evils of, should be realised, 22; supreme art of, 24; no fixity in spirit of, 39; action on declaration of, 66; five causes of, 80; five natures of, 81; ways of overcoming five natures of, 81 Water, army likened to, 39; troops in relation to, 47; observation of drawers of, 51; isolation or division of enemy by, 68-69; attack on enemy who lacks, 89; striking of enemy when half across, 93, 114 Way, the, an indispensable matter in war, 17; skillful leader steadfast in, 30; Wutzu on, 78-79 Weapons, the five, 88, _note_; condition of enemy's important, 91; distribution of, to tall, short, strong, bold, feeble, and wise, 98 Wei, Wen, Lord of, 75; army of, opposes that of Chin, 117-118; victory by, 119 Wen, Prince of Chin, example of, 82 Wen, Lord of Wei, questions Wutzu, 75; result of questioning by, 77; treatment by, of guests with great, medium, and deficient merit, 117; proposal by Wutzu to, 118 Whistles, Wutzu on use of, 108 Wind, question of, in assault by fire, 68; attack on enemy who has encountered, 89; direction of, to be studied, 99 Woods, advance among, 112 Words, big or smooth, meaning of, 50 Wu, number of men in, 24, _note_ Wu, soldiers of, 38; hatred between men of, and those of Yueh, 62 Wutzu, place of, in Chinese literature, 7; offensive-defensive tactics of, 10; comments disinterestedly on war, 12-13; revered in Japan, 14; influence of, in late Japanese war, 15; not patriot, but strategist, 15; instance of low moral character of, 16; sayings of, 75-119; a scholar, but skilled in war, 75; made general before altar, 77; on controlling army, selecting men, and strengthening country, 81-82; on distribution of men, 82; on battle array, 83; gives instance of Lord Chuang of Chu, 84; sayings on estimation of the enemy, 85-93; on eight cases of attack, 89; on six enemies to avoid, 90-91; on judgment of enemy's condition, 92; on best time for attack, 92-93; on control of army, 93-100; on maintenance of order, 96; on expectation of life or death, 96; on training, 97; on treatment of horses, 99; on qualities of general, 101-107; on four important influences of war, 102; on use of bells, drums, flags, standards, banners, laws, and penalties, 104; on secret of war, 104; advice for case of troops in confusion, 108; on numerical differences, 109; on division of troops into five armies, 110-111; on differences of position, 112; on war in valleys, 112; on water fighting, 114; on fighting after long rain, 114; on pillage by enemy, 115; on investing a castle, 115; on impartiality, 116; success of counsels of, 119 Y Yang, principle in Chinese philosophy, 18, _note_ Yen, estimation of soldiers of, 85-86; nature of, 87 Yin, principle in Chinese philosophy, 18, _note_ Yin, province of, 73 Yin, even number, 76, _note_ Yueh, continually at war with Wu, 38, _note_ Yuhu, Prince, 76 PRINTED AT THE EDINBURGH PRESS, 9 AND 11 YOUNG STREET FOOTNOTES: [1] The five virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith are known as The Way.
[2] The Yin and Yang are the two principles into which natural phenomena are divided in Chinese philosophy. Yin is the masculine, active, or light principle, and Yang is the feminine, passive, or dark principle. In this connection, day and night, rain, mist and wind are designated.
[3] The Chinese army consisted of 12,500, the "lu" of 500, "tsu" of 50, and the "wu" of 5 men.
[4] The "Chuyin" was a large tower or work constructed to give command over the interior of the enemy's fortress.
High poles were also erected, from the top of which archers, each encased in an arrow-proof box and raised by a rope and pulley, shot at the besieged.
[5] Literally 9th heaven, and 9th earth. The Chinese divided the earth and sky each into 9 strata.
[6] An animal's coat is thinnest in autumn.
[7] The drum was used to beat the assembly and in the advance, the bell as a signal to halt. Flags were of two kinds, signalling flags and distinguishing banners.
[8] The normal and the abnormal refer to what in modern phrase are termed the frontal or holding force and the flanking or surprise force.
[9] The five cardinal tastes are, acridity, bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saline taste.
[10] Sun, as has been said, was a man of Wu. Wu and Yueh were continually at war.
[11] Wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
[12] This passage was written on the standard of Takeda Shingen, one of Japan's most famous generals.
[13] This and the following are so called because the men are continually thinking of, and slipping back to their homes.
[14] The population was divided, for military purposes, into groups of eight families. In time of war, each group sent one man into the field, furnished his wants, and provided for his family. Therefore if 100,000 men are taken, 700,000 homes are affected.
[15] So called because they are put to death when the enemy finds out that he has been tricked.
[16] Messengers and others, who do not disguise their identity, are included under this heading.
[17] Literally, right and left men, _i.e._ they who sat on either side.
[18] All numbers connected with weapons were Yin, that is to say--even, or belonging to the negative principle of Chinese philosophy from their connection with death.
[19] The back of a turtle was burnt, and the answer was ascertained by the manner in which the shell split.
[20] Halberd, shield, javelin, pike, and short pike.
[21] Silently.
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