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niUGONIS GROTII DEOJURE ΒΕ. bB PACIS LIBRI TRES ACCOMPANIED BY AN ABRIDGED TRANSLATION ΒΥ WILLIAM WHEWELL D.D.
MASTER OF TRINITY COLLEGE AND PROFESSOR OP MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP CAMBRIDGE: WITH THE NOTES OF THE AUTHOR, BARBEYRAC, AND OTHERS.
CEnítey for tbe Sepnuíts of tbe CHXníbersíto 33uess.
VOLUME II.
(C ambrínat: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
BIOAT τ 88 ye XV. XVI.
EV LI.
XIX. XX. XXI.
XXII. XXIII. XXIV.
EN V.
XXVI.
VOLUMINE SECUNDO CONTINENTUR LIBRI SECUNDI CAPITA IX—XXVI.
Quando imperia vel dominia desinant.
De obligatione quz ex dominio oritur De Promissis De Contractibus De Jurejurando:.
De eorum qui summum imperium habent promissis et contractibus οὗ jJuramentis.
De Federibus ae Sponsionibus De Interpretatione: De damno per Injuriam dato, et Obligatione quce inde Oritur De Legationum Jure De Jure Sepulturce De Poenis De Pomrnarum Communicatione De Causis Injustis De Causis Dubiis.
Monita de non temere ctiam ex justis causis sus- eipiendo Bello De Causis belli pro aliis suscipiendi De Causis justis ut bellum geratur ab his qui sub alieno imperio sunt e inii b j afe caza dt iq "n ΤΠ inii n "mm M "mu t πο ΝΣ ἘΝῚ (10 IMS I j HUGONIS GROTII EXC JURES DHLLI 2C PACIS. LIBER SECUNDUS.
(ATBDOEN QUANDO IMPERIA VEL DOMINIA DESINANT.
IL — Dominium et imperium tolli — VII. Non etiam migratione: sublato eo qui jus habuit, nec — VIIL. «τέ mutato regimine: ubi existente successore: de loco qui debeatur movo II. Sic et jus families exstincta, regi aut populo liberato. J'omnilia: IX. Quid si populi wuniantur? III. Sic et populi, si populus esse X. Quid si dividatur popu- desinat: lus? IV. Quod fit, sublatis partibus XL Cujus nunc sint que Roma- mecessariis: ni imperii fuerunt, nec alie- V. Sublato corpore toto populi: nata, apparent. VI. Sublata forina, qua est po- XII. De jure heredum. pulus: XIII. De jure victoris. p, UOMODO primitus aequirantur, et quomodo transeant tum dominia privata, tum imperia, satis diximus: quomodo desinant, videamus. Et quidem derelictione desi- nere obiter supra demonstratum est, quia voluntate cessante non manet dominium. Est et alius desinendi modus, sublato subjecto!in quo est imperium vel dominium, ante aliena- tionem scilicet vel expressam vel tacitam, qualis est in suc- cessionibus ab intestato. Quare si qua persona, nulla edita Confer PvrENpoRr. De Jure.Nat. | cap. 3. S 11. et Lib. γὙπι|. cap. 11. 8 1. et Gent. Lib. rv. cap. 6. $14. Lib. vi. — J. 8.
CuaPrrER IX. When Lordship and, Ownership cease to exist.
L We have sufficiently explained how both private ownership and publie authority is acquired, and how it is transferred; let us now consider how it ceases.
"That it ceases by derelict, is above shewn in passing; because the will ceasing, the ownership does not remain. There is also another mode of its ending: the subject or person in whom the lordship or ownership resides being removed, that is, before alienation either ex- press at least, or tacit, such as there is in successions to intestates.
De Pace, p.
D. de Usurp. et Usuc.
2 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [118. II.
voluntatis significatione, nullo consanguineo relicto, moriatur, omne jus quod habet interit, ac proinde servi (nisi lex humana impediat) erunt liberi: populi qui in ditione ejus fuerant sui juris fient; quia non sunt hzc sui natura occupabilia: nisi libertatem suam ultro deserant: fient occupantis.
res autem alise II. Idem dicendum *si familia defecerit, quce jus aliquod habebat. III. 1 Idem, 51 populus. ?Julianus imperator, civitates Dixit Isocrates, et post eum esse immortales, id est, esse posse, quia scilicet populus ést ex eo corporum genere, quod a Si familia defecerit] Ut Danica olim Crantz. Vaxnd. vii. 22. Rugia, Crantzius idem Vand. vii. 12. Pelas- gorum et Thessalorum. Gregoras Lib. vit. (in fin. pag. 127..Ed. Colon. 1616). sumeassanidarum in Perside Leuncla- vius xvi. Adde Leonem Lib. 11. Afri- canorum (pag. 136. Ed. Elzevir.) de Ta- rodanto: etsi vis, Ernestum Cothman- num cons. xli. num. 1. et sequentibus.
? Locus est in Epistola pro Argivis: Τὰς πόλεις δὲ ἀθανάτους οὔσας etc. Pag. 4115. Ed. Spanh. J. B.
b Er distantibus] Seneca epistola cir. quedam continua esse corpora, ut hominem: quedam composita, ut na- vem, domum, omnia denique quorum partes diverse junctura in unum sunt coacte: quedam ex distantibus, quo- rum adhuc membra separata, sunt, tan- quam, exercitus, populus, senatus. Sum- ta hzc ex Achille Tatio, cujus ad Ara- tum hae sunt verba, (cap. xiv. £d. Petav,) ex Conone illo, cujus repertum est coma Berenices: παρετήρησε δὲ Kó- vov ὁ μαθηματικὸς, σώματα λέγεσθαι 0ca ὑπὸ μιᾶς ἕξεως ἡνωμένα κρατεῖται, οἷον λίθος, ξύλον. ἔστι δὲ ἕξις πνεῦμα σώματος συνεκτικόν. συνημμένα δὲ ὅσα οὐχ ὑπὸ μιᾶς ἕξεως δέδεται, ὡς πλοῖον καὶ οἰκία. TÓ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ πολλῶν σανί- δων, 1] δὲ ἐκ πολλῶν λίθων σύγκειται» διεστῶτα δὲ, ὡς χορός. τῶν δὲ τοιού- τῶν διτταὶ αἱ διαφοραί. cd μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ὡρισμένων σωμάτων καὶ ἀριθμῷ ληπτῶν, ὡς χορός. ca δὲ ἐξ ἀορίστων, Observavit mathematicus Conon, corpora dici que uno tenore unum fiunt,.Est autem tenor spiritus corpus continens. Connera vero, que non uno tenore juncía sunt, ut navis, ut domus: nam et illa ex multis est tabulis, et luec ex lapidibus multis: distantia ut chorus: sed et heec duum generum inter se differentium, | Sunt enim alia ex. cor- poribus definitis et que numerum habent cognitu facilem, ut chorus: alia ex infi- nitis, ut populus. Apparet hinc sumta ὡς ὄχλος" Wherefore if any person die without giving any indication of his will, and without leaving any relative, every right which he had perishes, and therefore his slaves (except some human law prevent it) will be free; the peoples who had been under his authority will be their own masters, because these things (slaves and governments) are not things which can be taken possession of by the first comer; but his other property may be so occupied.
II. The same which we have said of a person may be said of a Family which fails, and which had any rights.
III 1 The same, if a People fails. Isocrates, and after him the Emperor Julian said, that states are immortal; that is, that they may beso; because a People is that kind of body which consists of separate Car. IX.] DOMINIA DESINANT. 3 Pex distantibus constat, unique nomini subjectum est, quod habet ἕξιν μίαν, ut Plutarchus; spiritum unum, ut Paulus Jurisconsultus loquitur. “15. autem spiritus, sive ἕξις, in po- pulo est vits civilis consociatio plena atque perfecta, eujus prima productio est summum imperium, vinculum per quod respublica cohsret, spiritus vitalis quem tot millia trahunt, ut Seneca loquitur. Plane autem corpora hzc artificialia instar habent corporis naturalis. Corpus naturale idem esse non desinit, *partieulis paulatim commutatis, una manente specie, ut Alphenus ex philosophis disserit. 2 Aique ideo commode interpretandum, quod ait Seneca, quz habet Pomponius L. rerum. 30. de usurp. et usucap. et quod Paulus dicit statuam uno spiritu contineri 1. in rem. JDe Hei Vind. 28. S item. 5. ubi simi- liter distinguit inter corpora cohszren- tia et quz sunt ex distantibus, Usi et ali, Philo de Mundo (pag. 1154 x): ἕξις ἐστὶ πνεῦμα ἀνασπτρέφον ἐφ᾽ éav- τῷ tenor est spiritus in semet se revol- vens, etc. item: ἕξις ἐστὶ πνευματικὸς “πόνος, δεσμὸς οὐκ ἄῤῥηκτος" ἀλλὰ μό- νον δυσδιάλυτος" Tenor est spiritualis continentia, vinculum non insolubile, sed solutu difficile. (Pag. 1169 4). Vide et Boethium r. arithmeticorum: (cap. 1.) et nota cum de populo ἕξιν aut spiritum dicimus, non sumere nos vocem in suo rigore, ut Conon fecit, sed ἀναλογικῶς, comparatione quadam, quali utimur etiam cum populum corpus appellamus, Spiritum hune rei speciem vocat Alfe- nus in l. proponebatur. 76. D. de judi- ciis, € Is autem spiritus, sive ἕξις, in populo] 'H πολιτεία, βίος πόλεως. Aris- toteles Polit. 1v. 11.
3 Particulis paulatim | commutatis] Exemplum in navi dat Alfenus dicto jam loco, et Ulpianus in l. quid tamen 10. D. quibus modis ususfructus amitta- tur. Navem eandem esse aiunt, si per partes refecta sit. Aliud si dissoluta et recomposita. l. qui res. 98, $ aream. 8. D. de solutionibus, Plutarchus Z"/heseo: πὸ δὲ πλοῖον ἐν ᾧ μετὰ τῶν ἠιθέων ἔπλευσε καὶ πάλιν ἐσώθη, τὴν τριηκόν- TOpOv, ἄχρι τῶν Δημητρίου τοῦ Φα- ληρέως χρόνων διεφύλαττον οἱ 'A0g- ναῖοι; τι μὲν παλαιὰ τῶν ξύλων ὑφαι- ροῦντες, ἄλλα δὲ ἐμβάλλοντες ἰσχυρὰ, καὶ συμπηγνύντες, οὕτως ὥστε καὶ τοῖς φιλοσόφοις εἰς τὸν αὐξόμενον [le- gendum αὐξομένων, ut habet MS.] λό- yov ἀμφιδοξούμενον παράδειγμα τὸ πλοῖον εἶναι, τῶν μὲν ὡς τὸ αὐτὸ, τῶν δὲ ὡς οὐ τὸ αὐτὸ διαμένει, λεγόντων " ANavem autem, in qua cum delecta juven- tute navigavit salvusque rediit Theseus, elements, but is subject to one name, and has one habit, as Plutarch says, one spirit, as Paulus. "This spirit or habit in a people is the full and perfect common participation of civil life; the first production of which is the sovereignty, the bond by which the State is held together, the vital breath drawn by so many thousands, as Seneca speaks. And these artificial bodies have plainly an analogy with natural bodies. A natural body does not cease to be the same, though the particles are gradually changed, the Form remaining the same, as Alphenus, after the philosophers, discourses.
2 And thus we can explain what Seneca says, that no one of us is the same in age which he was in youth, this being understood of the De Anim. ^ C. De Rei Vind.
Sen. Lib. i. De Clem. c. 4.
Judic.
Epist. 59.
Pol. iii. 3.
4 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [118. II.
neminem nostrum eundem esse in senectute, qui fuit juvenis, ut de materia sola intelligatur; * quomodo Beraclitus dix- erat, citante Platone in Cratylo, et Seneca dicto loco, in idem flumen bis nos non descendere: quod recte sic corrigit Seneca: Manet idem fluminis nomen, aqua transmissa est. Sieut et Aristoteles flumen populo comparans dixit, flumina eadem vocari quanquam alia subeat semper aqua, alia de- cedat. Neque vero manet nomen inane: sed et ἕξις illa, quam Conon definit ἕξιν σώματος συνεκτικὴν, Philo πνεὺυ- ματικὸν συνέχον, Latine quoque spiritum vocant. Sie ergo populus, Auctore Alpheno et Plutarcho de sera numinis vin- dicta, idem hoe tempore putatur qui abhine centum annis fuit, cum ex illis nemo nune vivit: μέχρις ἂν ἢ ποιοῦσα καὶ συνδέουσα ταῖς ἐπιπλοκαῖς κοινωνία τὴν ἐνότητα δια- φυλάττῃ" quamdiu illa, que populum facit et mutuis nevi- bus vincit, communio jus unitatis suc servat; quie ejusdem Plutarchi in hae re verba sunt. Et hine ortus mos loquendi, triginta aptam remis conservarunt Athe- nienses ad usque tempora Demetrii Pha- lerensis, subtrahendo ligna vetustate ca- riosa, subjiciendo alia, ita ut cohcrerent, unde et exemplum hcec navis facta est philosophis disputantibus de ea ques- lione, que de augescentibus dicitur, in qua hanc navem ad ultima tempora eandem fuisse affirmant hi, illi negant. (Pag. 10 c.) In hac controversia a phi- losophis decertata prudenter Juriscon- Tertullianus juris valde peritus libro de Resurrectione Carnis (eap. 60): Navem procella dissipatam vel carie dissolutam, redactis et recuratis omnibus membris, eandem δῶρα consperimus, eliam titulo restitutionis gloriantem. Intellige ma- nente carina, quomodo vox resoluta [immo dissolvit] etiam sumenda in Pauli verbis 1. inter stipnlantem. 73. 8 sacram. 5. D. de verb. oblig. Idque et apud Tertullianum przcedentia, et apud sulti aientem partem prztulere. Et ^ Paulum sequentia evincunt. Philo de matter of which we consist; as Heraclitus said, according to the quota- tion of Plato in the Cratylus, and Seneca in the above cited place, that we cannot bathe twice in the same river: which Seneca rightly corrects, by saying the name of the river remains, the water passes. So Aris- totle, comparing a river to a people, says, that rivers are called the same, though new water is constantly coming in, old water going out. Nor is it the empty name which remains; but that habit, which Conon defines as a habit holding the body together, and Philo, as a spiritual bond, and which the Latins also call the spirit of the thing. Thus a People, as Alphenus and Plutarch say, is reckoned the same now as it was a hundred years ago, though none of those who lived then is alive now,.Ás long as that communion which snakes a people and binds it to- gether with «mutual bonds preserves its unity, as Plutarch expresses it. And hence arises the mode of speaking, that when we address a people now existing, we attribute to it what happened to the same People several Car. IX.] DOMINIA DESINANT. 5 ut populum qui nune est alloquentis, ei tribuamus qu:e eidem populo ante multa szecula acciderunt, ut videre est tum apud historicos, tum et lin libris sacris, ut Marci x. 3. Joh. vi. 32. vii. 19, 22. Actor. vii. 38. Sie apud Tacitum Antonius Pri- mus Vespasiano militans milites Tertianos veterum admonet, ut sub M. Antonio Parthos, sub Corbulone Armenios repu- lissent, 9 Ex odio itaque, non ex vero apud eundem Tacitum Piso * negat Athenienses sui temporis esse Athenienses, quippe tot cladibus extinetos, sed illuviem nationum. Nam externa ila accessio de dignitate forte aliquid detraxerat, populum alium non fecerat. Nec id is ipse ignoravit, cum illis ipsis sui temporis Atheniensibus objecetaret vetera, quz in Mace- donas improspere, violenter in suos fecissent. At sicut par- tieularum mutatio non efficit ut populus esse desinat qui fuit, nec per annos quidem mille et amplius, ita fieri posse ut intereat populus negari non potest. Fit autem hoc dupli- Mundo: οὐ γὰρ δήπουθεν οὗ πάντα τὰ μέρη φθείρεται, φθαρτόν ἐστιν ἐκεῖνο, ἀλλ᾽ οὗ πάντα τὰ μέρη ἅμα καὶ ἐν ταυτῷ ἄθροα κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρό- νον. Νοπ cujus partes pereunt utique interitui obnorium est, sed cujus omnes partes simul et eodem tempore pereunt.
€ Quomodo Heraclitus] Et Epichar- mus apud Diogenem Laertium. (Lib.
f In libris sacris] Adde Matth. xxiii, € Negat Athenienses sui temporis esse Athenienses] Contra de iisdem Atheni- ensibus Julianus AMMisopogone, [Nil de Atheniensibus in Libro illo, qui adver- sus Antiochenses scriptus est. In ani- mo forte habuit Auctor, que Julianus dicit in Epist. ad Athenienses, ab initio, pag. 268, 269. Ed. Spanhem, |J. B.]
generations ago; as we may sce both in the historians, and in the Scrip- tures. [See the passages.] So in Tacitus, Antonius Primus reminds the veterans of the Third Legion, that, Under M. Antonius, they had vepelled the Parthians, wider Corbulo, the Armenians.
3 Itis therefore through spite, and not as speaking truly, that in the same Tacitus, Piso denies that the Athenuians of his time are the Athenians, those being extinct by a succession of calamities; and says, that they are a mixture of the dregs of nations. For that accession of strangers had perhaps detracted something from the dignity of the people, but had not made it another people. Nor was he ignorant of this, sinee on those very Athenians of his time he charged the old faults which they had committed, their failures against the Macedo- nians, their violence against their own citizens.
But while the change of component parts does not make a people cease to be what it was, even for above a thousand years; it cannot be denied that a people may cease to be: and this may happen in Hist. iii. 24.
'Tom. 11r. L. de Pall. Epist. 91. Lib. xvii. 7.
Diod. xvi. Liv. xxi. 14. Hist. Nat. iii, 5.
2D. de Capt.
6 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [118. II.
citer, interitu corporis, aut interitu speciei sive spiritus quem dixi.
IV. Corpus interit, "vel sublatis simul partibus, sine quibus corpus subsistere nequit, vel sublata corporis ratione. Ad priorem modum refer populos mari abreptos, ut Atlan- ticce populos, teste Platone, ἰοὺ alios quorum Tertullianus meminit, item eos quos terra motus hausit penitus, aut chasma, quorum exempla sunt apud Senecam et Ammianum Marcellinum, et alibi: et qui sponte internecioni se dederunt, ut Sidonii et Saguntini Ex antiquo Latio 1111. populos sine vestigiis interiisse, ait Plinius. Quid si ex tali populo tam pauci supersint, qui populum facere nequeant? jam po- terit in illis subsistere dominium quod populus habet ad mo- dum privatorum: non siquid populo ut populo competit: quod et de collegio sentiendum est.
h Vel sublatis partibus, sine quibus — Pausaniam (vni. 25), Strabonem ( Geogr.
corpus consistere nequit, vel sublata cor- τ΄ p. 59), Senecam naturalium quisestioporis ratione] Servius in Fuldensibus — num libro vr. c. 23. et 31. et in AntAoexcerptis ad τ. ZZneidos: Duobus gene- — logia.
ribus deletur exercitus, aut internecione, k Aut vi ita distrahantur| Philo dicto aut dispersione. (Ad vers. 70). jam libro de Mundo: τὰ μὲν ἐκ διε- i Et alios quorum Tertullianus me- στηκότων, αἰπολία, βουκόλια, χοροὶ, minii] Myunta apud Vitruvium (De στρατεύματα, ἢ πάλιν ἐκ συναπτομέ- Architect. 1v. 1): Helicen et Burin apud νων σώματα παγέντα, τῇ διαστάσει two ways; by the destruction of the body, or by the departure of the Jorm or spirit of which I have spoken.
IV. "The body is destroyed, either by the simultaneous removal of the parts, without which the body cannot subsist, or by taking away their connexion as a body. To the former mode, you must refer peo- ples swept away by the sea, as the peoples of the island of Atlantis, of whom Plato speaks, and others whom Tertullian mentions. Also such as have been swallowed up by an earthquake or a chasm opened in the ground, of which there are examples in Seneca and Ammianus Marcellinus, and elsewhere: and those who voluntarily destroyed themselves, as the Sidonians and the Saguntines. Pliny says that fifty-three Peoples of ancient Latium perished, leaving no trace.
Τῇ, of such a people, so few survive that they cannot make a Peo- ple, what are we to say? In that case, the ownership which the peo- ple had in the way of private persons may subsist; but not anything which belongs to a people as a people: and the same may be said of a College or Corporation.
V. The connexion of the parts of the body is taken away, if the citizens either break up their society spontaneously on account of pes- Car. IX.] DOMINIA DESINANT. Y V. QOorporis ratio tollitur, si cives aut sponte ob pesti- lentiam aut seditionem a societate discedant, Faut vi ita distra- hantur ut coire non possint, quod bellis accidit interdum.
VI. Species interit, sublata aut omni aut perfecta juris Arist. or communitate, sive singuli personalem quoque servitutem sub- eant, ut Mycenzi ab Argivis, Olynthi a Philippo, Thebani (tbiodor Sie. ab Alexandro venditi, Brutii a Romanis publicis servitiis 941: xvi mancipati, sive ea retenta imperio exuantur. Sie de Capua Li».xxw. 16. narrat Livius placuisse Romanis, ut tanquam urbs habita- retur; corpus nullum civitatis, nec senatus, nec plebis con- cilium, nec magistratus esse, sed sine consilio publico, sine imperio multitudinem,!cui prefectus Roma missus jus red- deret. Itaque "imaginem reipublieze nullam Capuz relictam dicit Cicero, priore ad populum contra Rullum. Idem di- cicer. cendum de populis in provincie formam redactis: item de his kal διαιρέσει λύονται" Que ex distanti- bus sunt, ut greges, armenta, chori, ever- citus, non minus quam corpora ex con- neris in unum coacta, divortio ac dis- solutione intereunt. (Pag. 952 n.) Vide quie supra de navi.
Cui praefectus Romae missus jus redderet] Vide Festum voce prafecturze, Velleius, libro. 11. c. 44. Jus his restitutum post annos circiter cL1r. quam bello Punico a Romanis Capua in formam prafecture redacta erat: adde exempla in textu et notis allata ad libri r. c. 3.
m Imaginem reipublice nullam] Se- verus jus buleutarum dedit Alexandri- nis, qui sine publico consilio vixerant sub juridico. [Spartian. c. 17.]
tilence or sedition; or be so distracted by force that they cannot come together; which happens sometimes in war.
VI. The form of a People is taken away, when the participation in common rights no longer subsists, either at all, or at least, perfectly: whether individuals are reduced into a state of personal slavery, as the Myceneans sold by the Argives, the Olynthians by Philip, the Thebans by Alexander, the Bruttians sentenced to slavery at public works by the Romans; or retaining their liberty * are deprived of their politieal power. "Thus Livy relates of Capua, that the Romans deter- mined that it should be inhabited as a hamlet merely, with no muni- cipal body, no senate, no assembly of the people, no magistrates; a collection of individuals without authority, among whom a judge sent from Rome should administer justice; and accordingly Cicero says, that there was no image of a State left at Capua. The same is to be said of peoples reduced into the form of a province, and of those who are brought under the authority of another people. "Thus Byzantium was put under Perinthus by Severus, and Antiochia under Laodicea by Theodosius.
* Ea retenta is plainly to be understood as libertate retenta. W.
Theod. Hist. Eccl. Zon. in Val. et ''heod. Flor. ii. 1.
Plut. Ages.
8 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [Lrx. II.
qui alterius populi ditionem subierunt. Sie "a Severo Byzan- tium Perintho, ^Antiochia Laodiceze supposita a Theodosio.
VII. At vero si loco migraverit populus, sive sponte ob inediam, aut alia mala; sive coactus, ut populus Cartha- ginensis bello Punico tertio, si species qu: dixi maneat, Ppopulus esse non desinit, multoque minus si muri tantum urbis disjecti sunt. Itaque cum ad pacem Grzciz jurandam Lacedzmonii negarent admittendos Messenios, quod ejus urbis muri essent diruti, contra eos a communi sociorum concilio res judicata est.
VIII. 1 Neque refert quomodo gubernetur, regione, an plurium, an multitudinis imperio. Idem enim est populus Ro- manus sub regibus, consulibus, Imperatoribus. Imo etiamsi plenissimo jure regnetur, populus idem erit qui antea erat cum sui esset juris, dum rex ei przsit, ut caput istius populi, non ut caput alterius populi. Nam imperium quod in rege est ut in capite, in populo manet ut in toto, cujus pars est ca- put: atque adeo rege, si electus est, aut regis familia extincta, jus imperandi ad populum redit, ut supra ostendimus. Neque n A4 Severo] Vide Xiphilinum.Se- — qu: infra hoc libro ri. cap. xxi. ὃ 7. vero: Herodianum, libro 111. (c. 6) adde ο Antiochia Laodicee supposita] VII. If the People migrate from its place, either of its own will, on account of famine, or other calamity; or under compulsion, as the Carthaeinian people in the third Punie war, if the form of which I have spoken remain, the people does not cease to be; still less, if the walls ofthe city only are thrown down. "Therefore when the Lacedzemonians would have excluded the Messenians from being admitted among those who were to swear to the peace of Greece, because their city-walls were destroyed, the matter was decided against them by the common council of the allies.
VIIL 1 Nor does it make any difference how the people is go- verned, whether by the authority of a king, or that of a number, or that of the multitude. "The Roman people was the same under kings, consuls, emperors. Even if the king govern with the most absolute power, the people will be the same which it was before, when it was its own master; provided the king is set over it as the head of that people, not as the head of another people. For the authority which is in the king as the head, is in the people as the whole body, of which the head is a part: and therefore when the king, if he be elective, or the king's family, is extinct, the supreme authority reverts to the people, as we have shewn above.
Nor is the objection from Aristotle valid; when he says that the Car; IX.] DOMINIA DESINANT. 9 est quod Aristotelem hie mihi quis objiciat, qui reipublieze forma mutata negat eandem esse civitatem, sicut, inquit, har- monia non eadem est ubi a Dorico modo in Phrygium transitur.
2 Sceendum enim est unius rei artificialis plures esse posse species, sicut legionis species una est qua regitur, altera qua militat. Ita civitatis species una est, consociatio juris at- que imperii; altera, relatio partium inter se earum quz regunt, et quz reguntur. Hane spectat politieus, illam jurisconsultus: quod nec Aristotelem latuit cum ita subjicit: am vero emwsol- venda sint nomina necne, mutata gubernandi forma, alia inspectio est: artis scilicet alterius, quam cum politica non confundit Aristoteles, ne quod in alis culpat admittat ipse, μεταβαίνων ἐκ “γένους εἰς “γένος, ab uno tractandi genere ad alterum transitum faciens.
3 Non desinit debere pecuniam populus, rege sibi impo- sito, quam liber debebat: est enim idem populus, et dominium retinet eorum quze populi fuerant, imo et imperium in se reti- net, quanquam jam non exercendum a corpore, sed a capite: Vide Zonaram. (Lib. xitr. cap. 18.) in fragmentis Peirescianis. [Immo in P Populus esse non desinit] Ut Geloi ^ prioribus, Excerpt. e Lib. xxir.] Phintiada translati. Diodorus Siculus Jorm of the State being changed, the State is no longer the same; as, says he, the harmony is not the same when we modulate out of the Dorian mood into the Phrygian [though the notes may be the same).
2 Forit is to be understood that an artificial thing may have seve- ral forms; thus, one form of a legion (or regiment) is its government by legati, tribuni, centuriones; (colonels, captains, serjeants, &c.): another form of the same body is its order of march or of battle. "Thus one Jorm of a State is the common participation of right and authority; and another is the relation of the parts governing and governed. The politician looks at the latter form, the jurist at the former: and Aris- totle was aware of this, when he subjoins, Whether the name (of the Rtate) is to be changed when the form of government is changed, is another inquiry: that is, it belongs to another science [Jus], which Aristotle does not confound with Political Science (Politica), that he may not commit the fault which he blames in others, of passing to another genus.
3 When a People has a king placed ever it, it does not cease to owe the moneys which it owed being free: for it is the same people, and retains the ownership of the things which had belonged to the people; and also authority over itself, though this authority is not Pol. iii, 3.
D. 3. Pol. iii.
10 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [1.18.1].
unde parata est responsio ad controversiam ex facto nonnun- quam agitatam, quo loco in conventibus sedere debeat qui summum imperium in populum ante liberum accepit: eodem nimirum quo ipse populus: sieut in Amphictyonico consessu Phocensium?]oeum accepit Philippus Macedo: sic vicissim qui regis fuerat locus, eum populus liber implebit.
IX. Quod si quando?uniantur duo populi, non amitten- tur jura, sed communicabuntur, sicut Sabinorum primo, deinde Albanorum jus in Romanos transfusum est, et una facta res- publiea, ut Livius loquitur. Idemque censendum de regnis, quz non fcedere, aut eo duntaxat quod regem communem ha- beant, sed vera unitate junguntur.
X. Contra evenit, ut quae una civitas fuerat dividatur, aut consensu mutuo, aut vi bellica, sicut corpus imperii Persici divisum est in Alexandri successores. Quod cum fit, plura pro uno existunt summa imperia, cum suo jure in partes singulas. Si quid autem commune fuerit, id aut communiter est admini- Strandum, aut pro ratis portionibus dividendum. Huc refe- 3 In Decreto Amphictyonum, quale refert Dio». Sticvrvs, Lib. xv1. cap. 61. nihil legitur de loco, quo Philippus ses- surus esset; sed tantum illum duo habi- turum suffragia, quemadmodum Phoet Iberis facti Celtiberi, narrante Dio- doro, (Lib. v. c. 33.) Vide, si vacat, de hoc argumento Reinkingium libro 1. classe iv. c. 17. n. 95. et quz ibi citata. r Ut pari jure sint| Salva tamen reverentia matricibus debita, de qua egi- mus Lib. 1. c.i. $ 21. Curtius, libro censes habebant. J. B. 4 Uniantur duo populi] Ut ex Celtis now to be exercised by the body, but by the head. And hence we see what answer is to be made to a controversy which sometimes arises from circumstances; In what place in a convention ought he to sit who has acquired the sovereignty over a people free before: as in the Amphietyonie council, Philip of Macedon had the place which the Phoceans had had. And so on the other hand, the place which had belonged to the king, shall be filled by the people, made free..
IX. If at any time two Peoples are united, their rights will not be lost, but imparted by each to the other; as the rights, first of the Sabines, and afterwards of the Albans, were imparted to the Romans, and they were made one republic, as Livy speaks. "The same is to be conceived of kingdoms which are united, not by league, nor only because they have a common king, but joined by a real union.
X. Τὸ may happen, on the contrary, that what had been one State is divided, either by mutual consent, or by war; as the body of the Persian empire was divided among the successors of Alexander. When this happens, there are several sovereignties in the place of one, each having its rights over the separate parts. f there was anything Car. IX.] DOMINIA DESINANT. 11 renda et discessio, quz ex consensu fit in colonias. Nam sic quoque noyus populus sui juris nascitur: ov γὰρ ἐπὶ τῷ δοῦ- λοι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῷ ὅμοιοι εἶναι ἐκπέμπονται, inquit Thucydi- des: ZVon enim ut servi, sed "ut pari jure sint dimittuntur. Idem secundam coloniam a Corinthüs Epidamnum deductam narrat ἐπὶ τῇ ἴση καὶ ὁμοίᾳ, ut pari jure esset. Rex Tullus apud Dionysium Halicarnassensem: τὸ δὲ ἄρχειν ἐκ παντὸς τῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰς μητροπόλεις ὡς ἀναγκαῖόν us φύσεως νόμιμον, τοῦτο ἀληθὲς οὔτε δίκαιον ἠξιοῦτο ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν" Ut omnino matrices urbes coloniis àmperent, quasi natura lege, id vero nos neque verum neque equum arbitramur.
XI. 1 Nobilis est et illa quaestio apud historicos et ju- risconsultos, de his quze Romani imperii fuerunt cujus nunc sint: multi ea nunc esse volunt Germanici sive regni, ut olim vocabatur, sive imperii (utro autem nomine appelles ad rem non refert) et nescio quam surrogationem hujus imperii in il- lius locum sibi confingunt, cum tamen *notum satis sit Germa- niam magnam, id est Transrhenanam, totam maxima temporis Iv. Carthaginem Tyrii condiderunt, | complexum Imperii Romani fuerant? semper parentum loco culti. (Cap. 2.) Vera ratio est, quam tamen Auctor non 4 Hoe minime probat, Zmperatores ^ adgnoscit, jus Populi Romani dudum Germanie mon successisse in locum exstinctum, eo tempore quo Carolo Mag- Impp. Romanorum: quid enim obstat, ^no sesubjecit. Sed de tota hac quzs- quominus illi alio titulo simul sub di- ^ tione, quod satis est, diximus in Notis tione sua habuerint regiones, quae extra ^ nostris Gallicis. Auctor heic passim ab which they had in common, that is either to be administered in com- mon, or to be divided proportionally.
To this head also is to be referred the separation of a Colony from the mother-country. For in this case also there is produced a new people which is its own master: They «re sent out not to be slaves, but to have equal rights, says 'Thucydides. And so he says that the second Colony was sent by the Corinthians to Epidamnus £o have fuir and equal rights. "Tullus in Dionysius of Halicarnassus says, Tet the mother- country should govern her colonies, as a, necessary law of nature, we do not think either true or just.
XI. 1 Thereis a very celebrated question among historians and jurists, To whom now belong the Rights which did belong to the Roman Empire?
Many hold that these rights belong to the German Kingdom, as it was formerly called, or the German Empire; (it makes no difference which name you adopt:) and they conceive that, in some way or other, one Empire was put in the place of the other. And yet it is well known that Great Germany, that is, Germany beyond the Rhine, Lib. iii. 11.
12 QUANDO IMPERIA VEL [1.18. II.
parte fuisse extra complexum Romani imperi. Mihi non przsumenda videtur mutatio aut translatio, nisi certis docu- mentis probetur. Quare et populum Romanum eundem esse dico, qui olim fuit, quanquam extraneorum accessione admix- tum, et imperium penes eum mansisse, tanquam penes corpus, in quo esset ae viveret. Nam quz: olim jure potuit facere populus Romanus, antequam Imperatores lhomani regnarent, idem faciendi jus habuit, ut quisque Imperator mortuus erat, alio nondum existente. Imo et electio Imperatoris ad popu- lum pertinebat, et aliquoties a populo?per se, aut per senatum facta est: qu: autem a legionibus modo his, modo illis fiebant electiones, non erant rate ex jure legionum (nam in vago no:- mine jus certum esse non poterat) sed ex approbatione populi.
Interpretibus et aliis Scriptoribus vapu- lat: quorum tamen nonnulli ut heic Gronovius, asperius eum exceperunt, suspicionibusque iniquis onerare conati sunt. J. B.
s Per se, aut per Senatum] Exem- pla passim electionum factarum a Senatu aut probatarum in Adriano, Pertinace, Juliano, Severo, Macrino, Maximo, Dal- bino, Aureliano, Tacito, Floriano, Pro- bo, apud Dionem, Spartianum, Capito- linum, Lampridium, Vopiscum. Ante Aurelianaum sex menses imperium fuit sine principe, ejusque electionem miles senatui detulit iterum atque iterum. Pro Senatus jure egregia Albini epistola apud Capitolinum, (cap.13) et Senatus epistola pro Gordianis. (Zfpud eumdem, Maximin. c. 15.) Macrinus in oratione: Detulerunt ad me imperium: cujus ego, Paiíres conscripti, interim tutelam reci- pio, tenebo regimen, si et vobis placuerit quod militibus placuit. (Capitolin. in ejus vit. c. 6.) "Tacitus Imperator apud Vopiseum in Probo (cap. 7.) JMe qui- dem senatus principem fecit, de prudenti evercitus voluntate. Apud eundem Vo- piscum Probus: Zecte aique ordine, Patres. conscripti, proasimo superiore auno factum, ut vestra clementia orbi terrarum principem daret, et quidem de vobis, qui et estis mundi principes, et was, for the greater part of the time, entirely without the circle of the Roman Empire. It appears to me that such a change or transla- tion is not to be presumed, except it be proved by certain documents. i therefore hold that the toman people is still the same people as formerly, before it received the admixture of strangers; and that the Roman Empire remained in it, as in the body in which it existed and lived. For what the Roman people had formerly a right to do, before the Emperors reigned, it had the right of doing the same, when one Emperor was dead, and another not yet created. And even the election of the Emperor belonged to the people; and was sometimes made by the people, by itself, or by the Senate. And the elections which were made by the Legions, sometimes by one and sometimes by another, were not valid by any rights which the Legions had; (for in $0 vague a name there could be no certain right;) but through the approbation of the people.
2 Τὸ does not make any objection to this view, that by a con- Car. IX] DOMINIA DESINANT. 13