they could see all that is implied in the right education of children, to a full conception of which no man has yet riseu, much less any woman, they would seek no higher function.
That in time to come the political statvs of 'vomen may also be rased to something like equality with that of men, seems a deduction naturally accompanying tha pre- ceding ones. But such an approximate equalization, normally accompanying a social structure of the com- pletely industrial type, is not a normal accompaniment of social types still pai*tially militant. Just noting that the giving to men and women equal amounts of political power, while the political responsibilities entailed by war fell upon men only, would involve a serious inequality, and that the desired equality is therefore impracticable while wars continae; it may be contended that though the possession of political power by women would possibly improve a society in which State-regalation had been brought within the limits proper to pure industrialism^ it would injure a society in which State-regulation has the wider range characterizing a more or less militant type. Several influences would conduce to retrogression. The greater respect for authority and weaker sentiment of in- dividual freedom characterizing the feminine nature^ would tend towards the maintenance and multiplication of restraints. Ability to appreciate special and immediate results^ joined with inability to appreciate general and remote results, characterizing the majority of men^ and still more charac- terizing women^ would^ if women had power^ entail increase of coercive measures for achieving present good, at the cost of future evil caused by excess of control. But there is a more direct reason for anticipating mischief from the ex- ercise of political power by women^ while the industrial form of political regulation is incomplete. We have seen that the welfare of a society requires that the ethics of the Family and the ethics of the State shall be kept distinct. Under the one the greatest benefits must be given where the merits are the smallest; under the other the benefits must be proportioned to the merits: for the infant unqualified generosity; for the adult citizen absolute justice. The ethics of the family have for their correlatives the parental instincts and sentiments, which^ in the female, are qualified in a smaller degree by other feelings than in the male. Al- ready these emotions proper to parenthood, as they exist in men, lead them to carry the ethics of the Family into the policy of tho State; and the mischief resulting would be increased were these emotions as existing in women, directly to influence that policy. The progress towards justice in social arrangements would be retarded; and demerit would be fostered at the expense of merit still more than now. But in proportion as the conceptions of pure equity be- 794 THK IXnESBTIC SELATIOBra.
oome cleatrer — as fast as ihe regime of Tolantary oo-opeii- tion develops to Uie full the sentiinent of personal freedom. with a oorrelatiye regard for the like freedom of others— u fast as there is approached a state under i^hich no restric- tions upon individual liberty will be tolerated, save those which the eqnal liberties of fellow^cituens entafl — as h& as indostrialism evolves its i^ropiiate political agency, which^ i^ile commissioned to maintain eqiiitable rdatioib ammig citizens, is shorn of all those powers of buiher rega- lation proper to the militant type; so fast maj the ex- tension of political power to womCTi go on withont evil The moral evolntion which leads to conoession of it, will be the same moral evolntion which renders it harmless and probably beneficial.
§ 341. No very specific conclusions axe to be drawn re- specting future changes in the status of children. Parental and filial relations, less regulated in detail by law and custom than all others, have more readily changed under ike is- fluence of changed sentiments and ideas, and, while be- coming generally liberalized, have become so far varied Utft it is difficult to characterize them.
While an average increase of juvenile freedom is to 1» anticipated, there is reason to think that here and ^iiBt^ it has already gone too fair. I refer to the United Statae. Besides in some cases unduly subordinating the Irres d adults, the degree of independence tiiere allowed to w young, appears to have the effect of bringing them forward prematurely, initiating them too early in the excifcemeni^ proper to maturity, and so tending to exhaust the interesta of life before it is half spent. Such regulation of cbi^°' hood as conduces to full utilization of childish activities sad pleasures before the activities and pleasures of Toxohooa and womanhood are entered upon, is better for ofEspriBg at the same time that it is better for parents.
How far is parental authority to go T and at what DOMESTIC RSTS06PECT AND PBOePECT. 795 sliall political authority check it? are qaestions to be answered in no satisfaotoiy way. Already I have givea reasons for thinking that the powers and functions of parents have been too far assumed by the State; and that probably are-integration of the family will follow its present undne disintegration. It seems possible that from the early form in which social and family organizations are compul- sory in character, we are passing through semi-militant, semi-indastrial phases, in which the organizations of both State and fiwnily are partly compulsory, partly voluntary, in character; and that along with complete social re-integra- tion on the basis of voluntary co-operation, will come domestic re-integration of allied kind, under which the life of the family will again become as distinct from the life of the State as it originally was. Still there remain the theoretical difficulties of deciding how far the powers of parents over childiren may be carried; to what extent dis- regard of parental responsibilities is to be tolerated; when does the child cease to be a unit of the family and become a unit of the State. Practically^ however, these questions will need no solving; since the same changes of character which bring about the highest form of family, will almost universally prevent the rise of difficulties which result from characters of lower types proper to lower societies.
Moreover, there always remains a security. Whatever conduces to the highest welfare of offspring must more and more establish itself, through the replacing of children of inferior parents reared in inferior ways, by children of better parents reared in better ways. As lower creatures at large have been preserved and advanced through the in- strumentality of parental instincts; and as in the course of hmnan evolution the domestic relations originating from the need for prolonged care of offspring have been assuming higher forms; and as the care taken of offspring has been becoming greater and more enduring; we need not doubt that in the future, along with the more altruistic nature accoic|>auying a liiglier social tfpe, diere wiD amt r^> tions of paiVDta and duldren -n^^t^^mg ito extenial coctr:'. * ensure their well-woriking.
§ 342. One fnrtlier poasibililj of domestic erolntioa r- mains. The last component to show itself among tbefei^ ings which hold the fsmily together^ the care of pareociv oflEspring is the one which has most room for incres^r. Absent in brotes, small among primitire men, conadeno. among the partially civilized, and tolerably strong amr: the best of those around ns, filial affection is a fediog'tk admits of much farther growth, which is needed to make tk cycle of domestic life complete. At present the istter dtp of the old whose married children live away from them, an made dreary by the lack of those remaining pleasure to he derived from the constant society of descendants; bat ^- time will come when this evil will be met by sn ntuct- ment of odalts to aged parents, which, if not as stroo: as that of parents to children, approaches it in strengih.
Further development in this direction will not, ko'f- ever, occar under social arrangements which parttti" absolve parents from the care of offspring. A strong^' feeliug to be displayed by child for parent in ^ life, must be established by a closer intimacy between parent and child in early life. No such higher stage is to be reached by walking in the ways followed by the Chinese for these two thousand years. We shall not n« to it by imitating, even partially, the sanguinary MexicaD^^ whose children at the age of four, or sometimes later, were delivered over to be educated by the priests. We shaD lioi improve family-feeling by approaching towards the arrange- ments of the EooBsa-Kaffirs, among whom "all cWlfl^'' above ten or eleven years old are publicly instructed nnder the inspection of the chief.'' This latest of the Aomestic affections will not be fostered by retrograding towaras customs like those of the Andamanese, and, as esrlf ^^ DOMESTIC BSTfiOSPlCT AND PBOSPSCT. 797 possible^ changing the child of the family into the child of tho tribe. Contrariwise^ such a progress will be achieved only in proportion as both moral and intellectual caltore aro carried on by parents to an extent now rarely at- tempted. When the unfolding minds of children are no longer thwarted and stunted and deformed, by the mechan- ical lessons of stupid teachers — when instruction, instead of giving mutual pain, gives mutual pleasure, by ministering in proper order to faculties which are severally eager to appropriate fit knowledge presented in fit forms — ^when ^vitli a wide difEusion of adult culture, joined with rational ideas of teaching, there goes a spontaneous unfolding of the juvenile mind such as is even now occasionally indicated by exceptional facility of acquisition — ^when the earlier stages of education passed through in the domestic circle have become, as they will in ways scarcely dreamed of at present, daily aids to the strengthening of sympathy, intellectual and moral, leaving only the more special cultures to be carried on by others; then will the latter days of life be smoothed by a greater filial care, reciprocating tho greater parental care bestowed in earlier life.
END OP VOL. I.
END OP VOL. I.
NoTB.— On puge 187 will be found a note referring to certain earlier state- ments, in 1854 and 1870, of my views respecting primitive beliefs. This note contains the words: — " In the meantime the important works of Mr. l^lor and Sir John Lnbbock have establbhed," etc., etc. These words refer to Frimitxve CfuUure, published in 1871; and when the note was written I did not know that any of the ideas contained in that work had been previously set forth by Mr. Tylor. It appears, however, that on several occasions, going back as far as 1866, Mr. Tylor had indicated some of his views. The earlier statements of these, in which Fetishism and Animism are identified, do not concern me; but in tho last, which was simnltaneons with my paper on ** Animal Worship," the ghost-theofy is brought to the front as the primaiy superstition. I had not intended to imply that Mr. l^lor was indebted to me; and I have now to say that his views were as independent of mine as mine were of his.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
NOTES TO PART I.
\_To avoid over-burdening the text with iUustratiom — even now, per* haps, too numerous — I suppressed many that I might have added: some because they seemed superjluous; some because they were too long. Partly to give the more sinking of these, I make this Appendix; but chiefly to add evidence which has since come to light, verifying certain of the conclusions not adequately supported,^ Primitive Credulity, ^In the genesis of saperstitions, a factor difficult to appreciate safficientlj, is the unqaestioniog faith with which statements are accepted. A case or two may here be given for the pnrpose of displaying the mental nature which fosters ab- surd beliefs and gives currency to the most grotesque traditions.
Of the Coast Negroes, Winterbottom says (vol. i., p. 255) — *' So strongly are they p«'rauad«d of the efficacy of these meaus of prutection [amnlets, etc.], that an African, a inan of very superior mind, offered to allow a friend of mine, whose accaracy he had jast been praising, to fire at him with a pistol, charged with ball."
Laird and Oldfield tell us of the Inland Negroes (voL ii., p. 10), that a Nuffi woman " imagined that she possessed a maghony (cha^m), which rendered her invnl- nerable to all ed^ed tools and cutting instruments. So positive and convinced was she of the efficacy of her charm, that she voluntarily assented to hold her leg whil» some person should strike it with an axe. The king (or chief) of her town, on hearing this, determined to try the power of her charm, and desired the man to take an axe, and see whether this wonderful maghony would protect her from its effects. • • • Her leg was laid upon a block, and a powerful blow given below the knee. * * * To the poor woman's great horror and the terror of all present, her leg flew to the other side of the room."
To this absoluteness of faith in dogmas impressed by seniors daring early life, must be ascribed the readiness with which attend- ants, wives, and even friends, kill themselves at a funeral that they may join the deceased in the other world. The instance named by Bancroft (vol. L, p. 288) of the Walla Walla chieftain who ^* caused himself to be buried alive in the grave with the last of his five sons,** reminding us of the Fijians and Tannese who go to their voluntary deaths so cheerfully, shows in an extreme degree this mental trait which makes monstrous creeds possible.
Natural Ittusions^r-lu § 53, 1 argued that these probably aid ii *trenzth?nfiig those concqitioiis of Uiii^ which the primidTe leai form^ How thej thus plaj m put, is ^own bj the foUowing pts- sa^ from Vwakberfs Stettia of CaOral Asioy pp, 72, 73.
*' A.% «c wtn enming *lie high fiUteaa uf Kaflaii Kir, which fenu pot d U^ort, ranninc tnwvds the Borth-eiat» the horiaoD was often adorsed vnk the BHVt bcaa'ifol FaIm Uor^m. This phcBomciKm is nndoabtedlj to be se>-B in th« sr^'rst perfecrioo is the hot» bat dry, etmospbere of the ia^ of C«*i.trAi Aita, and affjnls the mirt sp*eodid op&eal Dlunons which ooeea iBM.ii«>L I WW always enchanted with th«9e pietarps of citi«fl^ feowcn, «ai ea«'.«^ lUointtg in the air, of va-it earmnsi hOTaeoien engaged in eoshit, lad intJiTidaftl gi<:antfc finn^ which eootiniially disappeared from one place to R* appear in an th<-r. A% for ay nomad eompaniona, they reigaidrd the Bfick- boarhooils wb^rt thrae phenomena are obaprrrd with no little awei Aeor.ithi| to th^ir «-kpioion them are Khoats of n:ea and dtiea which fiamKiiy eiiat^ there, and now at eertaia times loU abont in the air.* SUirp nnd Dreanu. — Since I issaed the namher which eontiaj Chapter X., my ftttentioD has beeo drawn by a sabecriber to i R- markable snrriTal of the primitire idea that the soul leaves the bodr daring sleep. It is described at p. 56 of a woric oo The Brib^ J^'c^ by the Rer. John Mills.
*' Si««p IS looked npon as a kind of death, when the soul deparCi in^ ^ bolj, h It is restored Sjgain in awaking. Thsrefme the Jew is expected, vks he Awakeis to repeat as follows: — ' 1 acknowledge befon thee^ the Hviag »^ eTerlasting Kiit^ that thon hast refomed my soul to me in thy great latfcr ani f lithfoLnesi.* a • • Whilst asl4*ep^ when the son] is deputed fro* ^^ body, eril spirits aeeoiding to popolar opinion, hsTe rested npon it; enas^ qaen'.Ir, immediately npcn rising, he mnsi wash his hands and fiwe-'* bM of pnrifiAtiun— to cleanae himself from aU imparities of this minor death.''
Beriring Corpses, — ^The Eyrbiggia-Saga sliows that antoni^ oor Scandinarian ancestors there prevailed the primitire notion tluit tiie materia] body, re-animated by its wandering doable^ can leare ^ bnrial-place and work mischief. Here is the condensed passage:— ** After the death of Arakell, Begifbt became again tnnblcnome. and waited far from his tomb to the great terror and damage of the neighboaihood, sUjiiX both heists and domestics, and driving the inhabttants from the csston. It w.«s, therefore, resolved to consume his csreaae witii fire; for • • * 1^ ^ some eril demon in his stead, made n« uf bis mortal reliqnes as a veiucie daring eommission of tbeae enormities. The body was bnmt."
Noting the implied belief, like that which we have fonnd previil^^ among the savage and semi-civilized, that destmction of the body prevents this kind of resnrrection, we may especially mark the fortbtf implied belief, also flinstrated in other cases, that one who gets p<^ of a dead body thereby gets power over the deceased person; for if destmction of the whole paralyzes the ghost entirelj, injury of > part mnst be detrimental to the ghost.
Sorcery. — The relation of the forgoing belief to those pradKCS by which magicians are supposed to raise the dead and control demons, was suggested in § 133. Farther proofs that the Joor^ developed forms of sorcery thus originate, have since come to light. The following passage from Sir George Grey's Polynesian Mytho* logi/j pp. 114-5, implies the anxiety of a son to rescae relics of his father from enchanters.
"Rata, withoat stopping, crept directly towards the fire, and hid himself behind some thick busnes of the Harakeke; he then saw that there were some priests apon the other side of the same bashes, serving at the sacred place, and, to assist themselves in their magical arts, they wt$re making use of the bones of Wohieroa, knocking them together to beat time while they were repeating a powerful incantation, • • • he rushed suddenly upon the prie»t& • • • The boues of his father, Wahiena, were then eagerly snatched up by him; he hastened with them back to the canoe."
From pp. 34-5 of the same work, I qaote another passage, similarly implying the power which possession of a relic gives: — "When the stomach of Muri-ranga-whenua had quietly sunk down to its Qsnal size, her voice was again heard ftaviug, * Art thou Maui I ' and he answered, 'Even so.' Then she auked him, 'Wherefore hast thou served thy old an- cestress in this deceitful way? ' and Maui answered, * I was anxious that thy jawbone, by which the great enchantments can be wrought, should be given to me.* She answered, ' Take it, it has been reserved for thee/ And Maui took it, and having done so returned to the place where he and his brethren dwelt."
When with these, and other snch illustrations before given, we join the fact that even still in Italy the people tell of the child that is " kidnapped and buried up to the chin, while the witches torment him to death to make hell-broth of his liver" (Fortnightly Review^ Feb., 1878, p. 220), we cannot, I think, doubt that necromancy, starting with the primitive belief that the spirit of the living person, inhering in all parts of his body, is affected by acting on a detached part of his body, and advancing to the belief that the spirit of the dead person is similarly affected by maltreating a relic, is enforced by the belief that all parts of the body will eventually be needed by the deceased, and that therefore his spirit can be commanded by one who has any part Since putting the above paragraphs in the printer's hands, I have met with evidence even more strongly confirming this view. It is contained in a just-published work. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo^ by Dr. Henry Rink, translated from the Danish by the author, and edited by Dr. Robert Brown. The following extracts I place iu an order which shows their bearings: — " Some tales sei-m to hint at a belief that the manner in which the body of the deceased is tieated by the survivors influences the condition of his soul." — P. 43. **But a sloiu man is said to have power to avenge bioiself upon the muiderer bj rushing into him, which can only be preventifd by eating a piece of his liver."— P. 45. And then, among the materials necesi»ary for sorcery, are named, first, ** parts of human bodies, or objects that had been in soine way connected with dead bodies."— P. 49.
Here we have the three concurrent ideas — effect on the ghost by action on the body belonging to it; protection against the ghost by incorporating part of the body, and so establishing comnnQDitj; coercion of the ghost by treating part of the body iDJarioasly.
Supernatural Agents. — In § 118, 1 suggested that the water-sprte was originally the ghost of a drowned person, sopposed to Innkt the place of death, and to be characterized by the malice habitosDj ascribed to ghosts which have not been propitiated by the nsmMl funeral sacrifices. I had then met with no fact sapporting this inference; but the work of Mr. Bancroft on the ^cuioe Bae& 0f the Pacific States has since furnished me with oa& ** Lmviog thla locality and sabjdct, I may remark that the nalires Imrm named the Pdhono Fall, in the mmi yallej, after an eril apirit; man? pcisoas having baen swept over and dashed to pieces there. No native of the rkiaitf will 80 mach as point at this fall when going through the Talley, nor cooU anything tempt one of them to sleep near it; for the ghosts of the drovnei are tossing in its spray, and their waU is heard forever aboTe the hiae of iu rusbiag waters." — See vol. iii., p. 126.
Fetichism. — I believe M. Comte expressed the opinion that fetidb- istic conceptions are formed by the higher animals. Holding, ^ I have given reasons for doing, that fetichism is not original bot derived, I cannot, of course, coincide in this vie^v. Neirertheles, I think the behaviour of intelligent animals elucidates the geoesis of it. I have myself witnessed in dogs two illustrative actions.
One of these actions was that of a formidable beast, half mastiff, half bloodhound, belongin}^ to friends of mine. While plajing with a walking-stick which had been given to him, and which he had seized by the lower end, it happened that iu his gambols he tbntst the handle against the ground: the result being that the eod he had in his mouth was forced against his palate. Giving a jelpi, he dropped the stick, rushed to some distance from it, and betrayed a consternation which was particularly laughable in so large and ferocious-looking a creature. Only after cautious approaches and much hesitation was he induced again to lay hold of the stick. This behaviour showed very clearly the fact that the stick, while displaying none but properties he was familiar with, was not re- garded by him as an active agent; but that when it snddea!y inflicted a pain in a way never before experienced from an inani- mate object, he was led for the moment to clasR it with animate objects, and to regard it as capable of again doing him injary. Similarly in the mind of the primitive man, knowing scarcely more of natural causation than a dog, the anomalous behaviour oi an object previously classed as inanimate, stiggests animation. Tlie idea of voluntary action is made nascent; and there arises a ten- dency to regard the object with alarm lest it should act in some other unexpected and perhaps mischievous way. The vague notion of • animation thus aroused, will obviously become a more definite notion, as fast a3 developinent of the ghost-theory famishes a specLSc agency to which the anomaloas behayioor can be ascribed.
A very intelligent and good-tempered retriever, much petted in the honse of certain other friends, had a habit which yields the second hint I have alluded to. On meeting in the morning, or after an absence of some hoars, one with whom she was on friendly terms, she joined wiih the asuai wogging of the tail, an unusual kind of salote, made by drawing apart the lips so as to produce a sort of smile or grin; and she then, if out of doors, proceeded to make a farther demonstration of loyalty. Being by her duties as a retriever led to associate the fetching of game with the pleas- ing of the person to whom she brought it, this had become in her mind an act of propitiation; and so, after wagging her tail and grinning, she wonld perform this act of propitiation as nearly as was practicable in the absence of a dead bird. Seeking about, she would pick np a dead leaf or other small object, and would bring it with renewed manifestations of friendliness. Some kindred state of mind it is which, I believe, prompts the savage to certain fetich- istic observances of an anomalous kind. Occasionally, when seeking supernatural aid, the savage will pick up perhaps the first stone he sees, paint it red, and make offerings to it. Anxious to please some ghostly agent, he feels the need for displaying his anxiety 3 and he adopts this as the nearest fulfilment of a propitiatory act which cir- cumstances permit. Ghosts are all about, and one may be present in anything — perhaps in this stone; very likely in this stone. And so the primitive man, with whom fancy passes easily into belief, adopts this method of expressing his sabordination. Daily occur- rences among ourselves prove that the desire to do somet/iing in pre- sence of an emergency, leads to the most irrelevant actions. " It may do good, and it can do no harm," is the plea for many actions which have scarcely more rationality than worship of a painted stone.
The Fetich-ghost.— The evidence given in §§ 159—163 that the snpematnral agent supposed to be contained in an inanimate object worshipped by the savage, was originally a human ghost, is, I think, tolerably conclusive as it stands. I have, however, met with still more conclusive evidence, in the work of Dr. Henry Kink on the Eskimo, named above. In the significant passage which I here extract, the two are identified by name.
"The whole visibjo world is ruled by superoatural powers, or 'owners/ taken in a higher sense, each of whom holds his sway within certain limits^ and is called imia (viz., its or his, inuk, which word signifies * manf* a.nd also oumer or infutbitatU), " — P. 87.
The supposed possessing agent to which the powers of an object are ascribed, is thus called its man: the man in it, that is the man's ghost in it The ^' inue " of certain celestial objects were persona known bj name; and the implication Is tbat the "ume^ of <As objects are thought of as persons, bat not indiridoallj identifiei ReptiU- Worship. — ^Facts named in § 167 prored that, in wioos parts of the world, serpent-worship arises by IdeDtification of ho3s^ haanting snakes with returned ancestors. Some cases were addti of hoase-haanting lizards, which acquire sacrednes in the same