6. If a patch [three handbreadths square that had contracted ntidras- uncleanness] was sewn on to a basket, the basket can convey uncleanness at a first remove and render [Heave-offering] invalid at a second remove.7 If the patch was then severed from the basket,8 the basket can convey un¬ cleanness at one remove and render [Heave-offering] invalid at a second remove; but the patch is clean.9 If it is sewn on to cloth,10 the cloth can 1 That had contracted corpse-uncleanness.
J That had contracted mtdrar-uncleanness.
3 It may still be used for its former purpose. 4 Other than mufrar-uncleanness.
5 Its condition is too filthy for further use. Some texts here add: ‘R. Jose says: If on leather it is not susceptible’, apparently copied from par. 6 below.
6 Since the embroidery proves that the wrappers were for ornament only and not for use.
7 See App. IV. 17 b. The basket suffers ‘first-grade uncleanness’ and can make food unclean by 'second -grade uncleanness', and affect Heave-offering at one further remove, thereby rendering it invalid.
8 It is as though any other part of the basket was severed. So that the basket’s degree of uncleanness remains unchanged.
9 Since a piece from the side of a basket is not susceptible, unless it was intended to sit 10 Which is itself susceptible to midr ar-uncleanness. This cloth itself becomes a ‘father of uncleanness’. After the patch is removed it remains unclean from contact with rnidtas- undeanness.
convey uncleanness at two removes and render [Heave-offering] invalid at a third remove. If the patch was then severed from the cloth, the cloth can convey uncleanness at one remove and render [Heave-offering] invalid at a second remove; and the patch can convey uncleanness at two removes and render [Heave-offering] invalid at a third remove. So, too, if the patch was sewn on to sacking or leather. So R. Meir. R. Simeon declares them clean.1 R. Jose says: If [the patch was sewn] on leather, it is clean, but if on sacking it is unclean, since this is woven stuff.
7. The measurement three fingerbreadths square of which they have spoken does not include a hem. So R. Simeon. But the Sages say: It means three fingerbreadths square exactly. If a patch [three handbreadths square that had contracted ffnkfrus-uncleanness] was sewn on to [other] cloth by [but] one of its [four] sides, this does not serve as a connective;2 if it was sewn on by its two opposite sides, it serves as a connective. If it was sewn gamma-wise,3 R. Akiba declares [the cloth] unclean, but the Sages declare it clean. R. Judah said: This4 applies only in the case of a cloak;5 but in the case of a shirt6 if the patch was so sewn on above it serves as a con¬ nective, but if underneath it does not serve as a connective.7 8. The pieces of cloth [in the garments] of poor folk, even if none measures three fingerbreadths square, are susceptible to midras-unclean- ness. If a man had begun to tear a cloak [that had contracted uncleanness], so soon as the greater part is torn the halves are not deemed to be bound together.8 The rules touching cloth that measures three fingerbreadths square do not apply to cloth that is very thick or very thin.9 9. A porter’s pad10 is susceptible to mftfras-uncleanness. A wine-filter11 is not susceptible to uncleanness as a thing that is sat upon. An old woman’s head-net12 is susceptible to uncleanness in that it can be sat upon. A harlot’s shift that is made like network is not susceptible to uncleanness. If a garment is made out of a fishing-net it is not susceptible to uncleanness; if out of its network bag, it is susceptible. R. Eliezer b. Jacob says: Also if a garment is made of a fishing-net and made double, it is susceptible to uncleanness.
10. If a man made a head-net beginning with the hem,13 it remains insus¬ ceptible to uncleanness until he finishes the bottom part; if he began with the bottom part it remains insusceptible until he finishes the hem. Its head-band is susceptible to uncleanness in itself. Its strings are susceptible in that they are connectives. If a head-net is torn and cannot contain the greater part of the hair it is not susceptible to uncleanness.
29. 1. The fringes14 of a sheet, neckcloth, head-wrap, or cap [serve as 1 It is a different species of stuff, therefore the same conditions apply as when it was sewn on to a basket. 2 Therefore the other cloth remains clean.
1 By two of its adjacent sides, forming a gamma, or a right angle.
4 That, being sewn by but one side, it forms no connective.
5 With which a man may wrap himself round while it is upside-down.
6 Always worn with the same side uppermost.
7 In the former case it hangs down and covers the rent, but not in the latter case.
8 The garment is deemed completely torn and unfit for its purpose, and therefore clean. Bert, and Tif. Yis. understand the passage to mean that if one fragment becomes unclean the other remains clean.
9 e.g. felt or fine linen. 10 That protects his head or shoulders.
1 1 A piece of felt.
12 But cf. above, 2415. Here it is explained as a net that is intended for sitting on.
13 That part that goes round the forehead.
14 The warp threads left hanging at opposite ends after a length of stuff is woven.
648 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH connectives] [up to a length of] six fingerbreadths;1 those of an under¬ garment [to a length of] ten fingerbreadths; the fringes of a thick cloak, a veil, a shirt, or mantle [to the length of] three fingerbreadths; the fringes of an old woman’s head-cloth, an Arab’s mouth-wrap, a Cilician goat-hair cloth, a money-belt, turban, or curtain [serve as connectives] whatsoever their length.
2. Three woollen cushions, or six linen cushions, or three sheets, or twelve napkins, or two arm-cloths, or one shirt, or one cloak, or one winter cloak serve as connectives both when they contract uncleanness and when they are sprinkled;2 if they are more in number than this, they serve as connectives when they contract uncleanness, but not when they are sprinkled. R. Jose says: Nor even when they contract uncleanness.
3. The cord3 of a plummet [serves as a connective up to a length of] twelve handbreadths; that of a carpenter’s plummet, up to eighteen; that of a builder’s plummet, up to fifty cubits. What is more than this, even if a man is minded to leave it so,4 is not susceptible to uncleanness. The cord of the plummet of plasterers or moulders [is susceptible to uncleanness] whatsoever its length.
4. The cord that holds the balances of goldsmiths or dealers in fine purple [serves as a connective up to a length of] three fingerbreadths. [The length] behind [the grip in] the haft of an axe [that serves as a connective] is three fingerbreadths; but R. Jose says: If there is as much as one hand- breadth [behind the grip] it is not susceptible to uncleanness.
5. The cord that holds the balances of shopkeepers or householders [serves as a connective up to a length of] one handbreadth. [The length] in front of [the grip in] the haft of an axe [that serves as a connective] is one handbreadth; of the shaft of a pair of compasses, one handbreadth; of the shaft of a stonemason’s chisel, one handbreadth.
6. The cord that holds the balances of wool -dealers and glass-weighers [serves as a connective up to a length of] two handbreadths; [the length of] the shaft of a millstone chisel [that serves as a connective] is two handbreadths; of the battle-axe of the legions, two handbreadths; of a goldsmith’s hammer, two handbreadths; of a blacksmith’s hammer, two handbreadths.
7. The length of the remnants [of the shaft] above the point of an ox-goad [that serves as a connective] is four handbreadths;5 of the shaft of a spade, four handbreadths; of the shaft of a weeding-spade, five handbreadths; of the shaft of a small hammer, five handbreadths; of a common hammer, six handbreadths; of the shaft of an axe used to split wood or to dig, six hand¬ breadths; and of the shaft of a stone-trimmer’s axe, six handbreadths.
8. The length of the remnants [of the shaft] below the broad blade of the ox-goad [that serves as a connective] is seven handbreadths;5 of the shaft of a householder’s trowel — the School of Shammai say seven, and the School of Hillel say eight handbreadths; of the shaft of a plasterer’s trowel 1 If uncleanness touched any portion beyond this length the uncleanness is not conveyed to the main portion of the article.
2 If such were stitched together by the washerman, or kept combined in the weaving, and one suffered uncleanness, the others suffer unclcanness also; and if they were sprinkled with the Sin-offering water (Num. 191*) to free them from corpse-uncleanness, if one was made clean the others are made clean also.
3 In the following cases that length of cord (or of handle-shaft) which is essential in use serves as a connective and is susceptible to uncleanness.
< i.e. in his opinion such greater length was necessary in practice. * Cf. above, 25s.
— the School of Shammai say nine, and the School of Hillel say ten hand- breadths. If there is left more than this and a man is minded to leave it so, it is still susceptible to uncleanness. The shafts of fire implements, what¬ soever their length, [are susceptible to uncleanness].
30. 1. Utensils1 of glass that are flat are not susceptible to uncieanness. If they form a receptacle they are susceptible. After they are broken they become clean, but if again utensils are made of them they once more be¬ come susceptible to uncleanness. A glass plate or a flat dish are not sus¬ ceptible to uncleanness; if they have a rim they are susceptible. If the [broken] bottoms of a glass bowl or plate were fashioned to some use, they remain insusceptible to uncleanness. If they were scraped or filed they become susceptible.
2. A mirror is not susceptible to uncleanness; a tray that has been turned into a mirror is still susceptible, but if it was made for a mirror in the beginning it is not susceptible. If a [glass] spoon when laid on the table can hold aught soever it is susceptible to uncleanness; if it can hold nothing, R. Akiba declares it susceptible, but R. Johanan b. Nuri declares it not susceptible.
3. If the greater part of a [glass] cup is broken off it is not susceptible to uncleanness; if it was broken in three [places, extending] over the greater part of it, it is not susceptible to uncleanness. R. Simeon says: If it lets the greater part of the water leak out, it is not susceptible to uncleanness. If there was a hole in it, and it was mended with tin or pitch, it is still insusceptible. R. Jose says: If with tin it is susceptible; if with pitch it is not susceptible.
4. If a small flask has lost its neck it is still susceptible to uncleanness;2 but if a large one has lost its neck it is not susceptible. If a flask of spike¬ nard oil has lost its neck, it is not susceptible to uncleanness, since it scratches the hand. If large [glass] flagons have lost their necks, they are still susceptible to uncleanness since they can be made to hold pickled produce. A glass mill-funnel always continues ‘clean’.
R. Jose said: Blessed art thou, O Kelim, for thou didst enter in in un¬ cleanness, but art gone forth in cleanness!
OHOLOTH3 (‘TENTS’) 1. 1. [Sometimes] two things contract uncleanness from a corpse, one of them seven-day uncleanness and the other evening-uncleanness; [some¬ times] three things contract uncleanness from a corpse, two of them seven- day uncleanness and the third evening-uncleanness; [sometimes] four 1 Cf. 2*; ij1. 1 It is still usable since liquids can be carried in it, although it is not used as a drinking-utensil.
1 Lit. ‘tents' or ‘overshadowings’. The tractate assumes the following principles: (at From Num. iqu it is inferred that ail (men and utensils) who are under the same ‘tent’ or roof as. a corpse (i.e. a dead human body or a part of it), or who are overshadowed by something which aho overshadows a corpse (and the same also applies to a person or utensil which overshadows or is overshadowed by a corpse) suffer corpse-uncleanness and remain unclean for seven days. (4) Num. 19s* enjoins that whatever touches that which suffers corpse- uncleanness is unclean until evening, (c) From the, apparently superfluous, use of ‘sword’ in Num. 19“ it is inferred that the sword suffers the same degree of uncleanness as the dead body which it has touched; therefore as a corpse can convey seven-day uncleanness, so the sword (and by inference any other utensil — except an earthenware vessel — which has touched the corpse) can convey seven-day uncleanness, (d) Like as the utensil which touches the corpse suffers the same degree of uncleanness, so the utensil which touches him who has 650 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH things contract uncleanness from a corpse, three of them seven-day uncleanness and the fourth evening-uncleanness. How [does this befall] the two things? If a man touches a corpse1 he contracts seven-day un¬ cleanness, and if a man touches him2 he contracts evening-uncleanness.3 2. How [does this befall] the three things? If vessels touch a corpse, and vessels touch these vessels,4 they all contract seven -day uncleanness; the third, be it man or vessel, [that touches these] contracts evening-un¬ cleanness.5 3. How [does this befall] the four things? If vessels touch a corpse and a man touches the vessels, and then vessels touch this man, they all con¬ tract seven-day uncleanness;® the fourth, be it man or vessel, [that touches these] contracts evening-uncleanness. R. Akiba said: I can cite a case where a fifth [can contract uncleanness]: if a [metal] tent-peg was stuck into the tent,7 the tent, the peg, the man that touches the peg, and the vessels that touch the man contract seven-day uncleanness; and the fifth, be it man or vessel, [that touches these] contracts evening-uncleanness. They said to him: The tent cannot be included in the reckoning.
4. Both men and vessels can contract uncleanness from a corpse. This may bear with greater stringency on men than on vessels, and it may also bear with greater stringency on vessels than on men. [Thus] if vessels [first touched the corpse] three things8 [in all can contract uncleanness], but if a man [first touched the corpse] only two9 [in all can contract un¬ cleanness]. It may bear with greater stringency on men in that when a man intervenes, four things10 [in all] can contract uncleanness, but when he does not intervene only three things [in all can contract uncleanness].
5. Men and garments can contract uncleanness from a man that has a flux.11 This may bear with greater stringency on men than on garments, and it may also bear with greater stringency on garments than on men. [Thus] if a man touched him that has a flux he renders garments unclean,12 but the garments which touch him that has a flux do not render other garments unclean.13 And it may bear with greater stringency on garments, in that the garments that carry him14 that has a flux can render a man un¬ touched a corpse suffers his degree of uncleanness. This is an exception to the rule that uncleanness, when it is transferred, becomes uncleanness of a lower grade, (e) In ‘the tent wherein lies a corpse’, passage for the uncleanness is afforded by any aperture every dimen¬ sion of which is not less than one handbreadth. ( f ) If the uncleanness has no such egress, but is in a confined space of less than one cubic handbreadth’s capacity, it will cleave through solid matter, but only perpendicularly upwards and downwards. (#) If the confined space is of one cubic handbreadth’s capacity the uncleanness is regarded as being within a closed-up grave, with the result that its uncleanness spreads to everything in every direction until it comes to a space of more than one cubic handbreadth’s capacity. ( h ) If the uncleanness is in the open air it ‘cleaves perpendicularly upwards’, and downwards only to ground level (or until it is stopped by a valid screen — cf. 8l). (») In a ‘tent’ the uncleanness is not con- j fined to the contained space, but it penetrates to everything underground below the space! of the tent. 1 Num. 19“. 1 Num. 19.
J The corpse itself is a ‘father of fathers of uncleanness’; what it touches becomes itself a ‘father of uncleanness’, and what touches this suffers ‘derived uncleanness’ (‘first-grade uncleanness’ or 'uncleanness at a first remove’). But if the third party touched the second while the second was still in contact with the corpse, the third party also counts as a ‘father of uncleanness’. 4 See p. 649, n. 3 (c).
7 Which, like the corpse, is a ‘father of fathers of uncleanness5; and the peg counts as part of the tent. 8 See par. 2.
11 Such time as he is in contact with him that has a flux.
15 They suffer only ‘derived uncleanness’, and only 'fathers of uncleanness’ can convey uncleanness to men and garments (or utensils).
14 i.e. what he sits on. They are (App. IV. 3) 'fathers of uncleanness’.
clean, but a man that carries him that has a flux cannot render other men unclean.
6. A man conveys uncleanness [as a corpse] only after his soul is gone forth; even when he is mortally wounded1 or in the last death-agony [he is still deemed to be living and] he can bind [his childless brother’s widow] to the obligation of levirate narriage,2 and he can free her3 from the obliga¬ tion; he can qualify4 [a woman] to eat of Heave-offering and he can dis¬ qualify5 [a woman] from eating of Heave-offering. So, too, cattle and wild animals convey uncleanness only after their soul is gone forth. If their heads have been cut off, even if their limbs still jerk, they become unclean —like the lizard whose tail still jerks [after it is cut off].
7. The members6 [of the body] have no prescribed bulk: even less than an olive’s bulk of a corpse, and less than an olive’s bulk of carrion, or less than a lentil’s bulk of a creeping thing, suffice to convey their several uncleannesses.7 8. There are 248 members in a man: thirty in the foot, six to every toe, ten in the ankle, two in the lower leg, five in the knee, one in the thigh, three in the hip, eleven ribs, thirty members in the hand, six to every finger, two in the fore-arm, two in the elbow, one in the upper arm, and four in the shoulder, [thus there are] 101 on the one side [of the body] and 10 x on the other; also there are eighteen links in the spine, nine members in the head, eight in the neck, six in the breast,8 and five in the holes. Each single member can convey uncleanness by contact, by carrying, and by overshadowing. Howbeit this applies only when they bear their proper flesh; if they do not bear their proper flesh they convey uncleanness by contact and by carrying but they do not convey uncleanness by over¬ shadowing.
2. 1. These9 convey uncleanness by overshadowing: a corpse, or an olive’s bulk [of the flesh] of a corpse, or an olive’s bulk of corpse-dregs,10 or a ladle¬ ful11 of corpse-mould, or the backbone, or the skull, or any [severed] member of a corpse or any [severed] member from a living man that still bears its proper flesh, or a quarter-&zZ>12 from the larger bones or the greater number of the bones; and the greater part of a corpse, or the greater num¬ ber of its members, even if they are less than a quarter-Aa6, are unclean. How many is ‘the greater number’? A hundred and twenty-five.
2. A quarter-Zo^13 of blood,14 a quarter-fog of mingled blood15 from the one corpse (R. Akiba says: Even from twyo corpses), the blood of a new-born child all of which has flowed out (R. Akiba says: Any quantity soever. But the Sages say: A quarter-fofo). An olive’s bulk of a living or a dead 5 If he was the sole son he still has power to save his widowed mother from the obligation of marrying his dead father's brother.
4 If his mother (the daughter of a non-priest) was married to a priest who died, if she had a son by him she has the right to eat of Heave-offering (cf. Yeb. 7lfl).
s If his mother (the daughter of a priest) was married to a non-priest who died, if she had a son by him she may not return to her father’s house, there to eat of Heave-offering.
6 A portion of a body that still retains its proper flesh, bones, and sinews.
7 In the manner peculiar to them — the member of a corpse by contact, carrying, and overshadowing; a member from carrion by contact and carrying; and a member of a creeping thing by contact.
8 Lit. ‘key of the heart’.
9 Cf. Naz. y2. 10 Flesh that has rotted and liquefied and then congealed.
11 See Kel. I71'2. 12 App. II, D. 14 App. II, D.
14 That has issued after death. 1 s See below, 3,r’.
652 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH worm [from a corpse] R. Eliezer declares unclean like the flesh of the corpse, but the Sages declare it clean. The ash of burnt corpses R. Eliezer declares unclean if it is a quarter-&aZ> in quantity, but the Sages declare it clean. A ladleful and more of grave-dust1 is unclean; but R. Simeon declares it clean. If a ladleful of corpse-mould is kneaded with water it does not serve as a connective for uncleanness.: 3. These convey uncleanness by contact and carrying, but not by over¬ shadowing: a barleycorn’s bulk of bone, earth from a foreign country, [earth from] a grave-area,3 a member from a corpse or a member from a living man that no longer bears its proper flesh, a backbone or a skull in which aught is lacking. How much must be lacking in the backbone?4 The School of Shammai say: Two links. And the School of Hillel say: Even one link. And in the skull? The School of Shammai say: As much as [a hole made by] a drill. And the School of Hillel say: So much that, if it was taken from a living man, he would die.s Of what kind of drill did they speak? A physician’s small drill. So R. Meir. But the Sages say: The large drill that lay in a chamber in the Temple.6 4. The stone that seals a grave7 and its buttressing stone convey un¬ cleanness by contact and bv overshadowing but not by carrying. R. Eliezer says: They convey uncleanness by carrying. R. Joshua savs: If there is grave-dust beneath them they convey uncleanness by carrying, otherwise they do not convey uncleanness by carrying. What is the buttressing stone? That against which the stone leans that seals the grave. But a stone that serves as a buttress to the buttressing stone is clean.
5. If these lack aught of the prescribed measure they are clean: an olive’s bulk [of the flesh] of a corpse, an olive’s bulk of corpse-dregs, a ladleful of corpse-mould, a quarter-^ of blood, a barleycorn’s bulk of bone, and a member from a living man of which aught of the bone is lacking.
6. A backbone or a skull [made up from the bones] of two corpses, a quarter-/^ of blood from two corpses, a quarter-^26 of bones from two corpses, a member from a corpse or from a living man [that is made up] from two corpses or from two [living] men, these R. Akiba declares unclean, but the Sages declare them clean.
7. If a barleycorn’s bulk of bone is divided into two, R. Akiba declares it unclean, but R. Johanan b. Nuri declares it clean. R. Johanan b. Nuri said: They did not say ‘bones’ of a barleycorn’s bulk, but ‘a bone’8 of a barleycorn’s bulk, if a quarter-&a£ of bones has been crushed so fine that there is no piece left of a barleycorn’s bulk, R. Simeon declares it clean, but the Sages declare it unclean. If a member from a living man is divided into two, it is clean. R. Jose declares it unclean; but he agrees that if it is taken away by halves it is clean.
3. 1. If9 aught that conveys uncleanness by overshadowing was divided and brought into a house, R. Dosa b. Harkinas declares clean [whatsoever * Some texts read: ‘a ladleful of corpse-mould and some grave-dust’.
1 So that if part of it was overshadowed it is not as though the whole were overshadowed, since (see below, 3*) ‘connexion effected by the hands of men does not count as a connexion'.
* So that it shall not convey uncleanness by overshadowing.
s Defined as a portion equal to the size of a tela, or the third of a handbreadth.
6 See Kel. I7IS. 7 Erub. 1’; Naz. 7*; Ohol. is*. Lit. ‘such that can be rolled’.
is found in the house], but the Sages declare it unclean. Thus if a man touched or carried two pieces of carrion, each a half-olive’s bulk; or if he touched one half-olive’s bulk of a corpse and overshadowed another half-olive’s bulk; or if he touched one half-olive’s bulk and another half¬ olive’s bulk overshadowed him; or if he overshadowed two [pieces each of a] half-olive’s bulk; or if he overshadowed one half-olive’s bulk and another half-olive’s bulk overshadowed him — R. Dosa b. Harkinas de¬ clares him clean, but the Sages declare him unclean. But if he touched one half-olive’s bulk and some other thing overshadowed both him and another half-olive’s bulk; or if he overshadowed a half-olive’s bulk and some other thing overshadowed both him and another half-olive’s bulk, he remains clean. R. Meirsaid: Here, too, R. Dosa b. Harkinas declared him clean and the Sages declared him unclean. All such conditions render a man unclean save where there is both contact and carrying, or both carrying and overshadowing. This is the general rule: If the means of conveying the uncleanness fall within a single category1 they convey un¬ cleanness; but if within two categories they do not convey uncleanness.
2. If a ladleful of corpse-mould was strewed about in a house, the house is unclean; but R. Simeon declares it clean. If a quarter-Zog of blood was soaked up in a house the house is clean. If it was soaked up in a garment and, when this was washed, a quarter-fog of blood came from it, it is unclean;2 otherwise it is clean, since aught that is soaked up and cannot come forth is clean.
3. If it3 was poured out in an open place and on an incline, and a man overshadowed part of it, he remains clean; but if it was in a hollow, or if the blood congealed, he becomes unclean. If the blood was poured out over the threshold and this inclined inwards or outwards, and the house overshadowed [part of] it, aught found in the house remains clean; but if [the threshold was] in a hollow place or if the blood congealed, it becomes unclean. Whatsoever pertains to a corpse is unclean excepting the teeth, the hair, and the nails; but so long as they are joined to the corpse they are all unclean.
4. Thus if the corpse lay outside and its hair [stretched] inside, the house is unclean. If of a bone that bore an olive’s bulk of flesh a part was brought within and the house overshadowed it, the house becomes unclean; if of two bones that bore each a half-olive’s bulk of flesh a part was brought within and the house overshadowed them, the house becomes unclean;4 but if [the pieces of flesh] were stuck on by the hands of men, it remains clean, since a connexion effected by the hands of men does not count as a connexion.
5. What counts as ‘mingled blood?’5 [Blood from] a corpse from which an eighth part of a log issued while he was yet alive and an eighth part after his death. So R. Akiba. But R. Ishmael says: [Blood of which] a quarter- fog [issued] while he was yet alive and a quarter after his death, and a quarter-fog was taken from the two together. R. Eleazar b. R. Judah says: These both alike are but as water. What counts as ‘mingled blood?’ If beneath a man that was crucified, whose blood gushes out, there was found 1 Overshadowing only, or contact only, or carrying only.
1 And renders the house unclean by overshadowing. Texts vary in making 'it’ the blood or the garment. •> A quarter-/og of blood from a corpse.
* The bone or bones serve as connective* to the olive's bulk of flesh.
5 Of which a quarter-log conveys uncleanness by overshadowing (2’).
654 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTII a quarter-/o£ of blood, it is unclean; but if beneath a corpse, whose blood drips out, there was found a quarter-fog' of blood, this is clean. R. Judah says: It is not so, but the blood that gushes out is clean and that which drips out is unclean.1 6. For an olive’s bulk from a corpse an opening [in a room] of one hand- breadth [square], and for a corpse an opening of four handbreadths [square, suffices] to protect other openings from the uncleanness;2 howbeit to give passage3 to the uncleanness, an opening of one handbreadth [square suffices4]. More than an olive’s bulk counts as a [whole] corpse. R. Jose says: The backbone and the skull count as a [whole] corpse.