14. 1. A wall-projection, whatsoever its depth, gives passage [into the house] to uncleanness [that it overshadows]; but a pointed moulding or a rounded moulding [only] if they are a handbreadth in depth. By a wall- projection is meant a projection whose lower face is inclined downwards; and by a pointed moulding, a projection whose lower face is inclined upwards. And of what manner of projection did they speak [saying], ‘Whatsoever its depth it gives passage to uncleanness’? A wall-projection that is three courses, or twelve handbreadths, higher than the doorway. If it is higher than this, it gives passage to the uncleanness only if it is a hand¬ breadth in depth. Cornices and carvings give passage to the uncleanness only if they are a handbreadth in depth.
2. A wall-projection above a doorway gives passage to the uncleanness if it is a handbreadth in depth;s if it is above a window two fingerbreadths high or above a window the size of a hole made by the drill, [it gives passage to the uncleanness] whatsoever its depth. R. Jose says: Only if it is of equal measure [to the window].6 3. A rod above a doorway7 gives passage to the uncleanness even if it is higher by one hundred cubits, whatsoever its depth. So R. Joshua. R. Johanan b. Nuri says: Let not greater stringency apply to this than to the wall-projection.
1 Sec Toh. i*.
2 But which it is not intended (contrary to the case in the preceding paragraph) to suffer to grow. J See Neg. n*. 4 Sec below, i7lS.
5 This contradicts the previous paragraph. According to Bert, the Mishnah speaks here in particular of a door that is closed. 6 Two fingerbreadths.
' Fixed parallel to the top of the entrance.
670 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH 4. If a wall-projection1 surrounds the whole house, and extends but three fingerbreadths over the doorway, and there was uncleanness in the house, vessels under the wall-projection are unclean. If there was unclean¬ ness under the wall-projection, R. Eliezer declares the house unclean, but R. Joshua declares it clean. So, too, if a courtyard was surrounded by a colonnade.2 5. If there were two wall-projections, one above the other, each a hand- breadth deep, with a space between them a handbreadth wide, and there was uncleanness below them, what is below them is unclean; if it lay between them, what is between them is unclean; if above them, what is directly above it up to the sky is unclean. If the upper one projected beyond the lower one by a handbreadth, and there was uncleanness below the lower one, or be¬ tween them, the space below them and between them is unclean. If the upper one projected beyond the lower one by less than a handbreadth and there was uncleanness below the lower one, the space below them and between them is unclean. If it was between them or below that part [of the upper one] that projected, R. Eliezer says: Both what is below them and what is between them is unclean. But R. Joshua says: What is between them and below the part that projected is unclean, but what is below the lower one remains clean.
6. If the two wall-projections were a handbreadth deep, but the space between them was less than a handbreadth, and there was uncleanness below the lower one, what is below is unclean. If there was uncleanness between them3 or above the higher one, what lies directly above up to the sky is unclean.4 7. If they were not a handbreadth deep, whether the space between them was a handbreadth or whether it was not a handbreadth, and there was uncleanness below them, between them, or above them, the uncleanness penetrates upwards and downwards. So, too, if there were two outspread curtains raised a handbreadth above the ground.5 15. 1. A thick cloak6 or a thick wooden block do not give passage to the uncleanness unless they are raised one handbreadth above the ground. If garments lay folded one above the other, they give passage to the unclean¬ ness so soon as the upper one is raised one handbreadth above the ground. Tablets of wood, one above the other, do not give passage to the unclean¬ ness unless the upper one is raised a handbreadth above the ground.7 If they were of marble,8 the uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards.
2. If wooden tablets touched each other at their corners, and were raised 1 One handbreadth deep.
7 And the roofed portion of the colonnade extended only three fingerbreadths over the doorway of a house in the courtyard.
J Not having its minimum space of a cubic handbreadth it cleaves upwards and down¬ * Variant: ‘If the wall-projections were one handbreadth deep but the spaces between them (i.e. the space between the ground and the lower projection, and the space between the two projections themselves) were less than one handbreadth, and there was uncleanness below them or between them, both what is below them and what is between them is unclean (i.c. the two spaces in either case combine to form but a single “tent”, the lower projection counting as non-existent); if the uncleanness was above them what is directly above up to the sky is unclean.’
5 In similar conditions the same rules apply as in the three preceding paragraphs.
6 The first part of this paragraph is repeated from 1 1*.
7 Then, although there is less than a free space of a cubic handbreadth, the lower tablets count as non-existent. Cf. above, 14* (variant). 8 And uncleanness lay beneath them a handbreadth above the ground, and there was uncleanness beneath one of them, if any one touched the second tablet he contracts seven-day uncleanness; vessels that are below the one table become unclean, but those that are below the other remain clean.1 A table does not give passage to the uncleanness unless a square of one handbreadth’s extent is contained therein.2 3. If jars standing on their bottoms or lying on their sides in the open air touched one another to the extent of a handbreadth, and there was uncleanness below one of them, the uncleanness cleaves upwards and down¬ wards. This applies only to clean jars. If they were unclean or raised a handbreadth above the ground and there was uncleanness below one of them, all that is below them both is unclean.
4. If part of a house3 was separated off by boards or curtains, from the sides4 or from the roof-beams,5 and there was uncleanness in the house, vessels that are in the part that was separated off remain clean. If there was uncleanness in the part that was separated off, vessels that are in the [rest of] the house are unclean.6 Vessels that are in the part that was separated off7 are unclean if there was a space there of one cubic hand¬ breadth; otherwise they remain clean.8 5. If a [horizontal] partition was made over the floor, and there was some uncleanness beneath the partition, vessels in the house become unclean;0 if the uncleanness was in the house, vessels under the partition remain clean if there was a space there of one cubic handbreadth; otherwise they became unclean, since the floor of the house down to the nethermost deep is reckoned like to the room itself.10 6. If a house was filled with chopped straw so that there was a space of less than a handbreadth between the straw and the roof-beams, and there was some uncleanness inside the straw, vessels over against the entrance11 become unclean; if the uncleanness was outside [the straw]12 and the vessels inside it, they remain clean if there was around them one cubic hand¬ breadth of space; otherwise they become unclean. In either case, if between the straw and the roof-beams there was a space of a handbreadth, the vessels become unclean.
7. If a house was filled with earth13 or with gravel and it was purposed to abandon it (so, too, if it was a heap of grain or a heap of gravel, even like the stone-heap of Achan)14 even if the uncleanness lay by the side of vessels, it cleaves only upwards and downwards.
8. If a man stood in the middle of the forecourt of a tomb-vault, he remains clean if the space was not less than four cubits square. So the School of Shammai. And the School of Hillel say: [He remains clean if it measures only] four handbreadths [square]. If a beam was used instead 1 The connexion between the tablets suffices to convey uncleanness by contact but not by overshadowing.
* This is explained as meaning that a round table is deemed to have the area necessary for giving passage to uncleanness only if, within its circle, a square can be described with sides of one handbreadth. 3 Having a single room.
4 By a perpendicular screen parallel to the wall.
s By a horizontal screen parallel to the floor.
6 Since the way of uncleanness is not to enter in but to issue forth.
7 If the uncleanness was on their side of the partition.
8 The uncleanness cleaves upwards and downwards without affecting what is by its side.
9 The uncleanness has no other way out. 10 See introd. note (j).
11 Space within the doorway of the house that is clear of straw.
17 In the empty space within the doorway'. 13 Variant: chopped straw.
SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH of a stone to seal the tomb, either upright or on its side, only that part is undean that lies opposite the opening. If its end was used to seal the tomb, only four handbreadths [near the opening] are unclean. But if [the rest of it] was about to be cut off, R. Judah says: The whole of it counts as a connective [with the uncleanness in the tomb].
9. If ajar was filled with clean liquid and fastened with a tightly stopped- up cover,1 and this was used instead of a stone to seal the tomb, and a man touched it, he contracts seven-day uncleanness, while the jar and the liquid within it remain clean. If a [living] beast2 was used instead of a stone to seal a tomb, he that touched it contracts seven-day uncleanness. R. Meir says: Whatsoever has in it the spirit of life cannot convey uncleanness by being used as the stone that seals the tomb.3 10. If a man touched a corpse and then touched any vessels, or if he overshadowed a corpse and then touched any vessels, these become unclean. If he overshadowed a corpse and then overshadowed any vessels, or if he touched a corpse and then overshadowed any vessels, these remain clean. If his hand was a handbreadth square, the vessels become unclean. If there were two pieces of corpse, each a half-olive’s bulk, in two houses, and a man stretched his two hands into each of them, and his hands were one handbreadth wide, he conveys the uncleanness; otherwise he does not convey the uncleanness.
16. x. Any movable object conveys the uncleanness4 if it is as thick as an ox-goad. R. Tarfon said: May I bury my children if this is not a per¬ verted Halakah which the hearer heard wrongly: when a husbandman passed by [a tomb] with the ox-goad over his shoulder and one end of it overshadowed the tomb, they declare him unclean5 by virtue of the law of vessels which overshadow a corpse. R. Akiba said: I will amend [this Halakah ] so that the words of the Sages shall remain valid: Any movable object conveys uncleanness to him that carries the object if it is as thick as an ox-goad; and the object conveys the uncleanness to itself whatsoever its thickness, but to other men and vessels only if it is one handbreadth wide.
2. Thus if a spindle was thrust into the wall, and there was a half-olive’s bulk [of uncleanness] beneath it, and a half-olive’s bulk above it, even if they were not directly opposite each other, the spindle becomes unclean. Thus the spindle conveys the uncleanness to itself, no matter what its size. If a pot-seller passed [a tomb] with his carrying-yoke on his shoulder, and one end of it overshadowed a tomb, the vessels on the other side remain clean. But if the yoke was one handbreadth wide, all are unclean. Mounds which are near to a town or to a road, whether they are new or old, are unclean.6 Mounds far off that are new are clean; if they are old they are un¬ clean. ‘Near’ means within fifty cubits; and ‘old’ means sixty years old [or more]. So R. Meir. R. Judah says: ‘Near’ means that there is none nearer; and ‘old’ means that none remembers [when it was made there].
3. If7 for a first time8 a man found a corpse lying in usual fashion, he * Serves as a temporary 'tent' or roofing, transferring uncleanness from an uncleanness which it overshadows, to a man or vessel which it simultaneously overshadows.
s Not because he was overshadowed by, but because he was in contact with, an object that suffered corpse-uncleanncss by overshadowing.
5 Because, of the possibility that human abortions have been buried there.
7 In ploughing his field. Naz. o3.
* It was not before known that there was a grave there.
may remove it and the soil about it1 [for burial elsewhere]; if he found two, he may remove them and the soil about them. If he found three and a space of four to eight cubits between them (space enough for the bier and its bearers),2 this must be accounted a graveyard, and he must examine the ground over a further twenty cubits. If he found another corpse twenty cubits away, he must examine yet another twenty cubits from that point, since there is proof whereon to rely [that this is indeed a graveyard]; although if for a first time a man found a corpse, he may remove it and the soil about it.
4. He that examines should examine one square cubit and then leave a cubit, until he reaches solid rock or virgin soil. He that takes away earth from a place of uncleanness3 may still eat of his Heave-offering,4 but he that clears away a ruin5 may not eat of his Heave-offering.
5. If when he was examining he reached a brook or pool of water or a public road, he may make an end [of examining]. In a field where men have been slain, the bones -may be gathered together one by one, and all may be accounted clean. If a man would remove from his field a tomb that belongs to him, he may collect together the bones one by one, and all may be accounted clean. If abortions, or men that had been slain, were thrown into a cistern, the bones may be collected one by one, and all may be accounted clean. R. Simeon says: If from the first it was prepared to be a burying-place, its soil must be deemed soil wherein a corpse has lain.
17. 1. If a man ploughed up a grave, the field is accounted a Grave-area.6 How great is the space [so accounted]? A furrow’s length, one hundred [square] cubits, a space of four seahs.7 R. Jose says: A space of five seahs if the land slopes downwards;8 but if it slopes upwards, a quarter -kab9 of vetch-seed should be put on the knee of the plough,10 and as far as where three vetches spring up together, thus far is the field accounted a Grave-area. R. Jose says: [The rule of the Grave-area applies only] where the ground slopes downwards, and not where it slopes upwards.
2. If a man was ploughing and he struck against a rock or a wall, or if he shook off the soil from the plough, thus far only is the field accounted a Grave-area. R. Eliezer says: One Grave-area may make another Grave- area.11 R. Joshua says: Sometimes it may, but other times it may not. Thus if a man ploughed a half-furrow and then returned and ploughed a half¬ furrow, and then ploughed to the side, this is accounted a Grave-area. But if he ploughed a whole furrow, and then ploughed from that point onwards, beyond this [first furrow] is not accounted a Grave-area.
3. If a man ploughed from a pit filled with bones, or from a heap of bones, or from a field in which was a lost grave or in which a grave was afterward found, or if he ploughed in a field which did not belong to him, 1 i.c. the clotted earth beneath the corpse with which matter that had issued from the corpse was mingled.
1 The bracketed words are lacking in some texts. They are taken from B.B. 68, where the size of the forecourt to a rock sepulchre is prescribed.
I This field in which corpses have been found. + If he is a priest.
5 A house that has fallen upon a man and it is in doubt whether he is alive or dead.
6 See App. IV. 19 c. 7 App. II, E.
8 When there is a likelihood of the plough carrying portions of the corpse a longer distance.
10 Kel. 2ia. Some part of the plough forming a shallow cavity where seed could be placed. The seed was automatically and gradually thrown out by the shaking of the plough.
II Cf. Tern. i5. If a new furrow is begun anywhere within the hundred cubits of the Grave-area, the whole of the hundred cubits from that beginning is accounted a Grave-area.
674 SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH or if a gentile ploughed, the field cannot be accounted a Grave-area; for the rule of the Grave-area does not apply even to Samaritans.
4. If there was a Grave-area on higher ground adjoining a clean field, and the rain washed down soil from the Grave-area into the clean field, even if this was of reddish soil and the other turned it white, or if this was white and the other turned it red, it is not accounted a Grave-area.
5. If there was a field in which was a lost grave and a house was built thereon and an upper room above it, if the door of the upper room was directly above the door of the house, the upper room remains clean;1 otherwise the upper room is deemed unclean.2 If soil from a Grave-area or soil from a foreign country3 was brought in with vegetables, the [several pieces of] soil are included together to make up the bulk equal to the seal of packing-bags [that suffices to convey uncleanness]. So R. Eliezer. But the Sages say: [It conveys uncleanness] only if in one place there was a bulk equal to the seal of packing-bags. R. Judah said: Letters once came from beyond the sea to the Sons of the High Priests,4 and there was on them about a seahs or two seahs of seals, yet the Sages were not scrupulous about them6 on account of uncleanness.
38. 1. How can they gather the grapes in a Grave-area?7 Men and vessels must be sprinkled8 the first and the second time; then they gather the grapes and take them out of the Grave-area; others9 receive the grapes from them and take them to the winepress. If these others touched the grape-gatherers they become unclean. So the School of Hillel. The School of Shammai say: They should hold the sickle with a wrapping of bast, or cut the grapes with a sharp flint, and let them fall into a large olive-basket and bring them to the winepress. R. Jose said: This applies only to a vineyard that later became a Grave-area; but if a man planted vines in a Grave-area, the grapes should be sold in the market [and not made into wine], 2. There are three kinds of Grave-area. If a man ploughed over a grave, the field may be planted with any kind of tree; but it may not be sown with any kind of seed excepting that of plants which are cut [and not plucked]. If a man plucked such plants, he must heap up the threshing-floor within the field itself and sift the grain through two sieves. So R. Meir. But the Sages say: Grain should be sifted through two sieves, but pulse through three sieves. The stubble and stalks must be burnt. These convey unclean - ness by contact and carrying but not by overshadowing.
3. A field in which is a lost grave may be sown with any kind of seed, but it may not be planted with any kind of plants, nor may trees be suffered to grow there save only such that bear no fruit.10 It11 conveys uncleanness by contact and carrying and by overshadowing.
4. A field of mourners12 may neither be planted nor sown; but its soil 1 If the uncleanness is within the area covered by the inner space of the house the upper story is protected by its floor; if it is under the doorway it enters under the lintel of the lower doorway which saves the upper doorway, and if it was under the walls it cleaves upwards perpendicularly, leaving both house and upper story dean.
1 On the assumption that the uncleanness is directly under the lintel of the upper story’s doorway. J See above, 2*. 4 See Ket. 131; cf. p. 245, n. 14. s App. II, D.
* Since none was alone as large as a packing-bag seal.
7 So that the wine may l>e accounted clean. * Num. i91,(.
9 Who have not been rendered unclean by the Grave-area. 10 Serak trees. Cf. Kil. 65.
11 Such a field and soil from it.
17 A field where they bewail the dead (cf. Meg. 4*; Ket. 21*; B.B. 6'), near to the tombs themselves. For ‘mourners’ ( bokim ) the Tosefta has ‘tomb-niches’ ( kokim ). Cf.
is clean and may be used for making ovens meet for the Hallowed Things.' The School of Shammai and the School of Hillel agree that a Grave-area needs to be examined2 on behalf of him that would bring his Passover¬ offering,3 but not on behalf of him that would eat Heave-offering. For a Nazirite,4 the School of Shammai say: It must be examined. And the School of Hillel say: It need not be examined. How is the field examined? Earth that is easily shifted is taken and put in a sieve that has narrow meshes, and rubbed. If a barleycorn’s bulk of bone is found there [he that has been there] is accounted unclean.
5. How is a Grave-area rendered clean? The soil is taken away to a depth of three handbreadths;5 or6 soil is added thereon to a height of three handbreadths. If from half of the field soil was taken away to a depth of three handbreadths, and to the other half soil was added to a height of three handbreadths, it becomes clean. R. Simeon says: Even if a hand- breadth and a half was taken away and soil from elsewhere was added to a height of a handbreadth and a half, it becomes clean. If a Grave-area was paved with stones that cannot easily be shifted, it becomes clean. R. Simeon says: Even if a Grave-area was cleared of stones, it becomes clean.
6. If a man walked through a Grave-area over stones that cannot easily be shifted or rode upon a man or beast whose strength was great, he remains clean; but if [he walked] over stones that can easily be shifted, or [rode] upon a man or beast whose strength was small, he becomes unclean.7 If a man went through the country of the gentiles8 in hilly or rocky country, he becomes unclean; but if by the sea or along the strand, he remains clean. What is ‘the strand’? Any place over which the sea rolls during a storm.
7. If a man bought a field in Syria that lies close to the Land of Israel and he can enter it in cleanness,9 it is clean, and it is subject to the laws of Tithes and Seventh Year produce; but if he cannot enter it in cleanness it is deemed unclean, yet it is still subject to the laws of Tithes and Seventh Year produce. The dwelling-places of gentiles are unclean.10 How long must a gentile have lived in them so that examination becomes needful? Forty days," even though he had no woman with him; but if a slave or [an Israelitish] woman watched over the dwelling, no examination is needful.
8. What do they examine? The deep drains and the foul water. The School of Shammai say: Also the dunghill and loose earth. The School of Hillel say: Wheresoever a pig or weasel can penetrate no examination is needful.
9. The rules about the dwelling-places of gentiles do not apply to colon¬ nades. R. Simeon b. Gamaliel says: The rules about the dwelling-places of gentiles do not apply to a city of the gentiles that is in ruins. The east side of Kesrin12 and the west side of Kesrin13 are graveyards. The east side of Acre was in doubt, but the Sages have declared it clean. Rabbi and his court voted on Keni14 and declared it clean.
* Baking the bread used for the various Meal-offerings in the Temple.
2 When one who may not become unclean has been there, and it is in doubt whether it may not be a Grave-area. s See Num. 9*. * Num. 6*.
5 The maximum depth penetrated by the plough.
6 Some texts prefix ‘Rabbi (Judah the Patriarch) says’.
7 He can be assumed to have shared in moving the uncleanness on the ground.
* Cf. above, 2’; 17*. * i.e. no gentile land intervened.
10 Because they throw abortions down their drains. 11 Cf. Nidd. 3’.
12 Caesarea maritime. 12 Variant: Ktsarion, Caesarea Philippi.
»♦ Identifications have been suggested with Wady Kanah (in Samaria), or Ain Keni (near Lydda).
SIXTH DIVISION: TOHOROTH 10. To ten places the rules about the dwelling-places of gentiles do not apply: the tents of the Arabs, field-huts, simple tents, fruit-shelters, summer houses, a gate-house, the open space in a courtyard, a bath-house, an armoury, and the camping-grounds of the legions.
1. 1. The colours of leprosy-signs2 are two,3 which are, indeed, four4: the Bright Spot, which is bright white like snow — and the second shade of it is [as white] as the lime used in the Sanctuary;5 and the Rising, which is [as white] as the skin in an egg — and the second shade of it is [as white] as white wool. So R. Meir. But the Sages say: The Rising is [as white] as white wool and the second shade of it is [as white] as the skin in an egg.6 2. Where there is a [reddish] mixture7 in the snow-like whiteness, [the colour] is like wine mingled with snow; in the lime-like whiteness [the colour] is like blood mingled with milk. So R. Ishmael. R. Akiba says: In either of them the reddishness is like wine mingled with water, save only that in the snow-like whiteness [the colour] is bright, and in the lime-like whiteness [the colour] is duller.
3. [Any among] these four colours may be included together to make up [the prescribed measure]8 whether to pronounce [a leprosy-sign] clean,9 or to certify it unclean,10 or to cause it to be shut up.11 ‘To cause it to be shut up’ — namely, such that continues unchanged by the end of the first week; ‘to pronounce it clean’ — namely, such that continues unchanged by the end of the second week; ‘to certify it unclean’— -namely, that wherein has arisen quick flesh or white hair, whether in the beginning, or by the end of the first week, or by the end of the second week, or even after it had been pronounced clean; or [again] ‘to certify it unclean’ — namely, that wherein has arisen a spreading by the end of the first week, or by the end of the second week, or even after it had been pronounced clean; ‘to certify it unclean’ — if the whole [skin of his flesh] turned white after the leprosy-sign had been pronounced clean; or ‘to pronounce it clean’ — if the whole [skin of his flesh] turned white after the leprosy-sign had been certified unclean, or after it had been kept shut up. These are the colours of leprosy-signs whereon depend all [the prescriptions concerning] leprosy-signs.
4. R. Hanina12 the Prefect of the Priests says: The colours of leprosy- signs are sixteen. R. Dosa b. Harkinas says: The colours of leprosy-signs are thirty-six. Akabya b. Mahalaleel says: Seventy-two.13 R. Hanina the Prefect of the Priests says: They may not inspect leprosy-signs for the first time the day after the Sabbath since the end of that week14 will fall on the 1 Lit. ‘pla&ues’- The tractate is based on Lev. 13-14. It elaborates the details there given concerning the various symptoms of the so-called leprosy as they appear in men, garments, and houses.
z Such as appear ‘in the skin of the flesh’ (Lev. 13'2), i.e. the bare flesh as distinct from parts covered by hair. 1 The Bright Spot and the Rising (Lev. 132).
4 The word sappahath (Lev. 1 3 2; R.V. ‘scab’) is interpreted as meaning something ‘joined’ or ‘attached to’; hence a secondary shade of colour of the main symptoms. Cf. below, 6 Of these four shades the whitest is snow, the next lime, the next white wool, and the dullest white is that of the skin in an egg.? See Lev. 131*.
8 To make up the size of a split bean (see below, 4r*; 61). 9 Lit. ‘acquit’.
10 Lit. ‘determine.’ 11 See Lev. 134. 12 Some texts omit this sentence.
13 These totals are reached by various possible combinations of some or all of the simple colours, mixed colours, the boil and the burn, the scalp and forehead baldness, the scall, and also the reddishness and greenishness in garments and houses 14 Following the seven days during which the symptom is ‘shut up’.
Sabbath; nor yet on the second day of the week since the end of the Second week will fall on the Sabbath; nor [do they inspect leprosy-signs] in houses on the third day of the week since the end of the third week will fall on the Sabbath. R. Akiba says: They may inspect them at any time; and if [the time for inspection at the end of the seven days] falls on a Sabbath they leave it until after the Sabbath. This may bear either with leniency or with stringency.1 5. How can it bear whth leniency? If [on the Sabbath] there was white hair2 in the leprosy-sign but [the next day] the white hair was gone; or if the hairs were white but [the next day] they turned black, whether one was white and the other black, or both black; or if [on the Sabbath] they were long but [the next day] they became short,3 whether one was short and the other long, or both short; or if [after the Sabbath] a boil4 adjoined both hairs or one of them; or if the boil encompassed both hairs or one of them; or if they were sundered by a boil or the quick flesh5 of a boil, or by a burning or the quick flesh of a burning, or by a tetter;6 or if [on the Sabbath] there was quick flesh but [the next day] the quick flesh was gone; or if it was four-sided but [the next day] it became round or long; or if it was encom¬ passed but [the next day] it appeared only to the side; or if it was united but [the next day] it was dispersed; or if [the next day] a boil came and entered therein; or if [the next day] it was encompassed or sundered or lessened by a boil or the quick flesh of a boil, or by a burning or the quick flesh of a burning, or by a tetter; or if [on the Sabbath] there was a spreading but [the next day] the spreading was gone; or if the first sign itself was gone or so lessened that both it and the spreading were less than a split bean;7 or if the first sign and the spreading were sundered by a boil or the quick flesh of a boil, or by a burning or the quick flesh of a burning, or by a tetter; — then the rule bears with leniency.