must be understood in a sense different from the literal description. For we both read of " the mountains dropping down new wine," ^ but not as if one might expect " must'' from the stones, or its decoction from the rocks; and also hear of "a land flowing with milk and honey," ® but not as if you were to sup- pose that you would ever gather Samian cakes from the ground; nor does God, forsooth, offer His services as a water-bailiff or a farmer when He says, " I will open rivers in a dry land; I will plant in the wilderness the cedar and the box-tree. "» In like manner, when, foretelling the conversion of the Gentiles, He says, " The beasts of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls," He surely never meant to derive '° His fortunate omens from the young of birds and foxes, and from the songsters of marvel and fable. But why enlarge on such a subject? When the very apostle whom our heretics adopt," interprets the law which allows an unmuzzled mouth to the oxen that tread out the corn, not of cattle, but of ourselves;" and also alleges that the rock which followed (the Israelites) and sup- plied them with drink was Christ; '^ teaching the Galatians, moreover, that the two narra- tives of the sons of Abraham had an allegorical meaning in their course; '" and to the Ephe- sians giving an intimation that, when it was declared in the beginning that a man should leave his father and mother and become one flesh with his wife, he applied this to Christ and the church. 's chap. VI. — community in certain points of MARCIONITE and JEWISH ERROR. PROPHE- CIES OF Christ's rejection examined Since, therefore, there clearly exist these two characteristics in the Jewish prophetic literature, let the reader remember,'* whenever we adduce any evidence therefrom, that, by mutual consent,''' the point of discussion is not the form of the scripture, but the subject it is called in to prove. When, therefore, our heretics in their phrenzy presumed to say that that Christ was come who had never been fore- announced, it followed that, on their assump- tion, that Christ had not yet appeared who 9 Isa. xli. 18, 19, inexactly quoted. ■0 Relaturus.
" Haereticorum apostolus. We have already referred to Mar- cion's acceptance of St. Paul's epistles. It has been suRgested that TertuUian in the text uses htereticorujit apostolus as synony- mous with eihnicorutti apostolus = " apostle of the Gentiles," in which case the allusion tn St. Paul would of course be equally clear. But this interpretation is unnecessary.
'3 1 Cor. X. 4; compare below, book v., chap. vii.
•6 "Remember. O reader."
•7 Constitisse.
CHAP. VI.]
TERTULLIAN AGAINST MARCION.
had always been predicted; and thus they are obliged to make common cause with' Jewish error, and construct their arguments with its assistance, on the pretence that the Jews were themselves quite certain that it was some other who came: so they not only rejected Him as a stranger, but slew Him as an enemy, al- though they would without doubt have ac- knowledged Him, and with all religious de- votion followed Him, if He had only been one of themselves. Our shipmaster^ of course got his craft-wisdom not from the Rhodian iaw,3 but from thfe Pontic,* which cautioned him against believing that the Jews had no right to sin against their Christ; whereas (even if nothing like their conduct had been predicted against them) human nature alone, liable to error as it is, might well have induced him to suppose that it was quite possible for the Jews to have committed such a sin, con- sidered as men, without assuming any unfair prejudice regarding their feelings, whose sin was antecedently so credible. Since, how- ever, it was actually foretold that they would not acknowledge Christ, and therefore would even put Him to death, it will therefore follow that He was both ignored = and slain by them, who were beforehand pointed out as being about to commit such offences against Him.
If you require a proof of this, instead of turn- ing out those passages of Scripture which, while they declare Christ to be capable of suffering death, do thereby also affirm the possibility of His being rejected (for if He had not been rejected. He could not really suffer anything), but rather reserving them for the subject of His sufferings, I shall con- tent myself at the present moment with ad- ducing those which simply show that there was a probability of Christ's rejection. This is quickly done, since the passages indicate that the entire power of understanding was by the Creator taken from the people. " I will take away," says He, "the wisdom of their wise men; and the understanding of their prudent men will I hide; " ^ and again: " With your ear ye shall hear, and not under- stand; and with your eyes ye shall see, but not perceive: for the heart of this people hath growth fat, and with their ears they hear heavily, and their eyes have they shut; lest they hear with their ears, and see with their eyes, and understand with the heart, and be converted, and I heal them."' Now this ' Sociari cum.
2 Marcion.
3 The model of wise naval legislation, much of which found its way into the Roman pandects.
* Symbol of barbarism and ignorance — a heavy joke against the once seafaring heretic.
5 Ignoratiis, " rejected of men."
7 Isa. vi. 9, 10. Quoted with some verbal differences.
blunting of their sound senses they had brought on themselves, loving God with their lips, but keeping far away from Him in their heart. Since, then, Christ was announced by the Creator, "who formeth the lightning, and createth the wind, and declareth unto man His Christ," as the prophet Joel says,* since the entire hope of the Jews, not to say of the Gentiles too, was fixed on the manifestation of Christ, — it was demonstrated that they, by their being deprived of those powers of knowl- edge and understanding — wisdom and pru- dence, would fail to know and understand that which was predicted, even Christ; when the chief of their wise men should be in error re- specting Him — that is to say, their scribes and prudent ones, or Pharisees; and when the people, like them, should hear with their ears and not understand Christ while teaching them, and see with their eyes and not perceive Christ, although giving them signs. Similarly it is said elsewhere: "Who is blind, but my servant? or deaf, but he who ruleth over them? " 9 Also when He upbraids them by the same Isaiah: " I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me. The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib: but Israel doth not know; my people doth not consider."" We indeed, who know for certain that Christ al- ways spoke in the prophets, as the Spirit of the Creator (for so says the prophet: "The person of our Spirit, Christ the Lord," "who from the beginning was both heard and seen as the Father's vicegerent in the name of God), are well aware that His words, when actually upbraiding Israel, were the same as those which it was foretold that He should denounce against him: "Ye have forsaken the Lord, and have provoked the Holy One of Israel to anger." '^ If, however, you would rather refer to God Himself, instead of to Christ, the whole imputation of Jewish igno- rance from the first, through an unwillingness to allow that even anciently '^ the Creator's word and Spirit — that is to say. His Christ — was despised and not acknowledged by them, you will even in this subterfuge be defeated.
8 A supposed quotation of Amos iv. 13. See Oehler's marginal reference. If so, the reference to Joel is either a slip of Tertullian or a corruption of his text; more likely the former, for the best Mss. insert Joel's name. Amos iv. 13, according to the LXX., runs, ' AnayyfWtov ei? avBpunrovi; roe \pi<TTOv aiiToi), which exact- ly suits Tertullian's quotation. Junius supports the reference to Joel, supposing that Tertullian has his ch. ii. 31 in view, as com- pared with Acts ii. 16-33. This is too harsh an interpretation. It is simpler and better to suppose that Tertullian really meant to quote the LXX. of the passage in Amos, but in mistake named Joel as his prophet.
9 Isa. xlii. 19, altered.
II This seems to be a translation with a slight alteration of the LXX. version of Lam. iv. 30, nvivfia Trpoirwirov iifiiav Xpttrrbv Kiipios.
'5 Retro.
TERTULLIAN AGAINST MARCION.
[book hi.
For when you do not deny that the Creator's Son and Spirit and Substance is also His Christ, you must needs allow that those who have not acknowledged the Father have failed likewise to acknowledge the Son through the identity of their natural substance;' for if in Its fulness It has baffled man's understand- ing, much more has a portion of It, especially when partaking of the fulness, = Now, when these things are carefully considered, it be- comes evident how the Jews both rejected Christ and slew Him; not because they re- garded Him as a strange Christ, but because they did not acknowledge Him, although their own. For how could they have understood the strange One, concerning whom nothing had ever been announced, when they failed to understand Him about whom there had been a perpetual course of prophecy? That admits of being understood or being not un- derstood, which, by possessing a substantial basis for prophecy,^ will also have a subject- matter^ for either knowledge or error; whilst that which lacks such matter admits not the issue of wisdom. So that it was not as if He belonged to another ^ god that they conceived an aversion for Christ, and persecuted Him, but simply as a man whom they regarded as a wonder-working juggler, * and an enemy ^ in His doctrines. They brought Him there- fore to trial as a mere man, and one of them- selves too — that is, a Jew (only a renegade and a destroyer of Judaism) — and punished Him according to their law. If He had been a stranger, indeed, they would not have sat in judgment over Him. So far are they from appearing to have understood Him to be a strange Christ, that they did not even judge Him to be a stranger to their own human nature.* CHAP. VII. — PROPHECY SETS FORTH TWO DIF- FERENT CONDITIONS OF CHRIST, ONE LOWLY, THE OTHER MAJESTIC. THIS FACT POINTS TO TWO ADVENTS OF CHRIST, Our heretic will now have the fullest oppor- tunity of learning the clue' of his errors along with the Jew himself, from whom he has borrowed his guidance in this discussion. Since, however, the blind leads the blind, they fall into the ditch together. We affirm that, as there are two conditions demonstrated ' Per ejusdem substantiae conditionem.
2 He seems here to allude to such statements of God's being as 3 SuDstantiam praedicationis.
* Materiam.
5 Alterius, " the other," i.e., Marcion's rival God.
* Planum in signis, cf. the Magum in potestate of Apolog. 21. 7 ilEmulum, " a rival," i.e., to Moses.
* Nee hominem ejus ut alienum judicaverunt, " His manhood rtiey judged not tobs different."
e Rationem.
by the prophets to belong to Christ, so these presignified the same number of advents; one, and that the first, was to be in lowli- ness,'" when He had to be led as a sheep to be slain as a victim, and to be as a lamb dumb before the shearer, not opening His mouth, and not fair to look upon." For, says (the prophet), we have announced con- cerning Him: " He is like a tender plant, '^ like a root out of a thirsty ground; He hath no form nor comeliness; and we beheld Him, and He was without beauty: His form was disfigured; " '3 " marred more than the sons of men; a man stricken with sorrows, and knowing how to bear our infirmity;"'* "placed by the Father as a stone of stum- bling and a rock of offence; "'s "made by Him a little lower than the angels; " '^ declar- ing Himself to be "a worm and not a man, a reproach of men, and despised of the people."'^ Now these signs of degradation quite suit His first coming, just as the tokens of His majesty do His second advent, when He shall na longer remain " a stone of stum- bling and a rock of oifence," but after His rejection become "the chief corner-stone," accepted and elevated to the top place '^ of the temple, even His church, being that very stone in Daniel, cut out of the mountain, which was to smite and crush the image of the secular kingdom. '^ Of this advent the same prophet says: " Behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days; and they brought Him before Him, and there was given Him dominion and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting do- minion, which shall not pass away; and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed." =^ Then indeed He shall have both a glorious form, and an unsullied beauty above the sons of men, " Thou art fairer," says (the Psalm- ist), "than the children of men; grace is poured into Thy lips; therefore God hath blessed Thee for ever. Gird Thy sword upon Thy thigh, O most mighty, with Thy glory and Thy majesty."" For the Father, after making Him a little lower than the angels, "will crown Him with glory and honour, and put all things under His feet."'^ "Then '° Humilitate.
" A reference to, rather than quotation from, Isa. liii. 7.
»2Sicut puerulus, " like a little boy," or, "a sorry slave."
•3 Isa. liii. 2, 3, according to the Septuagint.
'8 Consummationem: an allusion to Zech. iv. 7.
CHAP. VIII.]
TERTULLIAN AGAINST MARCION.
shall they look on Him whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for Him, tribe after tribe; " ' because, no doubt, they once refused to acknowledge Him in the lowliness of His human condition. He is even a man, says Jeremiah, and who shall recognise Him? Therefore, asks Isaiah, "who shall declare His generation?"^ So also in Zechariah, Christ Jesus, the true High Priest of the Father, in the person of Joshua, nay, in the very mystery of His name,^ is portrayed in a twofold dress with reference to both His ad- vents. At first He is clad in sordid garments, that is to say, in the lowliness of suffering and mortal flesh: then the devil resisted Him, as the instigator of the traitor Judas, not to mention his tempting Him after His baptism: afterwards He was stripped of His first filthy raiment, and adorned with the priestly robe'» and mitre, and a pure diadem; ^ in other words, with the glory and honour of His second advent.* If 1 may offer, moreover, an interpretation of the two goats which were presented on "the great day of atone- ment," ' do they not also figure the two nat- ures of Christ? They were of like size, and very similar in appearance, owing to the Lord's identity of aspect; because He is not to come in any othef form, having to be recognised by those by whom He was also wounded and pierced. One of these goats w^as bound® with scarlet,^ and driven by the people out of the camp *° into the wilderness,'' amid cursing, and spitting, and pulling, and piercing," being thus marked with all the signs of the Lord's own passion; while the other, by being offered up for sins, and given to the priests of the temple for meat, afforded proofs of His second appearance, when (after all sins have been expiated) the priests of the spiritual temple, that is, the church, are to enjoy the flesh, as it were, '3 of the Lord's own grace, whilst the residue go away from salvation without tast- 3 Joshua, i.e., Jesus.
4 Podere.
5 Cidari munda.
6 See Zech. iii.
7 Jejunio, see Lev. xvi. S, 7, etc.
8 Circumdatus.
9 Perhaps in reference to Heb. ix. 19. 1° Civitatem, " city."
" In perditionem.
»2 This treatment of the scape-goat was partly ceremonial, partly disorderly. The Mischna ( Yoma vi. 4-6) mentions the scarlet ribbon which was bound round the animal's head between the horns, and the " pulling " (rather plucking out of its hair); but this latter was an indignity practised by scoffers and guarded against by Jews. Tertullian repeats the whole of this passage, Adi'.Jud. xiv. Similar use is made of the type of the scape-goat by other fathers, as Justin Martyr (Dial, cinn Tryph.)z.n& Cyril of Alex. (Epist. ad Acaciutti). In his book ix. Against Julian^ he expressly says: " Christ was described by the two goats, — as dying for us in the flesh, and then (as shown by the scape-goat) over- coming death in His divine nature." See Tertullian's passages illustrated fully in Rabbi Chiga, Addit. ad Cod. de die Expiat. (in Ugolini, Thes. i. 88).
'3 Quasi visceratione. [See Kaye's important comment, p, 426.]
ing it.'< Since, therefore, the first advent was prophetically declared both as most obscure in its types, and as deformed with every kind of indignity, but the second as glorious and altogether worthy of God, they would on this very account, while confining their regards to that which they were easily able both to un- derstand and to believe, even the second ad- vent, be not undeser\^edly deceived respecting the more obscure, and, at any rate, the more lowly first coming. Accordingly, to this day they deny that their Christ has come, because He has not appeared in majesty, while they ignore the fact that He was to come also in lowliness.
CHAP. VIII. — ABSURDITY OF MARCION's DOCETIC opinions; REALITY OF CHRIST's INCARNA- TION.
Our heretic must now cease to borrow poi- son from the Jew — "the asp," as the adage runs, "from the viper " 's — and henceforth vomit forth the virulence of his own dispo- sition, as when he alleges Christ to be a phan- tom. Except, indeed, that this opinion of his will be sure to have others to maintain it in his precocious and somewhat abortive Marcionites, whom the Apostle John desig- nated as antichrists, when they denied that Christ was come in the flesh; not that they did this with the view of establishing the right of the other god (for on this point also they had been branded by the same apostle), but because they had started with assuming the incredibility of an incarnate God. Now, the more firmly the antichrist Marcion had seized this assumption, the more prepared was he, of course, to reject the bodily substance of Christ, since he had introduced his very god to our notice as neither the author nor the restorer of the flesh; and for this very reason, to be sure, as pre-eminently good, and most remote from the deceits and fallacies of the Creator. His Christ, therefore, in order to avoid all such deceits and fallacies, and the imputation, if possible, of belonging to the Creator, was not what he appeared to be, and feigned himself to be what he was not — incarnate without being flesh, human without being man, and likewise a divine Christ with- out being God! But why should he not have propagated also the phantom of God? Can I believe him on the subject of the internal naturey who was all wrong touching the ex- ternal substance? How will it be possible to believe him true on a mystery, when he has been found so false on a plain fact? How, ••> Jejunantibus.
TERTULLIAN AGAINST MARCION.
[book III.
moreover, when he confounds the truth of the spirit with the error of the flesh/ could he combine within himself that communion of light and darkness, or truth and error, which the apostle says cannot co-exist? ^ Since, however, Christ's being flesh is now discov- ered to be a he, it follows that all things which were done by the flesh of Christ were done untruly, 3 — every act of intercourse," of con- tact, of eating or drinking, ^ yea, His very miracles. If with a touch, or by being touched, He freed any one of a disease, what- ever was done by any corporeal act cannot be believed to have been truly done in the ab- sence of all reality in His body itself. Noth- ing substantial can be allowed to have been effected by an unsubstantial thing; nothing full by a vacuity. If the habit were putative, the action was putative; if the worker were imaginary the works were imaginary. On this principle, too, the sufferings of Christ will be found not to warrant faith in Him. For He suffered nothing who did not truly suffer; and a phantom could not truly suffer. God's entire work, therefore, is subverted. Christ's death, wherein lies the whole weight and fruit of the Christian name, is denied, although the apostle asserts ^ it so expressly ^ as undoubtedly real, making it the very foundation of the gospel, of our salvation, and of his own preaching.^ "I have deliv- ered unto you before all things," says he, " how that Christ died for our sins, and that he was buried, and that He rose again the third day." Besides, if His flesh is denied, how is His death to be asserted; for death is the proper suffering of the flesh, which returns through death back to the earth out of which it was taken, according to the law of its Maker? Now, if His death be de- nied, because of the denial of His flesh, there will be no certainty of His resurrection. For He rose not, for the very same reason that He died not, even because He possessed not the reality of the flesh, to which as death ac- crues, so does resurrection likewise. Simi- larly, if Christ's resurrection be nullified, ours also is destroyed. If Christ's resurreetion be not realized,^ neither shall that be for which Christ came. For just as they, who said that there is no resurrection of the dead, are re- futed by the apostle from the resurrection of Christ, so, if the resurrection of Christ falls • As in his Docetic views of the body of Christ.
SMendacio.
* Connressus. SConvictus.
' ] )emandat.
7 Tain impresse, ""so strongly." 9 Valebit.
to the ground, the resurrection of the dead is also swept away." And so our faith is vain, and vain also is the preaching of the apos- tles. Moreover, they even show themselves to be false witnesses of God, because they testified that He raised up Christ, whom He did not raise. And we remain in our sins still." And those who have slept in Christ have perished; destined, forsooth,'"^ to rise again, but peradventure in a phantom state,'' just like Christ.
CHAP. IX. REFUTATION OF MARCION's OBJEC- TIONS DERIVED FROM THE CASES OF THE ANGELS, AND THE PRE-INCARNATE MANIFES- TATIONS OF THE SON OF GOD.
Now, in this discussion of yours,'* when you suppose that we are to be met with the case of the Creator's angels, as if they held intercourse with Abraham and Lot in a phan- tom state, that of merely putative flesh, '^ and yet did truly converse, and eat, and work, as they had been commissioned to do, you will not, to begin with, be permitted to use as ex- amples the acts of that God whom you are destroying. For by how much you make your god a better and more perfect being, by just so much will all examples be unsuitable to him of that God from whom he totally dif- fers, and without which difference he would not be at all better or more perfect. But then, secondly, you must know that it will not be conceded to you, that in the angels there was only a putative flesh, but one of a true and solid human substance. For if (on your terms) it was no difficulty to him to manifest true sensations and actions in a putative flesh, it was much more easy for him still to have assigned the true substance of flesh to these true sensations and actions, as the proper maker and former thereof. But your god, perhaps on the ground of his having produced no flesh at all, was quite right in introducing the mere phantom of that of which he had been unable to produce the reality. My God, however, who formed that which He had taken out of the dust of the ground in the true quality of flesh, although not issuing as yet from conjugal seed, was equally able to apply to angels too a flesh of any material whatso- ever, who built even the world out of nothing, into so many and so various bodies, and that at a word! And, really, if your god promises to men some time or other the true nature of ' ' Phantasmate forsitan.
'5 [Paineliusattributes this doctrine to Appelles a disciple of Mar- cion, of whom See Kaye, pp. 479, 480.]
CHAP. XI.]
TERTULLIAN AGAINST MARCION