externos multos variarum nationum, Italos, Gallos, Ger- manos, Belgas, quorum pars maior, quantum intelligimus, eo venit per Persida et Turcarum imperium, non per hoc regnum, adversus quos si ex huius Edicti praescripto ac rigore procedatur, posse inde nonnullas difficultates sequi, si illi ad Mauros inimicos perf ugiant, vicinisque munitionum mearum dispositionem indicent, rationesque monstrent quae rebus meis nocere possent, exsequi te hoc edictum volo prout res et tempus ferent, atque ea uti prudentia, qua illae diffi- cultates evitentur, curando ut omnes externos in potestate tua habeas eosque custodias pro cuiusque qualitate, ita ut adversus imperium nostrum nihil valeant attentare, utque ergo omnino eum finem consequar quern hoc Edicto mihi proposui.
Scriptae Vlyssipone XXVIII Novembris, Anno MDCVI. Subsignatum erat Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Alfonsum de Castro Consiliarium suum, et suum Proregem Indiae.
Prorex amice Rex multam salutem tibi mitto: Etsi pro certo habeo tua praesentia, iisque viribus cum quibus in partes austrinas concessisti, perduelles Hollandos, FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 78 officers to whom its execution belongs, and that they be in- formed that not only will those who disobey serve me ill, but that I will punish them by depriving them of the offices in which they now serve me.
Further, inasmuch as it has been reported to me that within your jurisdiction there are sojourning many for- eigners of different nations, Italians, French, Germans, and men of the Low Countries, the larger part of whom as we know came there by way of Persia and Turkey, and not through our realm; and inasmuch as, if this edict be rigidly enforced against those persons to the letter, some incon- veniences might follow, if they should escape to the Moors, our enemies, and make known to our neighbors the dis- position of my forces, and thus show ways that they might be able to harm my dominion: Therefore, I wish you to carry out the provisions of this edict as the exigencies of circumstances and occasion demand, and to use all pru- dence necessary in order to avoid those difficulties, taking especial pains to keep all foreigners in your power, and to guard them in accordance with their individual rank, so that they may have no opportunity to attempt anything preju- dicial to our power, that thus I may attain fully that end which I have set forth in this edict.
Given at Lisbon, on the 28th of November in the year of our Lord, 1606. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alphonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.
LETTER II To our beloved viceroy, I, the King send many greetings: Although I consider it absolutely certain that your pres- ence and the forces which you took with you into those Eastern regions, guarantee that our enemies, the Dutch, 79 MARE LIBERVM qui illic haerent, nee minus indigenas qui eis receptum prae- bent, ita castigates fore, ut nee hi, nee illi tale quicquam in posterum audeant; expediet tamen, ad res tuendas, ut iustam classem, eique operi idoneam, cum tu Goam redibis, in istis Maris partibus relinquas, eiusque imperium et summam praefecturam mandes Andreae Hurtado Mendosae, aut si quern ei muneri aptiorem iudicabis, quemadmodum pro tuo in me affectu confido, ea in re non aliud te respecturum quam quod rebus meis erit utilissimum.
Scriptae Madritii XXVII Ian. MDCVII. Signatum Rex. Inscriptio. Pro Rege. Ad Dominum Martinum Al- fonsum de Castro suuni Consiliarium, et suum Proregem Indiae.
FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 79 who infest those quarters as well as the natives who give them a welcome reception, will be so thoroughly punished that neither the one nor the other will ever dare such prac- tices in the future: still it will be expedient for the protec- tion of our interests, that, when you shall return to Goa, you leave in those parts of the sea a fleet large and capable enough to do the business, and also that you delegate the supreme command of that fleet to Andrea Hurtado de Mendoza, or to any one else whom you shall consider better fitted for this post. I rely upon your affection for me, knowing that in this matter you will do nothing but what will be most useful to my interests.
Given at Madrid the 27th day of January in the year of our Lord 1607. Signed by the king, and addressed: For the king, to Don Martin Alfonso de Castro, his Councillor, and Viceroy for the East Indies.
INDEX Reference are to paget of text and translation alike.
Accursius, biographical note, 51, n. f; cited, 51.
Agamemnon, mention of, 9. Agreements, when not binding, 35. Air, common to all, 28; nature of, 39. Aleiiitus, A., biographical note, 10 n. 2. Alexander, Emperor, quoted, 73. Alexander the Great, mention of, 14, Alexander VI, Pope, reference to, 15, Alexandria, mention of, 68. Ambrose, St., biographical note, 33 n.
Amorites, mention of, 9. Andocides, cited, 72 n. 1. Angelus Aretinus, biographical note, Arabians, mention of, 40, 68. Arbitration, 6.
Archidiaconus, cited, 74 n. 5. Aristotle, cited, 61, 63, 71; quoted, 63. Art of exchange, definition of, 61. Athrnaeus, reference to, 29. Athenians, mention of, 9. Augustine, St, cited, 71, 74; quoted, 75; reference to, 9. Augustus, mention of, 12, 41. Avienus, quoted, 23, 24. Ayala, reference to, 16 n. 5. Aztecs, mention of, 9.
3; cited, 49; mention of, 55. Baldis de Ubaldis, biographical note, Bartolus, biographical note, 48 n. *; cited, 48; reference from, 19 n. 2. Bennett, C. E., translation from, 31. Bernhardus, St., reference from, 16 Boethius, quoted, 19. du Bois, see Silvius. Bolognese, mention of, 9. Butler, translation from, 73.
Cadiz, mention of, 40. Caelius Antipater, cited, 40. Caietanus, T. (Cajetan), biographical note, 19 n. 4; reference to, 17, 19.
Cape of Good Hope, mention of, 40, Castrensis, A. de, biographical note, 53 Castrensis, P. de (de Castro), bio- graphical note, 49 n. *; reference Castro, M. C. de, letters to, 77. Ceylon, mention of, 11, 12. Charles V, Emperor, reference to, 21. Chinese, mention of, 62, 68. Cicero, cited, 72; quoted, 23, 25, 27, 28, 75; reference to, 29. Cinus, cited, 63 n. 1. Claudius, Emperor, mention of, 41. Clemens Alexandrinus, cited, 73 n. 1. Coercion, Portuguese, in case of East Indies, 68.
Columella, reference to, 32. Comines, P. de, biographical note, 28 Commerce, origin of, 62. Common ownership, definition of, 23. Common right, 44.
Community of use, annihilation of, 62. Connanus, F. de, biographical note, Conscience, 3. Contract, nature of, 35. Cornelius Nepos, cited, 40. Council of Spain, mention of, 20. Council of Toledo, mention of, 19. Covarruvias, D., biographical note, 9 Crown properties, in sea and river, 36. Custom, established by privilege, 52.
Demosthenes, cited, 72; quoted, 73.
Divine law, 1.
Donation of Pope Alexander VI, ref- Donellus, H. (Doneau), biographical Duarenus, biographical note, 27 n. 4.
Dutch, answer to Portuguese, 71; East India trade to be maintained by, 72; navigation by, 59; reasonable claims East Indies, mention of, 65; not chat- tels of Portuguese, 21, 60, 68; Portu- 81 82 INDEX guese claim of exclusive right to trade in, 61; Portuguese not first in, 41; right of trade to be kept with, 72 j way is free to, 37.
Emmanuel, King of Portugal, mention English, mention of, 43.
Ennius, quoted, 38.
Equity, chapter on, 69.
Estius, biographical note, 9 n. 5.
Exchange, art of, denned, 61; deriva- tion of, 62.
Exhaustion, question of, 57.
Expediency, 1.
Fachinham, N., biographical note, 50 Felinus, M. S., biographical note, 49 Fishing, an ancient national right, 56; free to all, 32, 38; not legal to pre- vent, 33, 51; revenues from, 36; a servitude, 34.
Fleets, maintenance of, 35.
Free navigation, chapter on, 7.
Freedom of trade, basis of, 63; chap- ter on, 61; Dutch should have, 75.
French, mention of, 43; navigation by, Gaius Caesar, mention of, 40. Genoese, mention of, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58. Gentilis, A., biographical note, 8 n. 2. Goa, mention of, 79. Gordianus, Fab. Claud., biographical Grandpont, A. G. de., xi. Greeks, reference to, 19 Gregory, mention of, 19. Gregory of Nazianzus, cited, 71. Guicciardini, cited, 68 n. 2.
Hanno, reference to, 40.
Hercules, mention of, 9.
Hermogenianus, quoted, 26.
Hesiod, quoted, 70; reference to, 22.
Homer, cited, 62.
Hugo, reference from, 16 n. 3.
Hunting, an ancient national right, 56.
India, mention of, 12.
Inner sea, as distinguished from outer Isocrates, cited, 72 n. 1, 2. Israelites, mention of, 9.
James, H. R., translation from, 19.
Java, mention of, 11.
John, King of Portugal, mention of, Jowett, B., translation from, 63.
Jurisdiction, distinguished from owner- ship, 35.
Labeo, quoted, 31, 74.
Law of Human Society, 9.
Law of Nature, 2, 5, 23; right con- ception of, 52.
Law of property, 25.
Legitimate rulers, 19.
Leo, Emperor, cited, 33.
Lucullus, mention of, 32.
Mair, A. W., translation from, 70.
Malacca, mention of, 59.
Marcianus, cited, 32, 48, 49; reference Martial, quoted, 32. Martin, J. C., xii. Megarians, mention of, 8. Mendoza, A. H. de, mention of, 79. Miller, W., translations from, 27, 38, Milton, quoted, 11 n. *. Moluccas, mention of, 11. Monopoly, question of, 71. Morocco, mention of, 40.
Navigation, Dutch, 59; free to all, 7, Nazianzenus, see Gregory of Nazianzus. Neratius, reference to, 28. Nonius Marcellus, quoted, 12 n. 2.
Occupation, definition of, 25, 39, 48; mention of, 27, 34; not to affect common use, 30.
Oldradus (Oldrado de Ponte), bio- graphical note, 74 n. 5.
Outer sea, as distinguished from inner Ovid, quoted, 26, 28.
Ownership, common, 26; private, 29, Papal Donation, chapters on, 15, 45, 66.
Papinian, cited, 60; quoted, 48.
INDEX 83 Paul III, Pope, reference to, 21.
Paulus, cited, 32, 51.
Personal right, 35.
Peter, St., mention of, 16.
Philip III of Spain, letters of, 77.
Pickard-Cambridge, translation from, Pirates, treatment of, 35.
Placentinus, quoted, 34.
Plato, cited, 63.
Plautus, quoted, 39.
Plutarch, reference to, 14.
Polus Lucanus, cited, 73 n. 1.
Pomponius, cited, 30, 75.
Pomponius Mela, quoted, 40 n. 1.
Pope, The, no right in temporal mat- ters, 45; no authority against law of nature and of nations, 66.
Portuguese, arrogant pretensions of, 39, 40, 43, 75; claim of exclusive right to trade, 61; claim to ocean, 37; desire for profits, 42, 69, 71; mention of, 56, 65; not first in East Indies, 41.
Prescription, acquisition by, 49, 59; chapters on, 47, 67; definition of, 47; failure of, 50, 51; immemorial time no help to, 49, 58; reference Pretexts for war, 18.
Private, possessions, reference to, 28.
Privative right, 23.
Propertius, quoted, 73.
Property, origin of, 27.
Ptolemaeus, cited, 41.
Public opinion, 3.
Public territory, origin of, 34.
Quintilian, quoted, 25.
Revenues, on fisheries, 36. Right of innocent passage, 20, 43, 74. Right of navigation, not Portuguese be- cause of Papal Donation, 45. Rivalry, comment on, 70. Roman Church, mention of, 19.
Sandeus, see Felinus.
Saracens, reference to, 10, 17.
Scaevola, mention of, 30.
Scott, J. B., Introductory note by, v.
Sea, The, common to all, 28, 30, 34, 37, nations, 22; nature of, 31, 39; not exhausted by use, 43, 57; not mer- chandise, 34; not Portuguese by Papal Donation, 45; not subject to servitude, 35, 36; sovereignty of, 53.
Seashore, common to all, 28, 30; how to be used, 30, 34; right of Roman people to, 31.
Shahan, Bishop, xii.
Silvius, F., biograpnical note, 17 n. 1; reference from, 17.
Smith, K. F., xi.
Sovereignty, grant by reason of, 17; matter of positive law, 20; Papal Donation gives no right to, chapter on, 15; a particular proprietorship, 22, 24; by right of conquest, 18; by right of discovery, 11; title to, 11; universal, 24.
Spaniards, arrogance of, 70, 71; claim to ocean, 37, 54; mention of, 56.
Strabo, quoted, 41.
Sylvius, see Silvius.
Tacitus, quoted, 10. Temporal possessions, 19. Theodoric, King, quoted, 75. Thucydides, cited, 72 n. 1; quoted, 27. Title by prescription, destroyed, 50.
Torquemada, see Turre Cremata, Trade, freedom of, 61, 63, 72; origin of, 62; Portuguese claim to right of, Trajan, mention of, 41. Turre Cremata, reference from, 16 n. 3.
Use, definition of, 24, 27; sea not ex- hausted by, 43; things susceptible to universal, 29.
Usurpation, definition of, 52; Portu- guese worthless, 68.
Uti poiaidetii, 32, 73.
Varro, reference to, 32.
Vergil, quoted, 7, 8, 26; reference to, War, pretexts for, 18, 20. Water, common to all, 28. West Indies, claimed by Portuguese, Willoughby, W. W., xii.
World monopoly, question of, 71.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA