there threw off his _toga_ and displayed his coat of mail to show the danger to which he was exposed. The people were so angry with Catiline that they chose Murena and Silanus as consuls.
13: _quotiescumque--obstiti_: “as often as you aimed at my life, by my own resources did I oppose you:” _petere_ is a gladiatorial term, “to aim a blow at an opponent.”
fact and in good authors used with the indicative from _quamvis_ introducing a purely hypothetical case and used with the subjunctive.
H., 516, I. and II.
15: _perniciem--conjunctum_: “that my destruction was linked with the signal downfall of the state” --_pernicies_: from _per-_ root _nec_: cp.
_nex_, _noceo_, hence utter destruction --_calamitas_: another form is _cadamitas_: from _cado_, to fall: for the interchange of _d_ and _l_: § 12.-- before the regular time), or “now at last.”
3: _quare--audeo_: “wherefore since I do not yet dare to pursue that course which first presents itself and which is in accordance with the power (I hold) and the principles of our ancestors” --_imperii_ genitive after _proprium_. What cases may _proprius_ govern? _imperii_ refers to the extraordinary power which he had by the decree _videant consules ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat_. This decree (_decretum ultimum_) armed the consuls with civil and military authority. Others say _imperii proprium_ means, “in accordance with this government.”
4: _ad--lenius_: “milder as regards severity,” or “in point of severity.” _Ad_ = _quoad, quoad attinet ad, si spectes_. He uses _ad communem salutem utilius_ to balance _ad severitatem lenius_.
5: _reliqua--manus_: “a remnant of the conspirators.” Ernesti reads 7: _exhaurietur--reipublicae_: “there shall be drained off from the city a great and destructive refuse of the state composed of your comrades.”
_Exhaurio_: cp. ἀντλέω properly to drain the bilge water (ἄντλος _sentina_) out of the hold of a vessel. --_tuorum comitum_: this secondary genitive is one of explanation (_expexegetical_).
§ 13.-- 3: _consul hostem_: note the emphatic juxtaposition of these words.
4: _num--exilium_, scil. _jubes me exire_: “You do not order me to go into exile, do you?” Distinguish _exilium_, _deportatio_, and _relegatio_: see Antiquities.
consulit_.
CHAPTER VI.
7: _extra--hominum_: “unconnected with that band of conspirators composed of worthless men” --_conjuratio_: used in a concrete sense: 8: _quae--est?_ “what stain of domestic infamy has not been branded on your life?” Distinguish: _nŏtă, nōtă, nŏtā_. The expression _nota domesticae turpitudinis_ differs in meaning from _privatarum rerum dedecus_: the former relates to moral or immoral domestic life, the latter to all private actions as opposed to those that affect a man’s public character. _Nota_ is applied (1) to the brand on cattle; Virg.
Georg. 3, 158: (2) to the mark placed on a fugitive slave when retaken: (3) to the mark placed by the censor (_nota censoria_) on revising the list of citizens, opposite the name of the person degraded. According to Plutarch, Catiline had slain his own brother and murdered his own son that there might be no obstacle to his marrying Aurelia Orestilla.
9: _quod--fama_: “what scandal in private life does not cling to your notorious acts?” Some read _infamiae_, a dat, after _haeret_, which is sometimes found. Give the different constructions of _haerere_.
10: _quae--afuit_: “what act of impurity ever was strange to your eyes, what enormity to your hands, what pollution to your whole body?”
--_libido_; licentiousness, in a general sense; _facinus_, a bold, daring deed, in a bad sense, unless justified by some favourable epithet: _flagitium_, a disgraceful, lustful excess.
11: _cui--praetulisti?_ “to what youth, after you had once entangled him by the allurements of vice, did you not hand either a dagger to commit some daring deed, or a torch to inflame his passion?” --_adulescentulo_: the diminutive is used in a depreciatory sense, since many a weak youth was misled by Catiline (Sallust Cat., c. 14). --_facem_: the figure refers to the nightly revels and debauches of Catiline. Slaves carried torches before their masters at night to show the way. The torch of Catiline not merely showed the way to crimes, but served to inflame the passions of lust.
§ 14.-- say?”
2: _nuper--cumulasti?_ “When lately by the death of your first wife you had rendered your home empty to contract a new marriage, did you not aggravate this crime by committing another incredible act of guilt?” It is said that Catiline poisoned his first wife and murdered his own son, to marry Aurelia Orestilla.
3: _patior_: “I suffer myself:” a kind of middle form: cp. _glorior_, 5: _quas--senties_: “which you will find wholly threaten you on the next Ides.” On the _ides_ it was usual to pay interest on borrowed money, cp.
Hor. Ep. 2. The _ides_ (_idus_, from _iduare_, to divide) were on the 13th of each month, except in March, May, July, October, when they fell on the 15th. As this oration was delivered on the 8th, Catiline had only five days to prepare against bankruptcy. Decline _idus_? What words are fem. of 4th decl.?
6: _ad--pertinent_: “to these I come, which concern not the personal disgrace which attaches to your vices, (which concern) not the embarassment and scandal of your home, but (which concern) the welfare of the state and the life and safety of us all.” --_ignominiam_: referring to his personal crimes. --_difficultatem_: his financial difficulties.
3: _pridie--Januarias_: scil _ante_: “on the day before the Kalends of January,” i.e. December 31st, Sallust gives an account of this earlier conspiracy. The plan was to murder the consuls in the capitol, then Catiline and Autronius were to seize the consular power. Suetonius says that both Crassus and Caesar were partners in guilt, and that the scheme failed because Crassus did not appear at the proper time. A second time (5th February) an attempt was made, but this also failed in consequence of Catiline having given the signal too soon before a sufficient number of followers had arrived.
4: _Lepido et Tullo consulibus_: M. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Volcatius Tullus were consuls 66 B.C. The _consules designati_ were P. Autronius Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla: but these were disqualified for bribery and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatius (their accusers) obtained the consulship.
5: _comitio_: distinguish _comitium_ and _comitia_. Where was the collected a gang to slay the consuls and leading men of the state?”
6: _sceleri--obstitisse?_ “that no reflection or fear of yours, but the good luck of the state thwarted your wicked and frenzied attempt!” Is _aliquis_ commonly used in negative clauses?
7: _neque--postea_: i.e., _nam quae post a te commissa sunt, ea neque obscura sunt, neque panca_.
10: _ita--effugi_: “aimed in such a way that they seemed impossible to be parried have I avoided by a slight side movement, and, as they term it, by (a deflection of) the body.” --_petitio_, _declinatio_, _corpus_, _effugio_, are terms of the fencing school purposely used by Cicero to show that Catiline was no better than a gladiator: cp. Cic. Cat. II. 2.
--_ut aiunt_: cp. ὡς ϕασί: “as the saying is.”
3: _quae--defigere_: the position of the relative and the indirect interrogation is foreign to our idiom, and must be avoided in (unhallowed) rites it has been consecrated and devoted to its purpose by you that you deem it necessary to plunge it in the body of the consul.”
Cicero here refers to the fact that a human sacrifice took place at the house of Catiline, and that the dagger used on that occasion was dedicated to the purpose of slaying the consuls: cp. Sallust, Cat.
C. 23.
CHAPTER VII.
5: _sed ut_: construe _sed (tecum loquar) ut misericordia (permotus esse videar)_.
--_necessarii_: cp. ἀναγκαῖοι. --_salutavit_: among the Romans it was customary when they saw their friends or eminent men approaching to rise up, and salute or courteously address them.
Ἕλληνες μέμνηνται.
_contigit_: generally means, “it befalls” of fortunate occurences, but not always.
for reproofs from those speaking, when you are overpowered by the most solemn sentence of those, though they are silent.” The reference is to the fact that the Senate had declared Catiline _patriae hostis_, and had received him with silence on entering the Senate.
11: _quid?_ scil. _dicam_. We often find _quid? quod_ used by Cicero in rapid rhetorical questions: Madvig., 479, d. obs. 1.
13: _ista subsellia_: “the benches near you.” The seats of the senators (_subsellia_) were beneath that of the consul (_sella curulis_), which was on a platform.
14: _qui fuerunt_: “who have been often destined for slaughter by you.”
15: _nudam atque inanem_: “completely bare:” Cicero often uses two epithets of nearly the same meaning to emphasize the idea to be conveyed.
§ 17.-- 1: _servi--arbitraris_: a fine example of the argument _a fortiori_. The Latins call this _amplificatio_ (Quint. 8, 4, 9), the Greeks ἐνθύμημα, a rhetorical conclusion, drawn from opposites.
juves_. We also find _me hercules_, _mehercle_, _mercule_, varieties of the same oath. For the tendency to drop _s_ final: cp. Peile (Greek and Latin Etymology, p. 355).
3: _isto pacto_: “in the way.” --_isto_ here does duty for the article or may be = _eodem_.
_omnes_: the fellow-conspirators are no longer regarded as citizens by Cicero.
_recognosco_, in meaning.
properly construed with _quin_ and the subjunctive, rarely with the infinitive. But when _dubito_ means “to scruple,” “to hesitate,” and the sentence following contained the same subject, _non dubito_ is generally construed with the infinitive.
12: _nunc_ = νῦν δέ, “but now, as it is,” used to contrast _actual_ and _imagined_ condition.
13: _jamdiu--cogitare_: “and for a long time has it come to the conclusion that you have been planning nothing but her ruin.” --_nihil = de nulla re_. --_parricidio_ = _interitu_, because _patria_ is regarded _communis parens_. According to Roman law _parricidium_ included the murder of intimate friends as well as of parents.
14: _verebere_: _vereor_, a religious reverence due to a superior: _pertimesco_, an excessive dread of impending calamity.
2: _nullum_: note the emphatic positions of _nullum--nullum_.
3: _neces_: alluding to the murders which Catiline perpetrated as a partisan of Sulla, during the dictatorship of the latter.
4: _sociorum_: in 67 B.C. Catiline was propraetor of Africa. In 65 B.C.
he was accused by P. Clodius Pulcher, the inveterate enemy of Cicero, for cruel oppression of the provincials, but he succeeded in buying off the accuser, and the persecution came to nothing.
5: _tu--valuisti_: “you had power enough not only to disregard the judicial trials, but also to subvert them and weaken their power.”
Distinguish _jus_, what the law ordains, or the obligations it imposes, from _lex_, a written statute or ordinance. --_quaestiones_: the _praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregrinus_ dispensed justice in private and less important cases. In case of any magnitude the people acted as jury themselves, or appointed one or more to preside at the trial. Those appointed were called _quaesitores_ or _quaestores_. In 150 B.C. _four_ permanent praetors were appointed to aid the _praetor urbanus_ and _praetor peregimus_. One had charge of all cases of extortion; another, of bribery; another, of treason; another, of frauds against the public treasury. These four classes of trials were called _quaestiones perpetuae_.
6: _nunc--ferendum_: “but now that I should be wholly on your account the slave of fear, that in every, even the least rumour, Catiline should be dreaded, that no plot seems possible to be entered into, in which your villany has no share (these things, I say), are not to be endured.”
--_totam_: fem: referring to _patriam_.
7: _ne--opprimar_: scil. _discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe_.
CHAPTER VIII.
§ 19.-- 3: _custodiam_: when a person of rank was suspected of any treasonable act, he generally surrendered himself into the hands of some responsible person, to be guarded until his guilt or innocence was established. This was called _custodia libera._ 4: _apud M’_: another reading is _ad M._ The person was Manius (not Marcus) Lepidus who held the office of consulship with Volcatius Tullus B.C. 68.
_domi meae_: would _domi_ with other adjectives be allowable?
5: _isdem parietibus_: here the idea of _means_ is combined with that of _quod--contineremur_: when does _quod_ take the indicative and when the to follow, hence _sequor_), a follower: _consors_, a partner in lot: _comes_, a companion on a journey: _sodalis_, a boon companion.
7: _virum optimum_: probably ironical: nothing is known of him, except that he was weak and simple.
8: _videlicet_ and _scilicet_: “no doubt”: both introduce an explanation with the difference, that the former generally indicates the true, the latter, the wrong explanation, though sometimes, as in the present passage, the meanings are reversed. Z. 345.
_a vinculis_: the state prison which was used to detain prisoners, not for penal imprisonment in opposition to (_custodia libera_) private custody.
2: _emori_: another reading is _morari_, antithetical to _abire_.
3: _refer ad senatum_: “bring up (the matter scil. _rem_) before the Senate.” --_referre_ is the technical term to express the laying of the subject for debate before the Senate, which was done by the consul or presiding magistrate: _deferre_, denotes the simple announcement of anything: _placere_, is the usual term to express the decision of the Senate. The aristocratic party had advised Catiline to go into exile, preferring that he should take this course rather than that they should have an open conflict with him.
4: _sibi--decreverit_: “shall decree by their vote.” The senators voted 5: _abhorret--moribus_: “is inconsistent with my character.” The fact is the Senate could not pass a sentence of exile.
6: _si--expectas_: “if it is this word (exile) you are waiting for.”
7: _patiuntur--tacent_: i.e., they suffer me to use this bold language to you and still they raise no word on your behalf.
8: _quid--perspicis?_ “why do you wait for the sentence of these in words, where will you perceive, though they are silent?”
§ 21.-- 1: _huic_: “who is present.” P. Sestius Gallus was quaestor to the consul Antonius who as _tribunus plebis_ in 57 B.C. was active for Cicero’s recall from banishment. Cicero defended him in 56 B.C. in an action _de vi_.
2: _vim--intulisset_: “would have laid violent hands on me:” a species of hendiadys. Even his dignity as consul, and the sacred shrine of Juppiter Stator would not have shielded him.
note these examples of _oxymoron_.
formed the second or middle order of the Roman State.
5: _prosequantur_: those who went into voluntary exile were often accompanied to the gates by their friends. An escort is promised Catiline to express the delight in getting rid of him.
CHAPTER IX.
§ 22.-- 1: _quamquam_: cp. καίτοι; “and yet,” used here as a corrective particle.
2: _te_; scil. _sperandumne sit fore ut_: “is it to be expected that anything will break your resolve?” Note the emphatic positions of _te_, _tu_, _tu_, _tu_. What feelings do these interrogations express?
3: _duint_ = _dent_: often used in religious formulas. Give the 4: _animum induxeris_: Cicero uses the form _animum inducere_ (except in Pro Sulla, 30, 83) and Livy always _in animum in pucere_.
5: _quanta--impendeat_: “what a storm of unpopularity threatens me, if not at present, on account of the memory of your crimes being fresh, still in the future time.” --_recenti_ = _memoria_: abl. of cause. --_in 6: _sed--sejungatur_: “but (the unpopularity you threaten) willingly will I undergo (literally, pays me well) provided the loss which you forbode is confined to myself and does not involve danger to the State.”
--_tanti_: genitive of price. The subject of _est_ is _invidiam istam mihi impendere_.
7: _ut--ut--ut_: these three clauses are explained by the three beginning with _aut, aut, aut_. --_pudor_ = αἰδώς; “a sense of shame, or modesty.”
§ 23.-- 1: _conflare_: a metaphor taken from metals: literally, “to smelt 3: _vix--vix_: note the emphatic positions: “hard will it be for me to bear the weight of the unpopularity caused by you, if you go into exile by the order of the consul,” --_sermones_: “the censure:” cp. our expression “to be the talk of the town.” _feceris_: see note 4, § 6.
4: _sui--mavis_: “but if, however, you prefer to consult my praise and glory.” _laus--gloria_ are originally derived from the same root CLU, properly a mercenary soldier who serves for pay (λατρεία): afterwards, “a brigand.” _impio_: as being against his native land: cp. _pietas erga § 24.-- 2: _qui--armati?_ “to wait for you arms near Forum Amelium.” _ad_ before the name of towns denotes (1) direction; (2) proximity, as in this passage. Towns were called _Fora_, by the Romans, where the praetor held his circuits for administering justice and where markets were established. The town mentioned here was in Etruria between the Armenta (_Fiora_) and Marta, not from the sea. It is now called _Monte Alto_. It derived its name from one Aurelius, who built the _Via Aurelia_ from Rome to Pisa.
_praestolarentur_: the word _praestolari_, is “to wait for” said of a subordinate who performs some services for a superior.
3: _pactam--diem_: from what verb is _pactam_? --_dies_, in the sense of a “fixed day” is usually feminine.
4: _aquilam_: the same that Marius carried in his Cimbric war. Catiline fell beside it at Pistoria (Gall. Cat. C. 59). A silver eagle with extended wings, and on the top of a spear was the ensign of the whole legion. The _signa_ were the standards of the _manipuli_ and the _vexillum_ is the standard of the cavalry.
5: _cui--fuit_: “for which the secret place where you concocted your crimes was prepared in your house.” The eagle was usually kept in a part of the _praetorium_ which was consecrated (_sacrarium_).
6: _tu--solebas_: scil. _credendumne sil fore_: “is it to be believed that you could any longer be without this, to which you when setting out to slaughter were wont to pay your vows?”
7: _altaribus_: only plural in classical Latin.
CHAPTER X.
3: _ad--servavit_: “it was for this mad career that nature gave you being, inclination trained you, fate reserved you:” distinguish 4: _non modo_, for the omission of _non_ after _non modo_, see Madvig., § 461, C. When the sentence is negative, _non modo = non modo non_, the second _non_ being omitted, if both sentences have the same verb, and if the verb is contained in the second sentence, for the negative is thus considered to belong conjointly to both sentences. Z. 724., b.
derelictis ab non modo omni fortuna, verum etiam (a) spe_.
§ 26.-- “what gratification will you experience.” Notice the climax in this sentence.
2: _ad--tui_: “it was for the earnest prosecution of this life that these feats of endurance, which are made so much of, were practised.”
--_meditari_: is used passively: as _abominatus, amplexus, confessus, detestatus, dimensus, exsecratus, moderatus, suetus_. M. 153. With _meditari_: cp. μελετᾶν.
3: _ad--stuprum_: “to watch for an opportunity to commit an act of debauchery.” = _ad tempus stupro opportunum observandum_. The infinitive clauses _jacere, vigilare_, are in opposition with _labores_.
6: _habes--omnium_: “you have (now) an opportunity of showing the renowned endurance you have for withstanding hunger, cold, (and) a need of all things:” cp. Sallust, Cat. C., 5: _corpus potiens inediae, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam unquam credibile est_.
7: _quibus_: to be referred to _famis, frigoris, inopiae_, not to _omnium rerum_.
§ 27.-- 2: _quum--reppuli_: at the last election, Cicero adopted these measures especially aimed at Catiline: a bill to increase the penalty against bribery (_ambitus_); by disarranging the plans of Catiline in putting off the elections, and appearing in the Campus Martius in armour.
CHAPTER XI.
4: _detester ac deprecer_: both these words mean “to seek to remove anything from one, such as blame, &c., by calling the gods to witness (_testari deos_) and by imploring (_precari_) their aid.” Note the middle force of these deponents.
5: _quaeso_: conjugate this verb.
8: _evoratorum servorum_: Catiline, however, refused the help of slaves (Sallust, Cat. C., 56), though Lentulus urged him to use these.
10: _hunc--duci_: what is the usual construction of _imperari_? H.
498, I. The infinitive with _imperare_ is always passive.
11: _mactari_: the official word of sacrifice, “to slay a victim.” It is connected with old verb _magere_: probably “to strike:” cp. μάχη, hence “to kill.”
§ 28.-- 1: _tandem_: cp. note 1, § 1. Cicero shews that neither precedent, nor laws, nor the judgment of future generations deter Catiline.
2: _At_: introduces the objection of an opponent: “Yes, but.” Cicero refers here to the case of P. Scipio Nasica who headed the nobility against Tib. Gracchus.
The former were proposed by (1) P. Valerius Poplicola 509 B.C. which enacted that no Roman magistrate should put to death or flog a Roman citizen if he had appealed to the people: (2) in 449 B.C. L. Valerius Potitus enacted that no magistracy should be held with an exemption from appeal: (3) in 300 B.C. M. Valerius Corvus brought in a bill sanctioning the other laws on the subject of appeal. The _leges Porciae_ were proposed by three of the _Porcii_, and exempted from stripes the persons of Roman citizens, and imposed heavy fines on any one who should scourge or kill a Roman citizen.
4: _rogatae sunt_: “have been passed.” The people at the _comitia_ were _asked_ to pass a law by the presiding magistrate in the words When the people voted _two_ ballots were usually given them, one marked with the letters U R (i.e. _uti rogas_ or “yea”), and the other with A term (_novus homo_) to the first of a family who had raised himself to a consul office, _tam mature_: the _lex annalis_ enacted that no one could obtain the _quaetorship_ till he was 31; the _aedileship_ till 37; the _praetorship_ till 41; and the _consulship_ till 43. Cicero means that he obtained these offices as soon as he was eligible to hold them.
7: _propter invidiam_: “because of too disquieting fear of unpopularity.”
§ 29.-- firm discharge of duty to be feared rather than that arising from indolence and indifference.”
CHAPTER XII.
2: _factu_: give rules for the use of the supines: H. 547.
3: _judicarem_: this tense in the _protasis_ with the plupf. in the _apodosis_, denotes that the action is going on simultaneously.
“interest” paid for the _use_ of capital.
6: _etenim_: “and (well may I make this assertion), for:” cp. καὶ γάρ.
§ 30.-- 2: _qui--dissimulent_: “of such a character that they either are blind to those evils which threaten us, or profess blindness in regard to the subjunctive.
3: _qui--aluerunt_ = _hi--aluerunt_: not to be connected with _nonnulli sunt_, as this would require _aluerint_.
understand _supplicio_: the preposition _in_ is necessary when the meaning is “to punish with an authoritative and steady hand.” _regie_: 5: _pervenerit_: fut. perf.
6: _paulisper--posse_: “may for a season be repressed, but cannot for ever be suppressed”; _reprimo_: to hold in check merely for a short time; _comprimo_: to completely check.
8: _ceteros naufragos_: “the rest of his shipwrecked band of followers”: i.e., shipwrecked in character and fortune by reason of their excesses.
from root _ul, ol, al_, “high.”
CHAPTER XIII.
§ 31.-- 1: _jamdiu_: for the space of three years from the consulate of Lepidus and Tullus, 66 B.C.; _nescio quo pacto_: “in some way or other”: literally, “I know not on what terms”: cp. οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον, _nescio quo modo_.
2: _omnium--erupit_: a pregnant construction as if he had meant: “all these crimes have been a-ripening up to, and the continued career of frenzy and boldness have burst forth in, the time of my consulship.” The metaphor is probably borrowed from an ulcer, bursting when ripe.
_conjurati--residebit_: the metaphor is taken from a subtle poison in the system. The state is looked upon by the orator as the body, the conspiracy as the fever, and the execution of Catiline as the draught of cool water which momentarily refreshes.
4: _visceribus_: _viscera_ were the upper vitals, including the heart, lungs, liver, &c: _intestina_, were the liver vitals. Observe the force of _atque_ and the repetition of the preposition.
5: _cum--jactantur_: there is no hendiadys here, but merely an accumulation of synonymous terms. Observe the middle force of 8: _vehementius--ingravescet_: “shall become more chronic if the others are allowed to live”: _vivis reliquis_: abl. abs.
§ 32.-- time, and the partisans of Catiline thronged around his _tribunal_ to intimidate him when delivering judgment in cases of debt.
2: _obsīdĕre--curiam_: “to beset the senate house in arms.” Romulus divided the people into three tribes (_tribus_) and each tribe was divided into ten wards (_curiae_). Each _curia_ had a temple for the performance of its religious rites and for holding political meetings: the root is _cur_: “to be powerful;” cp. Quirites, hence, “the powerful 3: _malleolos_: properly _malleolus_, is “a hammer,” the tranverse head of which was formed for holding pitch and tow. These latter were set on fire and thrown slowly that they might not be extinguished, to ignite houses and other buildings. Translate “fire-darts.”
4: _quid--sentiat_: “what his sentiments are respecting the state:” dep.
quest. --_polliceor--fore_: what verbs are construed with the future infinitive?
5: _patefacta--oppressa_: note the balancing of these words, and the _asyndeton_.
§ 33.-- absolute.
2: _cum--exitio_: “with the best interests of the republic (fully established), and with your own calamity and ruin (fully assured) and with the destruction of these”: _cum_ here denotes an accompanying circumstance as a result or consequence of an action: z, 472.
3: _tu_: addressing the statue of Juppiter in the temple of Juppiter Stator.
4: _auspiciis_: not only temples but also statues were consecrated, by taking auspices.
rhetorical exaggeration, as the temple was only viewed by Romulus and built much later; Livy x. 37.
6: _arcebis_: with a softened imperative force: so also _mactabis_.
PROPER NAMES.
A =Ahāla, -ae=: m.: _Caius Servilius Ahala_ was master of the horse to the dictator Cincinnatus, 439 B.C. Spurius Maelius, one of the _Equites_, bought corn at a low rate and distributed it gratuitiously to the poor.
By this he gained the favour of the plebeians, but incurred the enmity of the patricians. When he was summoned by the dictator to appear on the charge of aiming at royal power, he refused, and Ahala, with an armed band, rushed into the crowd where he was standing, and slew him. Cicero often praises the deed of Ahala, but it is doubtful whether it can be defended.
E =Etrūrĭa, -ae=: f.: a large district of Italy, lying west and north of the Tiber. This part of Italy was generally favorable to Catiline. In it were _Faesulae_, and _Pistoria_, where Catiline fell, 62 B.C.
F Etruria. Here Catiline raised the standard of rebellion.
=Fŏrum Aurēlĭum, Fŏri Aurēlĭi=: n.: a town of Etruria, on the Aurelian way; now _Monte Alto_.
=Flaccus, -i=: m.: _M. Fulvius Flaccus_ was charged with the execution of the Agrarian law of the Gracchi, and aided Tib. Gracchus to gain for all the Italians the rights of Roman citizenship. He was cited along with the consul Opimius to render an account of his conduct with regard to the revolutionary measures then proposed. This he refused to obey, and was slain along with his eldest son.
G Gracchus_ were sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and of Cornelia, Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. The object of both brothers was to have the public lands divided and given to the poor, by allowing no one to hold more than 500 _jugera_ of land. The state was to compensate the wealthy for all the loss. Both brothers fell in the sedition that arose out of their revolutionary schemes: Tiberius in 132 B.C., and Caius in 122 B.C.
I =Itălĭa, -ae=: f.: Italy, a country of Southern Europe.
J =Jānŭārĭus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to _January_.
=Juppĭter, Jŏvis=: m.: Juppiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology.
L =Laeca, -ae=: m.: _M. Porcius Laeca_, an accomplice of Catiline, who convened at his house the leading members of the conspiracy.
67 B.C.
M gain regal power at Rome by securing the favour of the plebeians 449 B.C. This he tried to do by supplying corn at a low rate. He was summoned to appear before Cincinnatus, the dictator, but refused, and was slain by Ahala.
=Manlĭānus, -a, -um=: adj.: of or belonging to Manlius.
=Manlĭus, -i=: m.: _Caius Manlius_, an accomplice of Catiline, and sent to Etruria to collect troops. He commanded the right wing of Catiline’s army at Pistoria, and “foremost fighting fell.”
friend of Catiline.
was despatched by Cicero into the Gallic and Picene districts to raise a force against Catiline. He was consul 61 B.C., and poisoned by his wife Clodia 59 B.C.
N =Nŏvembris, -e=: adj.: belonging to November.
O