninvited into the home of the gods, where he became very drunk. Thor ejected him, and accepted his challenge to a duel. Hrungnir, terrified, had a helper made for him in the form of a dummy giant nine miles high and three miles broad. Hrungnir himself had a three-horned heart of stone and a head of stone; his shield was of stone and his weapon was a grindstone. But Thjalfi, Thor’s servant, told him the god would attack him out of the ground, wherefore Hrungnir laid down his shield and stood on it. The hammer Mjollnir shattered both the grindstone and Hrungnir’s head, but part of the grindstone knocked Thor down, and the giant fell with his foot on Thor’s neck (cf. note on stanza 9). Meanwhile Thjalfi dispatched the dummy giant without trouble.

16. Fjolvar: not elsewhere mentioned in the poems; perhaps the father of the “seven sisters” referred to in stanza 18. Algrön “The All-Green”: not mentioned elsewhere in the Edda.

17. Thor is always eager for stories of this sort; cf. stanzas 31 and 33.

18. Lines 1–2 are obscure, but apparently Harbarth means that the women were wise to give in to him cheerfully, resistance to his power being as impossible as (lines 3–4) making ropes of sand or digging the bottoms out of the valleys. Nothing further is known of these unlucky “seven sisters.”

19. Thjazi: this giant, by a trick, secured possession of the goddess Ithun and her apples (cf. Skirnismol, 19, note), and carried her off into Jotunheim. Loki, through whose fault she had been betrayed, was sent after her by the gods. He went in Freyja’s “hawk’s-dress” (cf. Thrymskvitha, 3), turned Ithun into a nut, and flew back with her. Thjazi, in the shape of an eagle, gave chase. But the gods kindled a fire which burnt the eagle’s wings, and then they killed him. Snorri’s prose version does not attribute this feat particularly to Thor. Thjazi’s daughter was Skathi, whom the gods permitted to marry Njorth as a recompense for her father’s death. Alvaldi: of him we know only that he was the father of Thjazi, Ithi and Gang, who divided his wealth, each taking a mouthful of gold. The name is variously spelled. It is not known which stars were called “Thjazi’s Eyes.” In the middle of line 4 begins the fragmentary version of the poem found in the Arnamagnæan Codex.

20. Riders by night: witches, who were supposed to ride on wolves in the dark. Nothing further is known of this adventure.

22. The oak, etc.: this proverb is found elsewhere (e.g., Grettissaga) in approximately the same words. Its force is much like our “to the victor belong the spoils.”

23. Thor killed no women of the giants’ race on the “journey to the East” so fully described by Snorri, his great giant-killing adventure being the one narrated in the Thrymskvitha.

24. Valland: this mythical place (“Land of Slaughter”) is elsewhere mentioned, but not further characterized; cf. prose introduction to Völundarkvitha, and Helreith Brynhildar, 2. On the bringing of slain heroes to Othin, cf. Voluspo, 31 and note, and, for a somewhat different version, Grimnismol, 14. Nowhere else is it indicated that Thor has an asylum for dead peasants.

26. The reference here is to one of the most familiar episodes in Thor’s eastward journey. He and his companions came to a house in the forest, and went in to spend the night. Being disturbed by an earthquake and a terrific noise, they all crawled into a smaller room opening from the main one. In the morning, however, they discovered that the earthquake had been occasioned by the giant Skrymir’s lying down near them, and the noise by his snoring. The house in which they had taken refuge was his glove, the smaller room being the thumb. Skrymir was in fact Utgartha-Loki himself. That he is in this stanza called Fjalar (the name occurs also in Hovamol, 14) is probably due to a confusion of the names by which Utgartha-Loki went. Loki taunts Thor with this adventure in Lokasenna, 60 and 62, line 3 of this stanza being perhaps interpolated from Lokasenna, 60, 4.

29. The river: probably Ifing, which flows between the land of the gods and that of the giants; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 16. Sons of Svarang: presumably the giants; Svarang is not elsewhere mentioned in the poems, nor is there any other account of Thor’s defense of the passage.

30. Othin’s adventures of this sort were too numerous to make it possible to identify this particular person. By stealth: so the Arnamagnæan Codex; Regius, followed by several editors, has “long meeting with her.”

35. Heel-biter: this effective parallel to our “back-biter” is not found elsewhere in Old Norse.

37. Hlesey: “the Island of the Sea-God” (Hler = Ægir), identified with the Danish island Läsö, in the Kattegat. It appears again, much out of place, in Oddrunargratr, 28. Berserkers: originally men who could turn themselves into bears, hence the name, “bear-shirts”; cf. the werewolf or loupgarou. Later the name was applied to men who at times became seized with a madness for bloodshed; cf. Hyndluljoth, 23 and note. The women here mentioned are obviously of the earlier type.

39. Thjalfi: Thor’s servant; cf. note on stanza 14.

40. To what expedition this refers is unknown, but apparently Othin speaks of himself as allied to the foes of the gods.

41. Hatred: so Regius; the other manuscript has, apparently, “sickness.”

42. Just what Othin means, or why his words should so have enraged Thor, is not evident, though he may imply that Thor is open to bribery. Perhaps a passage has dropped out before stanza 43.

44. Othin refers to the dead, from whom he seeks information through his magic power.

48. Sif: Thor’s wife, the lover being presumably Loki; cf. Lokasenna, 54.

52. Asathor: Thor goes by various names in the poems: e.g., Vingthor, Vingnir, Hlorrithi. Asathor means “Thor of the Gods.”

53. Magni: Thor’s son; cf. stanza 9 and note.

56. Line 2: the phrases mean simply “a long way”; cf. “over stock and stone.” Verland: the “Land of Men” to which Thor must come from the land of the giants. The Arnamagnæan Codex has “Valland” (cf. stanza 24 and note), but this is obviously an error. Fjorgyn: a feminine form of the same name, which belongs to Othin (cf. Voluspo, 56 and note); here it evidently means Jorth (Earth), Thor’s mother. The road: the rainbow bridge, Bifrost; cf. Grimnismol, 29 and note.

58. Line 2: so Regius; the other manuscript has “ere sunrise.”

60. The Arnamagnæan Codex clearly indicates Harbarth as the speaker of this line, but Regius has no superscription, and begins the line with a small letter not preceded by a period, thereby assigning it to Thor.

HYMISKVITHA THE LAY OF HYMIR INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Hymiskvitha is found complete in both manuscripts; in Regius it follows the Harbarthsljoth, while in the Arnamagnæan Codex it comes after the Grimnismol. Snorri does not quote it, although he tells the main story involved.

The poem is a distinctly inferior piece of work, obviously based on various narrative fragments, awkwardly pieced together. Some critics, Jessen and Edzardi for instance, have maintained that the compiler had before him three distinct poems, which he simply put together; others, like Finnur Jonsson and Mogk, think that the author made a new poem of his own on the basis of earlier poems, now lost. It seems probable that he took a lot of odds and ends of material concerning Thor, whether in prose or in verse, and worked them together in a perfunctory way, without much caring how well they fitted. His chief aim was probably to impress the credulous imaginations of hearers greedy for wonders.

The poem is almost certainly one of the latest of those dealing with the gods, though Finnur Jonsson, in order to support his theory of a Norwegian origin, has to date it relatively early. If, as seems probable, it was produced in Iceland, the chances are that it was composed in the first half of the eleventh century. Jessen, rather recklessly, goes so far as to put it two hundred years later. In any case, it belongs to a period of literary decadence,—the great days of Eddic poetry would never have permitted the nine hundred headed person found in Hymir’s home—and to one in which the usual forms of diction in mythological poetry had yielded somewhat to the verbal subtleties of skaldic verse.

While the skaldic poetry properly falls outside the limits of this book, it is necessary here to say a word about it. There is preserved, in the sagas and elsewhere, a very considerable body of lyric poetry, the authorship of each poem being nearly always definitely stated, whether correctly or otherwise. This type of poetry is marked by an extraordinary complexity of diction, with a peculiarly difficult vocabulary of its own. It was to explain some of the “kennings” which composed this special vocabulary that Snorri wrote one of the sections of the Prose Edda. As an illustration, in a single stanza of one poem in the Egilssaga, a sword is called “the halo of the helm,” “the wound-hoe,” “the blood-snake” (possibly; no one is sure what the compound word means) and “the ice of the girdle,” while men appear in the same stanza as “Othin’s ash-trees,” and battle is spoken of as “the iron game.” One of the eight lines has defied translation completely.

Skaldic diction made relatively few inroads into the earlier Eddic poems, but in the Hymiskvitha these circumlocutions are fairly numerous. This sets the poem somewhat apart from the rest of the mythological collection. Only the vigor of the two main stories—Thor’s expedition after Hymir’s kettle and the fishing trip in which he caught Mithgarthsorm—saves it from complete mediocrity.

1. Of old the gods | made feast together, And drink they sought | ere sated they were; Twigs they shook, | and blood they tried: Rich fare in Ægir’s | hall they found.

2. The mountain-dweller | sat merry as boyhood, But soon like a blinded | man he seemed; The son of Ygg | gazed in his eyes: “For the gods a feast | shalt thou forthwith get.”

3. The word-wielder toil | for the giant worked, And so revenge | on the gods he sought; He bade Sif’s mate | the kettle bring: “Therein for ye all | much ale shall I brew.”

4. The far-famed ones | could find it not, And the holy gods | could get it nowhere; Till in truthful wise | did Tyr speak forth, And helpful counsel | to Hlorrithi gave.

5. “There dwells to the east | of Elivagar Hymir the wise | at the end of heaven; A kettle my father | fierce doth own, A mighty vessel | a mile in depth.”

Thor spake: 6. “May we win, dost thou think, | this whirler of water?”

Tyr spake: “Aye, friend, we can, | if cunning we are.”

7. Forward that day | with speed they fared, From Asgarth came they | to Egil’s home; The goats with horns | bedecked he guarded; Then they sped to the hall | where Hymir dwelt.

8. The youth found his grandam, | that greatly he loathed, And full nine hundred | heads she had; But the other fair | with gold came forth, And the bright-browed one | brought beer to her son.

9. “Kinsman of giants, | beneath the kettle Will I set ye both, | ye heroes bold; For many a time | my dear-loved mate To guests is wrathful | and grim of mind.”

10. Late to his home | the misshapen Hymir, The giant harsh, | from his hunting came; The icicles rattled | as in he came, For the fellow’s chin-forest | frozen was.

12. “See where under | the gable they sit! Behind the beam | do they hide themselves.” The beam at the glance | of the giant broke, And the mighty pillar | in pieces fell.

13. Eight fell from the ledge, | and one alone, The hard-hammered kettle, | of all was whole; Forth came they then, | and his foes he sought, The giant old, | and held with his eyes.

14. Much sorrow his heart | foretold when he saw The giantess’ foeman | come forth on the floor; Then of the steers | did they bring in three; Their flesh to boil | did the giant bid.

15. By a head was each | the shorter hewed, And the beasts to the fire | straight they bore; The husband of Sif, | ere to sleep he went, Alone two oxen | of Hymir’s ate.

16. To the comrade hoary | of Hrungnir then Did Hlorrithi’s meal | full mighty seem; “Next time at eve | we three must eat The food we have | as the hunting’s spoil.”

17...|...Fain to row on the sea | was Veur, he said, If the giant bold | would give him bait.

Hymir spake: 18. “Go to the herd, | if thou hast it in mind, Thou slayer of giants, | thy bait to seek; For there thou soon | mayst find, methinks, Bait from the oxen | easy to get.”