" dost live. Grant that I may be like unto one of those who are thy favoured (10) ones " [among the followers] of the great god. May my name be proclaimed, may it be " found, may it be lastingly renewed with (11) The oars are lifted into the sektet " boat, and the sacred boat cometh in peace. (12) May I see Ra when he appeareth in " the sky at dawn, and when his enemies have fallen at the block. (13) May I behold "[Horus] guiding the rudder and steering with [his] two hands. (14) May I " see the abtu fish at the moment of his creation; and may I see the ant fish when he " maketh himself manifest at creation, and the ant boat upon its lake. O thou Only "One, O thou Mighty One, thou Growing One, (15) who dost never wax faint, and 1 A name of the boat of the rising sun.
25O THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATE I.
" from whom power cannot be taken, the devoted (17) servant of 11 the lord of Abtu."
The merchant Qenna saith: (i8)"Homage to thee Heru-Khuti-Tmu,Heru-Khepera, " mighty hawk, who dost cause the body [of man] to make merry, beautiful of face by "reason of thy two great plumes. Thou (19) wakest up in beauty at the dawn, when "the company of the gods and mortals sing songs of joy unto thee; hymns of " praise are offered unto thee at eventide. The (20) starry deities also adore thee. O thou " firstborn, who dost lie without movement, (21) arise; thy mother showeth loving- " kindness unto thee every day. Ra liveth and the fiend Nak is dead; thou dost endure " for ever, and the (22) fiend hath fallen.
" Thou sailest over the sky with life and strength. The goddess Nehebka is in " (23) the dtet boat; the sacred boat rejoiceth. Thy heart is glad and thy brow is " wreathed with the twin serpents."
II. (1) A Hymn of Praise to Ra when he riseth in the Eastern PART OF Heaven. Behold Osiris, Qenna the merchant, triumphant, who saith: (2) " Homage to thee, O thou who risest in Nu, and who at thy birth dost make the world "" bright with light; all the company of the gods (3) sing hymns of praise unto thee. The " beings who minister unto Osiris cherish him as King of the North and of the South, the 4t beautiful and beloved man-child. When (4) he riseth, mortals live. The nations rejoice " in him, and the Spirits of Annu sing unto him songs of joy. The Spirits of the towns of '"' Pe and Nekhen (5) exalt him, the apes of dawn adore him, and all beasts and cattle " praise (6) him with one accord. The goddess Seba overthroweth thine enemies, there- •" fore rejoice (7) within thy boat; and thy mariners are content thereat. Thou hast arrived " in the dtet boat, and thy heart swelleth with joy. O Lord of the gods, when thou " (8) dost create them, they ascribe praises unto thee. The azure goddess Nut doth 4t compass thee on every side, and the god Nu floodeth thee with his rays of light. " (9) O cast thou thy light upon me and let me see thy beauties, me, the (10) Osiris " Qenna the merchant, triumphant! When thou goest forth over the earth I will sing "praises unto thy fair (11) face. Thou risest in the horizon of heaven, and [thy] disk is " adored [when] it resteth upon the mountain to give life unto the world."
Saith Qenna the merchant, triumphant; (12) "Thou risest, thou risest, coming forth * from the god Nu. Thou dost become young again and art the same as thou wert "yesterday, O mighty youth who hast created thyself. Not...my hand. (13) " Thou hast come with thy splendours, and thou hast made heaven and earth bright with "thy rays of pure emerald light. The land of Punt is (14) established for the perfumes "which thou smellest with thy nostrils. (15) Thou risest, O thou marvellous Being, in 4< heaven, the twin serpents are placed upon thy brow, and thou art lord of the world and •'the inhabitants (16) thereof; [the company] of the gods and Qenna the merchant, 4i triumphant, adore thee."
III. (i, 2) A Hymn of Praise to Ra when he riseth in the Eastern PART OF Heaven. (3) Behold Osiris Hunefer, triumphant, who saith: " Homage to " thee, O thou who art Ra when thou (4) risest and Tmu when thou settest. Thou " risest, thou risest; thou shinest, (5) thou shinest, thou who art crowned king of the B.D. CHAP. XV.] THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. 25 I " gods. Thou art the lord of heaven, [thou art] the lord of earth, [thou art] the creator " of those who dwell in the heights (6) and of those who dwell in the depths. [Thou " art] the One god who came into (7) being in the beginning of time. Thou didst create " the earth, (8) thou didst fashion man, thou didst make the watery abyss of the sky, " thou didst form Hapi [the Nile], and thou art the maker of streams and of the " (9) great deep, and thou givest life to all that is therein. Thou hast knit (10) together " the mountains, thou has made mankind and the beasts of the field, thou hast created " the heavens and the earth. Worshipped be thou whom the goddess Maat embraceth "at morn and at eve. Thou dost travel across the (11) sky with heart swelling with "joy; the Lake of Testes is at peace. The fiend Nak hath fallen and his two arms are " cut off. The sektet boat receiveth fair winds, and the heart of him that is in his shrine tc rejoiceth. Thou (12) art crowned with a heavenly form, the Only one, provided [with all " things]. Ra cometh forth from Nu in triumph. O thou mighty youth, thou everlasting "son, self-begotten, who didst give thyself birth, (13) O thou mighty One, of myriad " forms and aspects, king of the world, Prince of Annu, lord of eternity and ruler of the " everlasting, the company of the gods rejoice when thou risest and when thou sailest "(14) across the sky, O thou who art exalted in the sektet boat. Homage, to thee, " O Amen-Ra, thou who dost rest upon Maat, thou who passest over the heaven, and "every face seeth thee. Thou dost wax great as thy (15) Majesty doth advance, and " thy rays are upon all faces. Thou art unknown and canst not be searched out "his fellow except thyself; thou art (16) the Only One [Men] praise thee in " thy name [Ra], and they swear by thee, for thou art lord over them. Thou hast heard " (17) with thine ears and thou hast seen with thine eyes. Millions of years have gone " over the world; I cannot tell the number of them, through which thou hast passed. " Thy heart hath decreed a day of happiness in thy name [of Ra]. Thou dost pass over "(18) and travellest through untold spaces of millions and hundreds of thousands of " years; thou settest out in peace, and thou steerest thy way across the watery abyss to " the place which thou lovest; this thou doest in one (19) little moment of time, and " thou dost sink down and makest an end of the hours.""
Osiris, the governor of the palace of the lord of the two lands (i.e., Seti I.), Hunefer, triumphant, saith: (20) " Hail my lord, thou that passest through eternity and whose " being is everlasting. Hail thou Disk, lord of beams of light, thou risest and thou " makest all mankind to live. Grant thou that I may behold thee at dawn each day."
IV. A Hymn OF Praise TO Ra by Nekht, the royal scribe, captain of soldiers, who saith: " Homage to thee, O thou glorious Being, thou who art provided [with all " things]. O Tmu-Heru-khuti, when thou risest in the horizon of heaven, a cry of joy " cometh out of the mouth of all peoples. O thou beautiful Being, thou dost renew " thyself in thy season in the form of the Disk within thy mother Hathor; therefore in " every place every heart swelleth with joy at thy rising, for ever. The eastern and the " western parts of heaven come to thee with homage, and give forth sounds of joy at thy " rising. O Ra, thou who art Heru-khuti (Harmachis), the mighty man-child, the heir of " eternity, self-begotten and self-born, king of earth, prince of the netherworld, governor " of the mountains of Aukert {i.e., the netherworld), thou dost rise in the horizon of " heaven and sheddest upon the world beams of emerald light; thou art born from the 252 THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATE II.
" water, thou art sprung from Nu, who fostereth thee and ordereth thy members. O thou " who art crowned king of the gods, god of life, lord of love, all the nations live when "thou dost shine. The goddess Nut doeth homage unto thee, and the goddess . M Maat embraceth thee at all times. They who are in thy following sing unto thee with " joy and bow down to the earth when they meet thee, the god of heaven, the lord of " earth, the king of right and truth, the god of eternity, the everlasting ruler, the prince " of all the gods, the god of life, the creator of eternity, the maker of heaven by whom " is established all that therein is. The company of the gods rejoice at thy rising, the " earth is glad when it beholdeth thy rays; the peoples that have been long dead come " forth with cries of joy to see thy beauties. Thou goest forth over heaven and earth, " made strong each day by thy mother Nut. Thou passest through the uppermost "heaven, thy heart swelleth with joy; and the Lake of Testes is content thereat. " The Enemy hath fallen, his arms are hewn off, the knife hath cut asunder his joints. "Ra liveth in Maa 1 the beautiful. The sektet boat draweth on and cometh into port; " the south, the north, the west and the east turn to praise thee, O thou unformed substance " of the earth, who didst create thyself. Isis and Nephthys salute thee, they sing unto thee " in thy boat hymns of joy, they shield thee with their hands. The souls of the East " follow thee, the souls of the West praise thee. Thou art the ruler of all gods and thou " hast joy of heart within thy shrine; for the Serpent Nak is condemned to the fire, and " thy heart shall be joyful for ever. Thy mother Nut is adjudged to thy father Nu."
PLATE II.
Vignette I.: The disk of the Sun O, supported by a pair of arms proceeding from the ankh \, the sign of life, which in turn is supported by a tet \, the emblem of the East and of the god Osiris. The tet stands upon the horizon £3. On each side of the disk are three dog-headed apes, spirits of the Dawn, their arms raised in adoration of the disk. On the right hand side of the tet is the goddess Nephthys Tj ^y|> an< 3 on the left is Isis u^xn; each goddess raising her hands in adoration of the tet, and kneeling upon the emblem aat pcr\, or hemi- sphere. Above is the sky F=q. This vignette belongs properly to the hymn to the rising sun. 2 1 Maa, unvarying and unalterable Law.
2 Compare the vignette from British Museum papyrus No. 9901. (Fig. 1.)
In some papyri the apes are four (Naviile, Das Acg. Todttnbuch, Bd. I., Bl. 26), or seven (Naville, op. cit, Bd. I., Bl. 21) in number.
In the vignette which usually accompanies the hymn to the setting sun (Fig. 2), but which does not occur in the present papyrus, a hawk wearing on his head a disk encircled by a serpent, i.e., Ra-Harmachis B.D. Chap. XV.]
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
Text: (1) [Hymn to Osiris.] " Glory be to Osiris Un-nefer, the great god " within Abydos, king of eternity, lord of the everlasting, who passeth through " millions of years in his existence. Eldest son of the womb (2) of Nut, IC engendered by Seb the Erpat, 1 lord of the crowns of the North and South, lord " of the lofty white crown. As Prince of gods and of men (3) he hath received the " crook and the flail and the dignity of his divine fathers* 2 Let thy heart which is , takes the place of the disk and Mr (e.g, British Museum papyri Nos. 99or (Naville, op. at., Bd. I., Bl. 21,), and 10,472); and the let is represented by the stand IT (Naville, op. eit., Bd. I., Bl. 22), on one side of which are three hawk-headed deities, and on the other three jackal-headed deities (see Lanzone, Dizionario, pp. 56, 57.). Beneath are Isis and Nephthys kneeling in adoration before two lion-gods, which represent yesterday and to-morrow. An interesting variant of the latter vignette occurs in British Museum papyrus No. 10,472, which was made for the lady Anhai, a singer in the temple of Amen at Thebes, about b.c 1000, where, in addition to the apes and figures of the goddesses (the titles of Isis are represented, on each side (i)the winged utehatGs^ with pendent uraeus (^ and then Q (emble- matic of the sun's circuit) and feather **b-; (2) a man, prostrate, adoring the disk; (3) four men, upright, with both hands raised in adoration; and (4) a human-headed bird a,^, > emblematic of the soul of the deceased lady, standing upon a pylon^ Fig* i> Fig. 2.
n mmm\ 1 The word D r^ er-pdt is composed of <=> er "chief" and _ j\ pat a "clan," "tribe," or " family "; Seb, then, was the prince of the family of the gods. Erpat is a very ancient word, and was probably in use in Egypt before suten, the common word for "king." For a discussion on this point see Maspero, Un Manuel de Hierarchie Agyptienne^ p. 15 ff.; Brugsch, Acgyptologie^ p. 210.
2 Osiris, the night sun, was the son of Ra, and the father and son of Horus. He is always repre- sented as a mummy holding in his hands the sceptre 1 9 crook f, and flail ^\. See Lanzone, Dizio- nario, p. 690 if.; Wiedemann, Religion, p. 123 ff.; Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie % p. 611 ff.
254 THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. [PLATE II.
" in the mountain of Amenta be content, for thy son Horns is stablished upon thy " throne. (4) Thou art crowned lord of Tattu l and ruler in Abtu. 2 Through thee " the world waxeth green (5) in triumph before the might of Neb-er-tcher. 8 He " leadeth in his train that which is and that which is not yet, in his name (6) " Ta-her-seta-nef; 4 he toweth along the earth in triumph in his name Seker.* " He is (7) exceeding mighty and most terrible in his name Osiris. He " endureth for ever and for ever in his name Un-nefer. 6 (8) Homage " to thee, King of kings, Lord of lords, Prince of princes, who from " the womb of Nut hast possessed the world (9) and hast ruled all lands " and Akert. 7 Thy body is of gold, thy head is of azure, and emerald light " encircleth thee. O An 8 of millions of years, (10) all-pervading with thy body and 1 The name Tettet or Tattu was borne by two towns in Lower Egypt: Busiris, the metropolis of the 9th nome, and Mendes, the metropolis of the 16th nome. See Brugsch, Diet, G'eog*, p. 978, and De Roug£, Geographic Ancienne de la Basse Agyptc, p. 58.
2 Both Busiris and Abydos claimed to be the resting place of the body of Osiris.
8 A name of Osiris when his scattered limbs had been brought together and built up again into a body by Isis and Nephthys:: see Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 714. The name means "lord of entirety." 4 I.e., The one who draws the world. 6 Seker is, like Ptah, Osiris, and Tenen, a form of the night sun. At the festival of this god, the Hennu boat, R \X *A#, a symbol of the god Seker of Memphis, was drawn round the sanctuary at dawn at the moment when the sun casts its golden rays upon the earth. For a list of Seker's shrines, see Lanzone, Dizionario, pp. 1117-1119. See also Wiedemann, Religion, p. 75; Pierret, Pantheon, p. 66.
6 A name of Osiris which, as an important name, is written at times in a cartouche, e.g., IK f 41b> Je] ]» ( ^T 1 1> an d / /""^\. It is usually explained to mean "the Good Being,'' although it has been suggested cation.
(Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1886) that " beautiful hare " is its signifi- 7 A general term for a necropolis. Akert is the country of which Osiris was the prince; and it is mentioned as connected with ~~^~ n^xn Stat and | fl\ ^ ° Neter-khert, each of which is a name of the great necropolis on the western bank of the Nile. See Brugsch, Diet. Geog, p. 75; Lepsius, Todtenbuch, chap. 165, 1. 6; Naville, La Liianie du Soleil, p. 98.
8 An or Ani, a name or form of Ra, the Sun-god (compare 1 1 Oil W (fill - 1 11^) ' " Ani at the head of the cycle of the gods," Grelmut, Hymne, p. 22), and also of Osiris. Ani is also identified with the Moon-god; compare ra^^^fl^^J^^^^^^^^® on B.D. CHAP. XV.] THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. 255 " beautiful in countenance in Ta-sert. 1 Grant thou to the ka of Osiris, the scribe " Ani, splendour in heaven and might upon earth and triumph in Neter-khert; l and " that I may sail down to (11) Tattu like a living soul and up to (13) Abtu like a " bennu (phoenix); and that I may go in and come out without repulse at (15) the " pylons of the Tuat. 1 May there be given unto (16) me loaves of bread in the " house of coolness, and (17) offerings of food in Annu, (18) and a homestead for " ever in Sekhet-Aru 2 with wheat and barley (20) therefor."
PLATE III.
PLATE III.
Vignette: Scene of the weighing of the Heart of the Dead. Ani and his wife enter the Hall of Double Law or Truth, wherein the heart O, emblematical of the conscience, is to be weighed in the balance against the feather fj, emblematical of law. Above, twelve gods, each holding a sceptre j y are seated upon thrones before a table of offerings of fruit, flowers, etc. Their names are: — Ik i I j[<§»<>;^s*-^ Harmachis, " the great god within his boat"; ^^£=1:% J| great god"; [^^fttw] Hathor, "lady of Amenta"; |^^=^ Hu; and^ma^ Sa. Upon the beam of the scales sits the dog-headed ape JQ 8 which was associated every day. May we never cease to behold thy rays! Thoth protecteth thee and maketh thy soul to stand up in the maat boat in thy name of Moon." For the identification of Ani with Horus, see Naville, La Litanie du Solcil, p. 99, note 10. The god Ani is also addressed as "Eye of Horus " by the deceased in the Sgth chapter of the Book of the Dead, which refers to the " uniting of a soul to its body in the underworld."
1 A name of the underworld.
2 Or Sextf-4nru, a division of the Sex^hetepu (see Plate XXXV.), the Elysian fields wherein the souls of the blessed were supposed to reap and sow.
3 In British Museum papyrus No. 9901 the goddess MaStifi is seated on the centre of the beam of the balance. The double Ma&t goddesses are at times represented standing beside the balance to watch the result of the weighing, and at the same time Maat is also placed in the scale to be weighed against the heart of the deceased (Fig. 1) (see Naville, Todtcnbueh, Bd. I., Bl. 136, Pa.). In the * For the hieratic text, see De Horrack, Lamentations agists et dc Nephthys % p. 4, 11. 1-3.
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate III.
with Thoth, 1 the scribe of the gods. The god Anubis, jackal-headed, tests the tongue of the balance, the suspending bracket of which is in the form of the feather R. The inscription above the head of Anubis reads: — " He who is in the tomb saith, ' I pray thee, O weigher of righteousness, to guide (?) the balance that it may be stablished.' " On the left of the balance, facing Anubis, stands Ani's "Luck" or "Destiny," Shai LS^ty]^ and above is the object called mesyen £3, which has been described 2 as "a cubit with human head, H and which is supposed to be connected with the place of birth. Behind these stand the goddesses Meskhenet fn H <£j and Renenet S^o8$fl: Meskhenet 8 papyrus of Qenna the head of Anubis is on the beam, and the ape, wearing disk and crescent, is seated upon a pylon-shaped pedestal beside the balance (Fig. 2). Another vignette shows Horus holding Maat in his hand, weighing the heart in the presence of the Maat goddesses, and Anubis, holding the deceased by the hand, presents the heart to Osiris while Isis and Nephthys in the form of apes sit near (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1.
1 In the papyrus of Sutimes (Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., Bl. 43) the ape is called ^Z7 _Z Jq Jj *^7 z=2±=> neb x emeT ^ nu uta mad, "Lord of Khemennu, just weigher"; and in British Museum papyrus No. 9900, " Thoth, lord of the scales."
2 Birch, in Bunsen's Egypfs Place, ^oV v., p. 259. In the papyrus of Anhai (British Museum, No. 10,472) there is a meskhen on each side of the upright of the balance: one is called Shai and the other Renen.
3 Four goddesses bore the name of Meskhen, and they were supposed to assist the resurrection of Osiris; they were associated with Tefnut, Nut, Isis, and Nephthys (see Lepsius, Denkmaler, iv., Bl. 59a; and Mariette, Denderah, iv., pi. 74 a). Each wore upon her head the object *VT, which is said by some to represent the blossoms of palm trees (Lanzone, Dizionaiio, p. 329). Examples of this as an amulet, in hard stone, in the British Museum, are Nos. 8158, 8159, 8161, 20,618, and, in porcelain, No. 15,963.
B.D. Judgment.] the BOOK OF THE DEAD. 257 presiding over the birth-chamber, and Renenet 1 probably superintending the rearing of children. Behind the meskhen is the soul of Ani in the form of a human-headed bird standing on a pylon. On the right of the balance, behind Anubis, stands Thoth, 3 the scribe of the gods, with his reed-pen and palette 3 containing black and red ink, with which to record the result of the trial. Behind Thoth stands the female monster Amam 4 ° °I^1, the " Devourer," or Am-mit °^^^5Kl> " the eater of the Dead."
1 The name of this goddess is probably connected with the word renen % " to suckle." M. Pierret identifies her with the goddess of that name who presided over harvests, and is described as the "lady of the offerings of all the gods" (Pantheon, p. 61), having a snake's head, which in some instances is surmounted by the disk, horns and feathers of the goddess Hathor (see Lanzone, Dizionario, tav.
3 Thoth was the personification of intelligence. He was self-created and self-existent, and was the "heart of Ra." He invented writing, letters, the arts and sciences, and he was skilled in astronomy and mathematics. Among his many titles are " lord of Law," " maker of Law," and " begetter of Law." He justified Osiris against his enemies, and he wrote the story of the fight between Horus, the son of Osiris, and Set. As " lord of Law " he presides over trie trial of the heart of the dead, and, as being the justifier of the god Osiris against his enemies, he is represented in funereal scenes as the justifier also of the dead before Osiris (see Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 1264 if., and tav. cccciv., No. 1; Pierret, Pantheon, pp. 10-14 \ and Brugsch, Religion und Mythologie, p. 439 ff.). Brugsch connects the name Teluiti (Thoth) with the old Egyptian word tehu, "ibis," and he believes that it means the "being who is like an ibis." The word tex also means " to measure," " to compute," "to weigh "; and as this god is called " the counter of the heavens and the stars, and of all that therein is," the connexion of the name Thoth with tex is evident. Bronze and faience figures of the god represent him with the head of an ibis, and holding an utehat ^^ in his hands (see Nos. 481, 490 a, and 11,385 in the British Museum).
The utehat, or eye of the sun, has reference to the belief that Thoth brought back each morning the light of the sun which had been removed during the night.
8 The palettes of the Egyptian scribe were rectangular, and were made of wood, stone, basalt, ivory (see Nos. 5512a, 5513, 5525a, and 12,779, etc -> m tne British Museum). They measure from 10 to 17 inches in length, and from 2 to 3 inches in width. They usually contain two round cavities to hold red and black ink, and a groove to hold the reed-pens. The inscriptions on them, which usually have reference to Thoth, are cut, or written in ink, or inlaid in colour; the name of the owner of the palette is generally added. The colours with which the Egyptians wrote were made of vegetable substances, coloured earths, and preparations of copper.
4 She is also called " Devourer of Amenta" (t\e. t the underworld), and Shai (see Lanzone, Dizionario, p. 129). In the British Museum papyrus No. 9901 she is described as — hat en emsuh pehu - s em tebt " the fore-part of a crocodile; her hind quarters [are those] of a hippopotamus; her-db - set em ma her middle part [is that] of a lion."
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate III.
Text: [Chapter XXXb.] Osiris, the scribe Ani, saith i 1 "My heart my mother, "my heart my mother, my heart my coming into being! May there be nothing to "resist me at [my] judgment; may there be no opposition to me from the Tchatcha;* " may there be no parting of thee from me in the presence of him who keepeth the "scales! Thou art my ka within my body [which] knitteth 8 and strengtheneth my " limbs. Mayest thou come forth to the place of happiness to which 4 I am advancing. 11 May the Shenit h not cause my name to stink, and may no lies be spoken against " me in the presence of the god! 6 Good is it for thee to hear." 7 Thoth, the righteous judge of the great company of the gods who are in the presence of the god Osiris, saith: " Hear ye this judgment. The heart of Osiris " hath in very truth been weighed, and his soul hath stood as a witness for him; " it hath been found true by trial in the Great Balance. There hath not been " found any wickedness in him; he hath not wasted the offerings in the temples; "he hath not done harm by his deeds; and he uttered no evil reports while he " was upon earth."
The great company of the gods reply to Thoth dwelling in Khemennu: " That "which cometh forth from thy mouth hath been ordained. Osiris, the scribe The Devourer usually stands near the balance instead of behind Thoth; but there is one papyrus quoted by Naville, (Todtenbuch^ Bd. I., Bl. 136) in which she is shown crouching beside the lake of fire in the infernal regions.
Ii £■•■ rt 1 Ani's speech forms the text of Chapter XXXb. as numbered by M. Naville (Todtenbuch, Bd. I., Bl. 43).
2 The four gods of the cardinal points, Mestha, Hapi, Tuamautef, and Qebhsennuf (see Naville, Todtenbuch Einleitung, p. 164).
8 Somfc copies read, "Thou art my ka within my body, the god Khnemu (i.e., "Moulder"), who uniteth (or formeth) and strengtheneth my limbs." Khneinu was called "builder of men, maker of the gods, the father from the beginning; creator of things which are," etc.
4 British Museum papyrus No. 9901 has "place of happiness to which thou goest with me."
5 A class of divine beings.
6 I.e., " the great god, lord of Amenta."
7 This sentence appears to be unfinished; see the Egyptian text, p. 12.
B.D. Judgment.] the BOOK OF THE DEAD. 259 " Ani, triumphant, is holy and righteous. He hath not sinned, neither hath he done " evil against us. Let it not be given to the devourer Amemet to prevail over him. " Meat-offerings and entrance into the presence of the god Osiris shall be granted 4 ' unto him, together with a homestead for ever in Sekhet-hetepu, as unto the " followers of Horus. " PLATE IV.
PLATE IV.
Vignette: Ani, found just, is led into the presence of Osiris. On the left the hawk-headed god Horus, the son of Isis, wearing the double crown of the North and the South, takes Ani by the hand and leads him forward towards " Osiris, the lord of eternity" r|J)^37 X^ Ausarneb t'etta, who is enthroned on the right within a shrine in the form of a funereal chest. The god wears the atef crown with plumes; a menat (see p. 245, note 2) hangs from the back of his neck; and he holds in his hands the crook f, sceptre |, and flail ^\, emblems of sovereignty and dominion. He is wrapped in bandages ornamented with scale- work. The side of his throne is painted to resemble the doors of the tomb. Behind him stand Nephthys on his right hand and Isis on his left. Facing him, and standing on a lotus flower, are the four "children of Horus (or Osiris)," or gods of the cardinal points. The first, Mestha, has the head of a man; the second, Hapi, the head of an ape; the third, Tuamautef, the head of a jackal; and the fourth, Qebhsennuf, the head of a hawk. Suspended near the lotus is an object which is usually called a panther's skin, 1 but is more probably a bullock's hide.
The roof of the shrine is supported on pillars with lotus capitals, and is sur- mounted by a figure of Horus-Sept or Horus-Seker and rows of ursei.
In the centre Ani kneels before the god upon a reed mat, raising his right hand in adoration, and holding in his left hand the kkerp sceptre &. He wears a whitened wig surmounted by a " cone," the signification of which is unknown. Round his neck is a deep collar of precious stones. Near him stands a table of offerings of meat, fruit, flowers, etc., and in the compartments above are a number of vessels for wine, beer, oil, wax, etc., together with bread, cakes, ducks, a wreath, and single flowers.
1 On the bullock's hide, in which the deceased, or the person who represented him, was supposed to wrap himself, see Virey, Tombeau de Rekhmara % p. 50, and plate 26, lower registtr.
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD.
[Plate IV.
Appendix: The shrine is in some instances represented in the shape of a pylon, the cornice of which is ornamented either with uraei op, or with the disk of the sun and feathers, emblematic of Maat, (JuCJUpP- It usually rests upon a base made in the shape of a cubit, > — » The throne upon which Osiris sits is placed upon reed mats (British Museum papyrus No. 10471), or upon the cubit-shaped base, or in a pool of water, from which springs a lotus flower with buds and having the four gods of the cardinal points (see British Museum papyrus No. 9901) standing upon it. In some of the oldest papyri the body of Osiris is painted white, and he stands upright. Isis is described as "great lady, divine mother," and Nephthys as "the mistress of the underworld." In British Museum papyrus No. 10,471 the scene of the presentation of the deceased to Osiris is unusual and of interest On the right the scribe Nekht cj~« t$\ and his wife Thuau s=* ^ ' y nt stand with both hands raised in adoration of Osiris. Behind them, upon a cubit-shaped base, is a house with four windows in its upper half, and upon the roof two triangular projections similar to those which admit air into modern houses in the East. Before the door are a sycamore (?) tree and a palm tree, with clusters of fruit; on the left is the god Osiris on his throne, and behind him stands " Maat, mistress of the two countries, daughter of Ra," above whom are two outstretched female arms proceeding from a mountain and holding a disk between the hands. In the centre, between Osiris and the deceased, is a pool of water with three sycamore (?) trees on each side, and at each corner a palm tree bearing clusters of dates; and from it there springs a vine laden with bunches of grapes.
In British Museum papyrus No. 10,472 the god seated in the shrine wears the crown of the god Tanen j&\_, and is called " Ptah-Seker-Ausar, within the hidden place, great god, lord of Ta-sert, king of eternity, prince of the everlasting."
Text: Saith Horus, the son of Isis: " I have come unto thee, O Unnefer, and u I have brought the Osiris Ani unto thee. His heart is [found] righteous coming 4 'forth from the balance, and it hath not sinned against god or goddess. Thoth 4 'hath weighed it according to the decree uttered unto him by the company B.D. Chap. XXXb.]
THE BOOK OF THE DEAD, " of the gods; and it is very true and righteous. Grant him cakes and ale; "and let him enter into the presence of Osiris; and may he be like unto the " followers of Horus for ever."
Behold, Osiris Ani saith: " O Lord of Amentet (the underworld), I am in thy "presence. There is no sin in me, I have not lied wittingly, nor have I done " aught with a false heart. Grant that I may be like unto those favoured ones " who are round about thee, and that I may be an Osiris, greatly favoured of the " beautiful god and beloved of the lord of the world, [I] the royal scribe indeed, "who loveth him, Ani, triumphant before the god Osiris."
Appendix: The usual title of this chapter [XXX B.] is, "Chapter of not allowing the heart of [the deceased] to be driven away from him in the underworld." 1 It is an address by the deceased to his own heart, which he calls his ka or " double " within his body. It should be accompanied by a vignette of the trial of the heart in which the heart is weighed against the dead man himself, as in the ancient Nebseni papyrus.
In the Ani papyrus, however, it will be observed that the heart is being weighed against the feather of the Law, Maat, a scene which often accompanies Chapter CXXV.
Interesting variants of the vignettes of Chapter XXXb. are given by Naville (Todtenbuch y Bd. I., Bl. 43), where we find the deceased addressing either his heart placed on a stand „ P -, or a beetle, or a heart to which are attached the antennae of a beetle. In certain papyri this chapter is followed by a rubric: — " [This chapter is] to be said over a "scarab* of green stone encircled with smu metal, and [having] a ring of silver, which " is to be placed upon the neck of the dead. This chapter was found in Khemennu, 8 i*qL, O 8 Chapter XXXa. is never found inscribed upon scarabs.