(_aër_) shut up in a hollow cloud.” A still more conclusive case, though the passage is probably in other respects corrupt, occurs in the last sentence of c. xxix. p. 77, where the first “air” is _spiritus_, the second, a mere synonym or variant, is _aër_. Cf. p. 187, l. 27, and the passages cited below from pp. 245, 249, 251, 259, 260.
The translator has little choice. He must follow his author, and, where the latter makes a distinction, must endeavour to reproduce it; otherwise he must, as the author did, observe the idiom of his own language.
In accordance with this principle _aër_ is usually translated “atmosphere,” and _spiritus_ “air”; but circumstances have rendered unavoidable a considerable number of exceptions.
The discussion of phenomena in which air plays a part is contained chiefly in Books II. and VI., and here the distinction of terms in English has been, so far as practicable, maintained. In Book II. “air” is a translation of _aër_ about a dozen of times out of a total of over fifty times that “air” occurs, and in Book VI. about half a dozen out of a total of nearly seventy.
The following is a list of the places in which “air” translates _aër_:-- Book I. throughout.
Book III. pp. 120, ll. 8, 9 (four times); 121, ll. 11–20 (five times); 26, 29.
Book VII. throughout, with _three exceptions_, viz. pp. 277, l. 26; In a few cases “air” occurs as a more explicit representation of a pronoun or an adjective which implies it: in these instances the context is generally a sufficient guide. _Spiritus_, too, has sometimes quite a different rendering, _e.g._ breath.
On pp. 111, 139, 152, “air” is used of a very slight breeze, the very gentlest breath of wind, and represents _aura_--a good illustration of the ambiguity of language.
QUOTATIONS Seneca is fond of illustrating his subject by passages from the poets. His favourites are Virgil and Ovid, and only once does he quote Lucretius, whose work was much more analogous to his own.
The quotations are apparently from memory and betray occasional inaccuracies, as even the best memories will.
The following is a list of the references:-- v. 6 (25). Nero in an unknown poem: one or two other tags of that versatile tyrant have been preserved.
Book III. Pref., 3 (109). Origin unknown: a somewhat similar sentiment occurs in _Aetna_, 24.
i. 1 (114). Lucilius, to whom the _Q.N._ was addressed. If he was the author of _Aetna_, as seems not improbable, he may have written other poems on Sicilian topography.
Book IV. Pref., 17 (165). Virg. _Aen._ iv. 373.
Book VI. ii. 1 (225). Virg. _Aen._ ii. 354.
ii. 8 (227). Both quotation and author are doubtful: another reading attributes the poem to A. Gellius.
SOME OF GERCKE’S READINGS Rendering in the Text. Translation of Gercke’s Text.
I. p. 5, §7, the Strymon. the Danube and the Balkans.
Philosophy.
9, 2, such as...answer which each knows the other me. cannot answer.
20, 10, an oar...water. an oar is covered with shallow water and presents a broken appearance.
like...).
40, 3, one has seen...what is struck by them we (= star-struck). call smitten with a flash, that is, struck without lightning-bolt, what the Greeks call ἀστερόπληκτα (= star-struck).
40, 4, of which more anon. of which we have spoken.
41, 7, For we judge...But we judge that it is the foreign body. deceptive appearance of a mirror, which merely gives a counterfeit representation of a foreign body.
lightnings.”
56, 2, hold together as one be subject to tension.
body.
63, 4, on account of...when it has accumulated, clouds. is thrust violently upward by the massing of the clouds.
75, 2, and it might...and which might with bladder. greater accuracy be called harsh, because it emits a sound like that heard when a bladder.
95, 2, a third neither. a third mixed, a fourth neither.
98, 1, (c. lv.) dry air. air in rapid motion.
III. 122, 3, when trees are cut when trees are full of sap down. and not cut down.
123, 1, air is produced. Gercke places c. xiv. immediately after this.
132, 3, concealed throughout, after “throughout” insert until. “in others they run above ground for some distance.”
142, 5, you have yourself...you, my dear Lucilius, believe Virgil. the story as (I said) in the first part [of my book], and so does Virgil.
149, 4, nor do the waters, nor do the waters find this etc. a hard task since the sea mounts from an elevation equal to that of the earth (or land). If the heights be calculated (or if the average be taken over the heights), it will appear that the surface of the sea is of uniform level.
IV. 161, 8, the stature...the text and meaning are arena. somewhat conjectural.
Gercke reads “the stature of an ape matched against a Thracian in the arena.”
he reads “A. the boxer.”
173, 19, nor yet the Caÿstrus nor the Caÿstrus which lies...deep. beneath Mount Tmolus increases in summer, and yet deep snow lies there constantly as is natural in those northern regions.
“_Tmolo_” is an ingenious and probable emendation.
IV. 186, 1, no one...virtuous. by which one may become only more lettered and not more virtuous.
VI. 232, 2, and, generally if the boats are unduly speaking...sunk, the water uses the whole force of the burthens it upbears, in order either to pour over them, or at any rate to rise to an unwonted height to right and left.
244, (c. xv.) to hurry to blow where it lists.
straight forward.
258, 2, philosophers. scholars, [or philologists].
265, 2, (c. xxxi.) soft mate- walls undergo more frequent rials...hard. but more gentle shocks than the nature of hard material allows.
VII. 296, 4, every star cannot but no star can traverse its the zodiac, then I say a comet may have a different kind of orbit and yet some point in it may coincide with the zodiac.
INDEX TO THE “QUAESTIONES NATURALES” ^_a_ prefixed to a name indicates authorities used by Seneca.
^_a_ Academy, 307. School and followers of Plato.
southern part of Greece (Morea).
Actors, regard for, 307.
Adriatic, 153.
Adversity, to be faced with joy, 111, 112.
Aegean (Sea), 73, 252. Eastern part of the Mediterranean.
Aegium, 257 (2). A leading town in Achaia on the Gulf of Corinth.
Africus (Wind), 210.
Air, tension of, 58; wide diffusion of, 60; transformed into water, 119, 121; transformed into fire, 120, 121, 205; kindled by friction, 205, 206, 277; kindled within the earth, 236, 251; the cause of earthquakes, 239–48, 251, 254, 255; enters interior of earth, 254, 255.
Albula, 134. Small stream flowing into the Arno near Tibur (Tivoli) some 16 miles E. of Rome.
Alexandria, 273.
Alpheüs, 142 (2), 235. River in Elis in Southern Greece.
Ambracian (Gulf), 153. On W. of Greece (Gulf of Arta).
Ammon; _see_ Jupiter.
Amphitheatre, jets of water in, 59.
Animals, blind in subterranean waters, 129.
Animals, new forms of, discovered in Seneca’s time, 305; many still to be found out, 305.
Antiochus, 288. King of Syria, 137–128 B.C.
Antony (Mark), 172.
Ants, mankind compared to, 6.
Apennines, 184.
Apollonia, 12, 68, 176. Town in Illyria.
^_a_ Apollonius (of Myndus), 274, 290, 300. Said to have flourished about the time of Alexander the Great (330 B.C.). There may be some confusion in the text between him and the celebrated Pythagorean philosopher, A. of Tyana, who was born shortly before the Christian era.
Apollonius Pycta (or pyctes = the boxer), 161. Unknown otherwise; apparently a gladiator.
Apulia, 211. District in S.E. of Italy.
Aquarius (sign of the Zodiac), 301.
Aquilo (Wind), 209.
^_a_ Aratus, 37. Of Cilicia, astronomical poet, flourished 270 B.C.
Araxes, 246. River in Armenia (Aras).
Arcadia, 122, 137. District in centre of Southern Greece.
^_a_ Archelaus, 239. Philosopher, flourished about 450 B.C. Pupil and partly disciple of Anaxagoras.
Arethusa, 142 (2), 235. Celebrated fountain in Syracuse in Sicily.
Argestes (Wind), 210.
Argolic, 142. Argolis is a district in N.E. of Southern Greece.
^_a_ Artemidorus (of Parium), 22, 286 (2), 287. Not otherwise known.
Asia, 224, 233. Province on the W. coast of Asia Minor, or generic name for area E. and N.E. of Europe.
Astronomy (_Caelestia_), scope of, 51; of Egyptians, 274; of Chaldaeans, 275; of Greeks, 298.
Atabulus (Wind), 211.
Atalanta, 256. Small island between Euboea and mainland of Greece.
The channel now bears the name Talanta, which is likewise that of a neighbouring town.
Athens, 211.
^_a_ Attalus, 94, 95. Stoic philosopher, one of Seneca’s teachers.
Attalus, 288. King of Pergamus, 241–197 B.C.
Atlantic Ocean, growth of trade to ports on shores of, 175.
Atmosphere, friction of, produces fires, 9, 39; upper portion dry and hot, 39, 60, 65, 78; possesses unity or continuity, 52, 57; place of, in universe, 54; earthy elements of, 56, 60; tension of, 56; lowest portion dense and dark, 60, 184; and warmer than the rest, 183; distribution of temperature in, 60, 184; causes of movements of, 61; relation of, to the ether, 65, 66; adapted to transmit sound, 77; rarefied, kindles fire, 100, 205; by violent movement sets itself on fire, 102; proof that it is never absolutely motionless, 193; possesses a native capacity of movement, 197.
Atoms, the world a fortuitous concourse of, 7.
Augury, kinds of, 79, 80, 82.
Auster (Wind), 210.
^_a_ Authorities (various, not specified by name, but spoken of as Avarice, denounced, 207.
Bactra, 215. In Central Asia (Balkh).
^_a_ Balbillus, 171. Governor of Egypt in Nero’s reign, 53.
Balkan Mountains; _see_ Haemus.
Baths, heating of water of, 136; effect of Campanian earthquake on tiled floor of, 264.
Bathyllus, 307. A native of Alexandria, freedman at Rome during reign of Augustus; perfected a pantomimic or ballet dance.
Bear (Great), 208.
Belus, 151. Babylonian deity.
^_a_ Berosus, 151. Priest of Belus, about 250 B.C.
Black Sea; _see_ Pontus.
Boeotia, 137. District in Central Greece.
Boreas (Wind), 208.
Bothynae (meteors), 37.
Breezes, morning, 195, 198.
Buris; _see_ Helice.
Caius (Emperor Caligula), 163, 164.
Calabria, 211. District in extreme S.E. of Italy.
^_a_ Callimachus, 172. Grammarian and poet; chief librarian of Alexandrine library, 260–240 B.C.
Aristotle, friend and victim of Alexander the Great.
Cambyses, 78. King of Persia, 529–522 B.C.
District in Italy containing Capua, Naples, etc.
Cancer (sign of the Zodiac), 151.
Cannae, 209. In Apulia.
Cannon, ancient types of, 67.
Capitol, 91.
Cappadocia, 138. Centre of Asia Minor.
Capricorn (sign of the Zodiac), 151.
Caria, 132, 142 (adj.). S.W. of Asia Minor.
Carthage, 110, 166.
Caspian, 153.
Cassander, 122. Son of Antipater, regent of Macedonia; eventually king of Macedonia; died 297 B.C.
Castor and Pollux, 11. Constellation and sign of the Zodiac (Gemini).
Cataegis (Wind), 211.
Cataracts (Nile), 168.
Caucasus, 173.
Caves with noxious air, 134; felt to be warmer in winter than in summer, 176, 241.
Caÿstrus (or Caÿster), 173. River in W. of Asia Minor flowing into the sea near Ephesus.
Chalcis, 246, 257. Chief town of Euboea on Strait at narrowest point.
^_a_ Charimander (or Charmander), 276. Otherwise unknown.
Charms, laws against, 182.
Charybdis, 153. Whirlpool in Strait of Messina.
Chasmata (meteors), 38.
Chersonese (= peninsula), 142. Carian or Rhodian on S.W. of Asia Minor.
Chios, 175. Island and town (Scio) off coast of Asia Minor.
^_a_ Cicero, 100.
Ciconians, 133. Tribe in Thrace.
Circius (Wind), 211.
Cleonae, 181, 182. Town in Argolis.
Cleopatra, 172 (2). Antony’s celebrated partner.
^_a_ Clidemus, 99. A philosopher anterior in date to Aristotle.
Clouds, as sources of lightning and thunder, 10, 62, 63, 64, 75, 203; invisible when we are within them, 24; composition of, 24; compression of, causes thunder, 67; must be burst before they emit sound, 76, 98; not necessarily connected with wind, 195; as sources of wind, 203, 204.
Cloud-winds, 203.
Colours (in rainbow), origin of, 21, 25, 30, 31.
Comets, infrequency of, 272, 288, 301; what are they? 272; points of resemblance of, to planets, 273; resemblance to meteors, 275, 276; classes of, 276, 290; not due to wind, 278, 279–282; curved path of, 279; long visibility of, 282; distribution and shape of, 283; Greek classification of, 283; different from the planets, 284; examples of, 288, 290; vast orbits of, 290, 297, 302; vary in apparent size as they advance or retreat, 291; transparency of, 291, 300; Stoic opinions regarding, 291–294; form of, 300; portents from, 302.
^_a_ Conon, 274. Astronomer; born at Samos; lived at Alexandria about 250 B.C. Said to have been a friend of Archimedes.
Constellations, 301.
Contentment, duty of, 112.
Continuity or unity, defined, 53.
Corus (Wind), 210.
Corycian (Mt.), 122. The district round Corycus in Cilicia was famous for saffron.
Crassus, 215. Celebrated Roman, slain in battle in Mesopotamia, 53 B.C.
Crete, 123, 153 (adj.).
Crispus Passienus, 160. Stepfather of Nero. Consul in 42.
Crocodiles and dolphins, fight between, 171; chase of, 172.
Cutiliae, 139 (2). In the Sabine country, N.E. of Rome.
Cyclades, 147. Group of islands in Grecian Archipelago.
Cyclopes, 91. Jove’s fabled armourers with workshops beneath Etna, Stromboli, etc.
Cyprus, 259.
Dacian, 5.
Danube, as a political boundary, 5, 233; alleged remarkable character of, 135; floods of, 146; contrasted with the Nile, 166; not swollen in winter, 173.
Darius, 254. King of Persia, 521–485 B.C.
Death, to be faced without fear, 103, 223, 226, 265–268; equalises mankind, 223; the introduction to a better place than earth, 267.
Delos, 258, 259. Perhaps the most famous of “the isles of Greece.”
Deluge, that is to destroy the earth, 143.
^_a_ Demetrius, 161. Cynic philosopher, contemporary of Seneca.
Demetrius (father and son), 288. Kings of Syria between 162 and 125 B.C.
“laughing philosopher” of Abdera in Thrace; said to have lived 460–361 B.C.
^_a_ Diogenes (of Apollonia in Crete), 68, 176, 177. Pupil of Anaximenes, lived in fifth century B.C.
Dnieper (Borysthenes), 174.
Dog-star, 202.
Dolphins and crocodiles, fight between, 171.
Doris, translated “sea nymph” in the quotation from Virgil, 142.
Dowsers, 127.
Drops, globular form of, 178.
Earth, material of, formed from water, 120, 121.
Earth as a whole, place of the, in universe, 55; formed after the plan of our bodies, 126, 151, 242, 255; final destruction of, 143; itself the cause of earthquakes, 237; whether it or the universe revolves, 273.
cold temperature of, 119, 121; like surface above ground, 128, 206; blind animals in waters of, 129; store of vital air in, 244, 245.
influence of, on the human mind, 222, 262; widespread destruction produced by, 223; not the work of angry gods, 228; Seneca’s youthful work on, 230; water as the origin of, 231; fire as the origin of, 236, 238; air as the origin of, 239–248, 251, 255, 256, 264; mixed sources of, 249; varieties of movement in (_inclinatio_, _succussio_, _tremor_), 252; most frequent near the sea, 255; cause of local extent of, 257; features of the Campanian, 259–264; the first shock of, the most violent, 264.
great heat in, 173; said not to be visited by earthquakes, 258.
^_a_ Egyptians, ideas of, as to the elements, 125; astronomy of, 274.
Elements, interchangeability of, 120, 121, 245; four in number, 123; contrariety of, 301.
Eleusis, 306. In Attica, N.W. of Athens about 12 miles; scene of the great Eleusinian mysteries.
Elis, 114, 257. District in S.W. of Southern Greece.
Emanations, terrestrial, feed the sun and stars, 55, 198, 244; cause thunder, lightning, and commotion of the air, 63, 275; dry and moist, 63, 78.
^_a_ Empedocles, 136 (2). Philosopher of Agrigentum in Sicily, flourished about 444 B.C.
^_a_ Ephorus, 289 (3). Greek historian of some repute about 340 B.C.
astronomer of Byzantium of uncertain date.
Erasinus, 142. River of Argolis.
Ether, characters of the, 65; descent of force from the, 68.
loosely to all the hinterland of Africa, only the Mediterranean coast and a portion of the Nile basin being known to the Greeks.
Etna, 77.
^_a_ Etruscans (or Tuscans), 79, 88, 92, 95 (sing.). Etruria lay immediately N. of the Tiber.
^_a_ Eudoxus, 274. Astronomer of Cnidus in Caria, pupil of Plato, flourished about 366 B.C.
Euphrates, 5, 215.
Euronotus (Wind), 210.
Europe, 173 (adj.), 233.
Eurus (Wind), 208, 209.
^_a_ Euthymenes (of Marseilles), 174, 175 (2). Geographer, probably about 150 B.C.
Evaporation from the earth, 198, 200, 240.
Expiation, the reason for, 83, 84.
Eyesight swifter than hearing, 64.
^_a_ Fabianus (Papirius), 144. Distinguished Stoic, one of Seneca’s teachers.
Falernian (wine), 35. District famous for wine in N. of Campania.
Fate, unalterable, 83; nature of, 84, 91; uncertainty of visitations of, 225.
Favonius (Wind), 210.
arises from ignorance, 229; leads to loss of reason, 262.
Fidus Annaeus, 161. Apparently a gladiator of gigantic stature.
passes into air, 120; artificial modes of producing, by percussion or friction, 70; naturally rises, 71, 102; endowed with the power of producing some animals, 197; as the cause of earthquakes, 236, 238; produced in the earth’s interior, 251; kindled by air, 251.
Fish in underground waters, 129, 132.
Flattery, counsel against, 159.
Floods, the earth to be finally destroyed by, 143, 144.
Fortune, vicissitudes of, 111.
Fountains, discharges from, 142.
Fucinus, 116. Large lake in Sabine country E. of Rome.
Gaetulicus, 163. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus G., put to death by Caligula 39.
Galatia, 138.
Gallic, 6.
Gallio, 161, 202. See Introduction.
Geography (_Terrena_), scope of, 51, 52.
Germanicus, 9. Nero Claudius Drusus, brother of the Emperor Tiberius, died 10 B.C.
Germans, 233.
Gibraltar, 175.
Glass, globe of, filled with water magnifies objects, 29; cause of iridescence in, 30.
sends portents, 80; unchangeable, 84; to Him everything is present, 84; His design in creating the winds, 213, 216.
Gods, dread of infernal, 208; do not disturb heaven or earth, 228; not to be feared, 266.
Gold, lust for, denounced, 5, 208, 215.
Gusts of wind, origin of, 203.
Gylippus, 12. Spartan commander against Athenians at Syracuse, 414 B.C.
Haemus (Balkan Mountains), 122.
Hail, 177, 181; falls more in summer than winter, 179; prognostications of, 181.
Halos (crowns), round sun and moon, 12, 14, 34, 41.
Hannibal, 110, 209. Famous Carthaginian general in Second Punic War, 219–201 B.C.
Happiness, how to be gained, 5, 266.
Heavenly bodies, influence of, on rivers, 141; on weather, 275; apparent retrogression of some, 299.
Heavens, extent of the, 7; contemplation of the starry, 271; divisions of the, 210; supposed by Artemidorus to be a solid vault, 286.
in Achaia swallowed by earthquake 373 B.C.
Heracleotic (mouth of the Nile), 171. Most westerly and largest, not far from Alexandria.
^_a_ Heraclitus, 100. Ancient representative of pessimism, “the weeping philosopher,” of Ephesus, toward end of sixth century B.C.
^_a_ Homer, 258.
Horizon, 211.
Hostius Quadra, 42. Unknown save for Seneca’s unfortunate mention of him.
Hydissus, 132. Orthography of this Carian town is uncertain; Gercke reads Idumus.
Hydraulic organs, 56.
Iapygian (Wind), 211.
Ice, 140.
India, 7, 212, 215.
Intermittent action, 128.
Iron, discovery of, 45; money made of, 46.
Islands, floating, 139.
Ister (or Hister), a name of the Danube, _which see_.
Junior, _see_ Lucilius, 168.
Jupiter (Jove), temple of, in African desert (Ammon), 78; affords lessons to earthly rulers, 90; other names for, 91, 92.
Jupiter, the planet, 284, 299.
Lacedaemonians, 189. Lacedaemon, or Sparta, was in Laconia, the district in the S.E. of Southern Greece.
Ladon, 257. River in Arcadia, tributary of Alpheus.
Laelius, 268. Friend of the younger Scipio Africanus, consul 140 B.C.
Chief interlocutor in Cicero’s Dialogue on Friendship.
Lakes, with dense water, 138, 139; underground, 154; wide extent of some, 233.
Land and sea breezes, 198.
effects of, 253.
Latin, 210 (2).
Leo (sign of the Zodiac), 301.
Lepidus, 166 (3). Formed with Augustus and Antony the Second Triumvirate after Caesar’s assassination in 44 B.C.
Libonotus (Wind), 210.
Libyan (Wind), 210.
Life, the proper conduct in, 112, 159, 266; uncertainty of, 226; to be carried in our hand if we desire to live happy and without fear, 266.
possible pestilential power in, 97; cause of zigzag course of, 102; moral lessons to be derived from a consideration of, 104; safe retreats from, 223; blinding effects of, 292; connected with the planets, 275.
^_a_ Livy (Titus Livius), 209, 213. Roman historian, 59 B.C.-17.
Lower Sea; _see_ Propontis.
Luxury, introduction of, 45, 46; growth of, 47, 188; illustrations of, 129, 187; Lycia, 140. District S.W. of Asia Minor.
Lycus, 142. River, probably of Phrygia in Asia Minor, flowing into the Maeander.
Lydia, 139. District in W. of Asia Minor.
Lyncestis, 134.
Magnesia, 122. Town of Lydia.
Mankind, compared to ants, 6; early ages of, 45, 46; final destruction of, 147, 152; re-creation of, after the deluge, 155; world not made only for, 305.
Marmora or Marmara (Sea of); _see_ Propontis.
Mars, the planet, 10, 275, 284.
Marseilles, 174.
Marshes, 233; of the Nile, 236.
Magalenopolis (or Megalepolis or Megalopolis), 257. Town in Arcadia.
Melas, 137. River of Boeotia in Central Greece.
Memphis, 170. Great Egyptian city a little above Cairo.
^_a_ Menander, 165. Athenian comic poet, 342–291 B.C.
Mercury, the planet, 284.
Messalina, 163. Third wife of Emperor Claudius; put to death by Narcissus, 48.
Messana (Messina), 142.
Metalliferous veins, 126.
Metals, melted by lightning, 78, 96; denunciation of the search for the precious, 207, 215.
Meteorology (_Sublimia_), scope of, 51.
^_a_ Metrodorus (of Chios), 248 (2). Philosopher who flourished about 330 B.C. “Sceptic.” Disciple of Democritus, perhaps.
Milky Way, 289.
Mind, the human, its nature and seat unknown, 297.
Mines, water in, 154; ancient, explored by Philip of Macedon, 207.
Mock-suns, 35.
Moon, eclipse of, 298; varying colour of, 300.
265–268.
Mountains, insignificance of height of, compared with the whole mass of the earth, 184.
Mushrooms, 189.
Mylae, 142. Town on N. coast of Sicily, near Messina.
Myndus, 274, 290. Town in Caria.
Naples, partly damaged by earthquake of A.D. 63, 221.
Narcissus, 164. Freedman of Claudius, put to death by Agrippina, 54.
Natural Philosophy, 3, 8.
Nature, influence of, 3; origin of, 7; as a synonym for God, 92; advantage of the study of, 113, 265; finds no task hard, 144, 154; inadequate conceptions of, 228; study of, the highest pursuit, 230; power of variation in, 301; inexhaustibility of, 306; still most imperfectly known, 306.
Naval wars denounced, 213.
Nebaioth, 208. An Arabian people, put for East in general. Latin form is Nabataei.
Neptune (Earthshaker), 255.
^_a_ Nero Caesar, 25, 235, 290, 294; probably referred to, though not named, 90 (last two sentences).
Nicopolis, 259. City in W. of Greece at entrance to Ambracian Gulf. The word means “city of victory,” something like our Nile, unusual character of, 114, 135, 166; physiological effect of water of, 140; cataracts of, 168; mode of descent of, 169; delta of, 170, 171; canalisation of, 170; deposit of, 170, 258; inundation of, 171; supposed underground supply of, 235; Nero’s expedition to the, 235; transport of sediment by, 258.
Nonacris, 137. Town in Arcadia.
Notus (Wind), 209.
Nuceria, 221. Town in Campania.
^_a_ Oenopides (of Chios), 175. Mathematician and astronomer, probably contemporary of Anaxagoras, fifth century B.C.
Olympic, 142 (2). Olympia was in Elis.
Olympus, 257. High mountain in Thessaly, Northern Greece.
Omens, arranged by Providence, 80; from lightning, 82.
Organs (hydraulic), 56.
Ossa, 257. Mountain in Thessaly, Northern Greece.
Ostia, 41. Town at mouth of Tiber; port of Rome.
Parhelia, 35.
Pamphylia, 211. District on S. of Asia Minor.
^_a_ Panaetius, 304. Stoic philosopher of Rhodes, friend of Laelius and the younger Scipio Africanus; died 111 B.C.
Paphos, 259. Town on W. of Cyprus.
Parium, 22. Town in Mysia on N.W. of Asia Minor.
Parthians, 5, 215.
Paterculus, 303. His consulship is said to have been in the year 60.
Patras, 257. Town at entrance of Gulf of Corinth.
Peacock, analogy from colours of, 25.
Peloponnesian (War), 256, 258. Lasted 431–404 B.C. between Athens and Sparta.
Peneüs, 138, 257. Great river draining the plain of Thessaly and flowing through vale of Tempe between Olympus and Ossa; now called Salambria.