We say then that by the promise and contract of a king, which he enters into with his subjects, there arises a true and proper obligation, which confers a right upon the subjects: for this is the nature of promises and contracts, as we have shewn above, even between God and men. But if the acts be such as are done by the king, but done by him, only as by any other man, the Civil Laws also will be valid in that case: but if the act be an act of the king as king, the Civil Laws do not apply to that; which distinetion has not been sufficiently attended to by Vasquius. But notwithstanding this distinction, in either case a legal action will arise from the act; namely, to the end that the right of the creditor may be declared: but eoaction cannot follow, on aecount of the condition of those with whom the business is. For it is not allowable for subjects to compel him whose subjects they are: equals have such a right towards equals, by nature; supe- riors have it over subjects by law only.
VIL This also is to be noted, that a right, even when it has been acquired by subjects, may be taken away by the king in two modes; either as a Penalty, or by the force of Eminent Dominion.
Car. XIV.] HABENT FROMISSIS, ETC. 119 eminentis dominii, primum requiritur utilitas publica; deinde, ut si fieri potest compensatio fiat ei qui suum amisit, ex com- muni, Hoc ergo sicut in rebus aliis locum habet, ita et in jure quod ex promisso aut contraetu quzeritur.
VIII. Neque ullo modo hic admittenda est distinctio quam adferunt nonnulli, juris quzsiti ex vi juris naturalis,?et ejus quod venit ex lege civili; nam in utrumvis par jus est regis, nec hoc magis quam illud sine causa tolli potest. Ubi enim dominium aut jus aliud alieui legitimo modo partum est, id ne sine causa ei auferatur juris est naturalis. ^ Contra si rex fa- ciat, haud dubie tenetur reparare damnum datum: facit enim contra verum jus subditi. — Hoc ergo differt jus subditorum et jus exterorum, quod jus exterorum (hoe est qui nulla ratione subditi sunt) supereminenti dominio nullo modo subest: nam de pcena infra videbimus: subditorum autem jus ei dominio subest, quatenus publica utilitas desiderat.
IX. Ex his qu» diximus et hoc apparet, quam falsum sit quod quidam tradunt, contractus Regum leges esse. Nam ex legibus nemini jus adversus Regem nascitur: ideo si eas 9 Adde, quz infra dicentur, Lib. rrr. cap. 20. $9. J. B.
But to do this by the force of Eminent Dominion, there is required, in the first place, publie utility; and next, that, if possible, compensation be made, to him who has lost what was his, at the common expense. And as this holds with regard to other matters, so does it with regard to rights which are acquired by promise or contract.
VIII. Nor may we, in this matter, in any way admit the dis- tinetion which some make, between rights acquired by force of Natural Law, and those which come from the Civil Law. For the right of the king over the one class and the other is equal, and the latter can- not, any more than the former, be taken away without cause. For when ownership, or any other right, has been legitimately acquired by any one, that it may not be taken away from him without cause, is a matter of Natural Law. If the king act in any other way, he is without doubt bound to repair the damage done: for he acts against the true right of the subject. In this therefore the rights of subjects and the rights of foreigners differ, "That the rights of foreigners, (that is, of those who are not subjects in any way.) are by no means sub- ject to the right of Eminent Dominion; (whether they are subject to Penalty, we shall hereafter see;) but the rights of subjects are liable to that right, so far as publie utility demands, IX. From what we have said, this also appears:—how false that is which some deliver, that the Contracts of Kings are Laws. For, from Bal. inl. Ces. 15. D. de pub. Bart. in 1. quod cujus. univ. nom. Jas. cois. 1. col. 4. vol. 1. et alii alleg. & Vasq. d.
120 DE EORUM QUI SUMMUM IMPERIUM [1.18.1].
revocet nemini facit injuriam. Peccat tamen si sine justa causa id faciat. At ex promissis et contractibus jus nascitur. Contracetibus ligantur contrahentes tantum, legibus subditi omnes. Possunt tamen quzdam esse mixta et contractibus et legibus, ut contractus cum vicino rege, aut cum publicano faetus, qui simul pro lege publicatur, quatenus ei insunt quse subditis observanda sunt.
X. PVeniamus ad successores: de quibus adhibenda dis- tinctio est, sintne omnium simul bonorum heredes, ut qui reg- num, quod in patrimonio est, testamento, vel ab intestato ac- cipiunt; an successores regni duntaxat, puta ex electione nova, aut ex przseripto; sive imitatione quadam vulgaris hereditatis, sive aliter: an vero mixto Jure succedentes. Nam qui bonorum omnium ita ut regni heredes sunt, quin promissis et contracti- bus teneantur dubitandum non est. Pro debitis enim etiam personalibus bona defuncti ut obligata sint, ipsi rerum dominio cozvyum est.: b Veniamus ad successores] Vide Scriptores quibus utitur Reinkingius lib.
c At qui in jus regni duníazat suc- cedunt] Vide Aymonium editum a Fre- hero p. 973.
3 Directe, hoc est ἀμέσως, hos suc- cessores regni, qua, tales, non obligari satis manifestum est] Sic Solomo obli- gatus non fuit eo promisso, quod Semei David fecerat. [Vide r. Reg. ii. 9. et quod ea de re dictum est apud PurENlaws, no one acquires a right against the king; therefore, if he re- vokes them, he does wrong to no one. (He sins, however, if he do so without just cause.) But from his promises and contracts, rights arise. By contracts, the contracting parties only are bound; to laws, all are subject. Dut yet some transactions may be mixed of contracts and laws, as a treaty made with a neighbouring king, or with a farmer of the revenues, which is at the same time published as a Law, so far as it contains things to be observed by the subjects.
X. Let us proceed to the case of Successors: and with regard to them, we must make a distinction, whether they are heirs to the whole property of the deceased as well as to the kingdom; as those are who receive a patrimonial kingdom by testament, or by intestacy; or whether they are only successors to the kingdom; suppose by a new election, or by the law of the land, or by some imitation of the com- mon rule of inheritance, or otherwise: or whether, finally, they succeed by mixed right. For with regard to those who are heirs of all the pro- perty as well as of the kingdom, there can be no doubt that they are bound by the promises and contracts of their predecessor. For the rule, that the property ofthe deceased is bound for debts, even for Car. XIV.] HABENT PROMISSIS, ETC. 121 XI. 1 *At qui in jus regni duntaxat succedunt; aut partim in bona, in jus regni vero in solidum; quatenus obli- gentur, tam dignum est quzri, quam confuse hactenus tracta- tum est. "Directe, hoe est ἀμέσως; hos successores regni, qua tales, non obligari satis est manifestum: quia jus non accipiunt ab eo qui proxime decessit, sed a populo, sive ea successio propius accedat ad jus hereditatum vulgarium, sive absit longius: de quo discrimine supra egimus.
2 Sed ἐμμέσως, 1d est ^per interpositam civitatem, obli- gantur etiam tales successores: quod sie intelligetur. ^ Coetus quilibet, non minus quam person:e singulares, jus habet se ob- ligandi per se, aut per majorem sui partem. — Hoc jus trans- ferre potest tum expresse, tum per consequentiam necessariam, puta imperium transferendo; nam in moralibus qui dat finem, dat ea quz ad finem perdueunt.
XII. 1 Non tamen in infinitum hoc abit: neque enim obli- gandi infinita potestas ad imperium recte exercendum necesponriUM, De Jure Nat. et Gent. Lib. — verba: Cum tam supradicti avi dona- 1Υ. ΟΡ. 11. 818. J. B.] iio quam locorum acquisitio promissorum e Per interpositam civitatem obli- ^ fuerint nomine regni facie. "Vide et gantur] Similia vide c. 1. de solutioni- ^ 'Treutl. parte 1. disput. vi. thesi 7. Syr.
bus. Propius ad rem facite. Abbate,9. ^ de pace religionis concl. 19. de sententiis et re judicata, ubi notanda personal debts, is a rule coeval with property itself.
XI.. 1 But of those who succeed only to the kingdom; or to the property as sharers only, but to the kingdom, alone; how far they are bound, is a matter worthy of inquiry, especially as it has hitherto been treated very confusedly. That the successors of the kingdom, as such, are not directly and imvmnediatel bound [by those contracte, ] is evident enough; because they receive their rights, not from him who has lately deceased, but from the people; whether the rule of suc- cession approach more nearly to the rule of common inheritance, or recede further from it; of which difference we have treated above.
2 But mediately, that is, by the mediate effect of the State, such successors also are bound; which wil be thus understood. Every society, no less than individual persons, has the right of binding itself, by its own act, or that of the majority. And this right it may trans- fer, either expressly, or by necessary consequence; suppose, by trans- ferring the government: for in moral matters, he who gives the end, gives the means which lead to the end.
XII. 1 But this does not go to an infinite extent. For an infinite power of imposing such obligations is not necessary, in order rightly L. Quifund. 7. S si tut. 3. D. pro emp. L. ab agqnat. curat. L. 22. pct. C. de pact. contr. 28. ὃ si curat. 1. D. de pact. L. item. 4. D. de pact. Alph.de Cast. 1.1. de leg. l'ict. in Rel. de pot. Pape. et conc.
L. Pres. 12. C. De trans.
122 DE EORUM QUI SUMMUM IMPERIUM [Lis. II.
saria est, ut nec ad tutelam aut curationem, sed quatenus ejus potestatis natura exigit.!''utor domini loco habetur, inquit Julianus, eum rem administrat, non cum pupillum spoliat; quo sensu et illud intelligendum quod dixit Ulpianus, magistri societatis pactum societati non prodesse tantum, sed et obesse. Neque tamen, ut quidam existimant, lex hzc ad naturam ne- gotiorum gestorum exigenda est, ut tum demum ratus sit habendus actus, si utiliter gestus sit. Nam ad tales angustias reipubliee imperantem redigere, ipsi reipubliez esset pericu- losum. Quare nee sensisse hoc credendus est populus cum imperium detulit. Sed quod a Romanis Imperatoribus in causa civitatis responsum est, valere transactionem quam ma- gistratus fecissent in re dubia, non si indubitate id quod deberi possit remissum sit, idem ad nostram de populo toto qusestio- nem referri debet ac potest, sed servata proportione.
f Tutor domini loco habetur, inquit Julianus, cum rem administrat, non cum pupillum spoliat] Huc pertinent ea quae habet Camdenus parte rv. Elisabetha anno cIo Io xcv; et quz Cromerus ha- bet de Georgii Bohemis regis zre ali- eno imprudenter suscepto a Wladislao, lib. xxvi. (pag. 593.)
€ Esse quedam evidenter stulte atc. 5) et Agathiam. (Lib. 1v, c.12.) Hoe legis argumentum ad alienationes aptat Petrus, Legatus Justini 11. ad Chos- roen, agens de iis quz Justinianus Sa- racenis promisisse videbatur: οὐ γὰρ ἑνὸς ὠνδρὸς ἔθει, φημὶ δὲ τὸ πλέον καὶ νόμῳ μὴ λυσιτελοῦντι; καὶ εἰ πέφυκε βασιλεὺς ὁ τὸ ἔθος ἰσχυροποιήσας ἤγουν νομοθετήσας, πολιτεία καταδικασθήσεταί ποτε" Non enim ex unius homique absurde| Ut lex Cabadis Persarum nis consuetudine, aut etiam lege non utili, regis apud Procopium (Persic. Lib. 1.
to exercise the government: as such power also is not necessary for a guardian or a Tutor; but only so much as the nature of the office requires. The Tutor is reckoned in the place of the owner, says Julian, when he administers his pupils affairs, not when he plunders him: and in this sense we are to understand what Ulpian says, that the contract of the master of a society, may not only bring advantage to the society, but also disadvantage. But yet we are not, as some hold, to re- duce the engagements of a king to the rules of one man undertaking anothers busines; namely, that his acts are then only valid when they turn out to the advantage of the principal party. For to put the Ruler of the State to such a strait, would be dangerous to the State itself. And accordingly, the community is to be supposed to have held this opinion, when it bestowed the government upon him. And what the Roman Emperors declared, in a Rescript with respect to the corporation of a town,—that what was transacted by the magis- trates should be of force in a doubtful case, but not, if what was un- questionably due was given away,—may be and ought to be applied to our question, relative to the whole People, observing a due pro- Car. XIV.] HABENT PROMISSIS, ETC. 123 2 Sieut ergo leges non quaevis subditos obligant, possunt enim, etiam extra eas quz jubent quod illieitum est, ὅ 6556 quadam evidenter stult» atque absurdsz; 510 et contractus regentium ita obligant subditos, si probabilem habeant ratio- nem, "quod in dubio ob regentium auctoritatem przsumi de- bet. Quse distinctio multo est melior, quam illa quz a multis afferri solet de exitu modiezs aut immodiez) lsionis. Non enim exitus in hac re, sed probabilis ratio rei gerendse spec- tanda est: quz si adsit, et populus ipse obligabitur, si quo casu sui juris esse inceperit, et successores ut populi capita. Nam et si quid populus liber contraxisset, obligaretur is qui postea regnum plenissimo jure acciperet.
3 Laudatur Casar Titus hoc nomine, quod beneficia a superioribus concessa a se peti passus non est, cum Tiberius, et eum secuti, non aliter rata habuissent superiorum beneficia, etiam si Imperator sit qui morem talem Jirmaverit, aut lege sanzerit, respublica unquam condemnabitur. [Hoc est e Mrawawpmi Protectoris Legat. c. 12. sed ibi Joannes Legatus loquitur, non Petrus. J. B.]
h Quod in dubio ob regentium auc- toritatem presumi debet] Sidonius Lib. v. epistola xvi. Quicquid spoponderit (pag. 492 c. Ed. Paris. 1569.) Symma- chum Lib. rv. epist. 7, et 19. Lib. v. 37. Conc. Toletanum v. c. 6. C. ceterum 3. de Donationibus: debita Justiniani, qui ss magnum reliquerat, a Justino impe- rii successore persoluta narrat Corippus Lib. rr.
Laudatur Cesar Titus hoc nomine] Historia apud Suetonium c. 8. apud princeps, semper redhibet principatus. Vide Ambrosium in laudibus "Theodosii, Xiphilinum ex Dione, (pag. 212. Edit. Job. Steph.) et apud Victorem, (in C«- portion in the application.
2 As the subjects are not bound by every law; for there may be laws, (even without going to those which command somethiug unlaw- ful) which are evidently foolish and absurd;—so too the contracts of Governors then bind their subjects, when they have a probable reason; and in a doubtful case, this may be presumed, on the authority of the Governors. And this distinction is much better than that which is put forth by many, governed by the result, according as it is a mode- rate or an immoderate damage. For it is not the result which is to be regarded in such a case, but the probable reason for doing the thing; if there be such a reason, the People itself will be bound, if by any event it should become its own master; and the successors to the government, as the heads of the People. For, in like manner, if a free People had made any engagement, he who afterwards should receive the sovereignty, in the fullest manner, would be bound by the engage- ment.
3 The emperor Titus is praised on this account, that he would not allow himself to be petitioned to confirm any thing which his ^an. in c. que in ecct.
4 Felin. n. 60. Turrec. 2n c. concl. 6 et 7. Alii in c. lic. devot. Aguir Apoi, p. l. n Hist. iii, 55.
124 DE EORUM QUI SUMMUM IMPERIUM [1.8.1].
nisi eadem iisdem et ipsi dedissent. Titi exemplum secutus Imperator optimus Nerva in Edicto quod *apud Plinium ex- stat sic ait: Volo existimet quisquam quac alio Principe vel privatim vel publice est consecutus, ideo saltem a, me rescin- di, ut potius mihi debeat si illa rata et certa fecero, nec gratulatio ullius énstauratis eget precibus. Αὖ vero de Vitellio eum narrasset Tacitus eum, nulla posterum cura, lace- rasse imperium, vulgo ad magnitudinem beneficiorum aceur- rente, quibusdam et pecunia emercantibus, addit: Apud sapi- entes cassa habebantur,!que neque dari neque accipi, salva republica, poterant.
4 Illud hie addendum est, si quo casu contractus incipiat vergere non ad damnum modo aliquod, sed ad perniciem pub- lieam, ita ut ab initio contractus in extensione ad illum casum sarib. c. 10.) Simile c. Justitie, 15. causa xxv. quzst.i. Gail. obs. 11.]x. 15. Vide et Radevici historiam. Gun- terus Ligurino Lib. v: Neve secuturi factum subvertere reges Aut revocare queant, regali tuta sigillo Argumenta Duci, monimentaque certa reliquit.
( vers. 569, et seqq.) Etlibro vir. (vers. 579, &e.): Tanta tamen clari fuit indulgentia regis, Ut quicunque bona priscorum munera regunt Hactenus ista fide possederat, idque probare Legitimis poterat vel demonstrare tabellis, Principis assensu titulo gavisus eodem Nunc quoque possideat.
k Apud Plinium] x. Epist. 66.
Que neque darineque accipi, salva republica, poterant] Laudat et applicat Mariana ad immensam munificentiam Friderici Regis Neapolitani xxvi. 16. A Nerone donata etiam ab emtoribus repetiit Galba, relicta decima. Tacitus Historiarum 1. (cap. 20) et Plutarchus (ix Galb. 'T'om. r1. pag. 1060 4.) Per- tinax etiam a libertis ea exegit quz» sub specie venditionis, Commodo Principe, lucrifecerant. [Capitolinus, cap. 8.] Basilius Macedo Imperator repetiit quz Michael Imperator elargitus fuerat. Zonaras de eo (Lib. xvr. cap. 8. Ed.
Heg.) ᾽ἘΨήφιστο παρὰ πάντων ποὺς predecessors had granted, [holding them valid without such process;] while Tiberius and those emperors who followed him, did not recog- nize the grants of their predecessors as valid, till they had themselves repeated them. — The excellent emperor Nerva, following the example of Titus, says, in an edict which is extant in Pliny, Let no man suppose that what he has obtained from another Prince, either privately or pub- licly, shall be by me revoked, that so, if I confirm those grants, he may be the more obliged to me; no mam's congratulation need be accompanied, by such petitions. But on the other hand, when Tacitus had related of Vitellius, that he had torn the empire in pieces, reckless of the inte- rests of posterity, the common world flocking about him to catch his extravagant gifts, and some even purchasing his favour with money; he adds: Wise men held those grants to be void, which could be mei- ther given mor meceived without damage to the State.
4 That must also here be added; that if in any case a contract Car. XIV.] HABENT PROMISSIS, ETC. 125 censendus fuisset injustus et illieitus, tune non tam revocari eum contractum posse, "quam declarari eum non ultra obli- gare, quasi factum sub conditione, sine qua juste fieri non potuit.
5 Qus de contractibus diximus, eadem intelligenda sunt ^de alienatione pecunie populi, aut rei alterius quam secun- dum leges rex alienare bono publico possit. Nam hie quoque similis adhibenda est distinetio, an probabilis donandi, aut aliter alienandi fuerit ratio.
6 At si contractus ad regni ejusve partis aut. patrimonii regalis, quatenus id Regi permissum non est, alienationem pertineant, non valebunt, ut facti de re aliena. ^ Tantundem erit in regnis restrictis, 51 quam materiam, aut actuum genus populus a potestate regia exceperit. Nam ut tales actus valeἐξ οὐδεμίας χρήματα λαβόντας εὐλό- γου λαβῆς, ἀναδιδόναι ταῦτα, 1] τόγε διὶ μετριώτερον ἡμίσυ" Communi con- sensu placuit, ut qui pecunias nulla pro- babili ex causa accepissent, partim totas, partim dimidium redderent, Vide eun- dem Isaacio Comneno. (Lib. xvitr. cap.4.) De donationibus Ludovici XI. vide Serranum Carolo VIII. (pag. 413.) De ejusdem donationibus, etiam quz Ecclesiis factze, non servatis, Philippum Cominzum, Lib. rx. (Vers. Sleidan. Lib. vr. cap. 7. ipsius Auctor.) Maria- nam vero 45 donationibus quas Arrago- nie rex Ramirus fecerat, rescissis, libro X. c. 16. de Isabellz donationibus re- scissis per ipsam xxvi. 11. Cromerum de Casimiri regis Poloniz testamento partim probato, partim improbato, xir.
m Quam declarari eum non ultra ob- ligare] C. Suggestum est, 9. de decimis, Exemplum in Actis Alfonsi et Sanctii apud Marianam, Lib. xir. c. ultimo: apud Camdenum dicto anno cIo Io xcv. et anno cloloxocvir in controversia Hanseatica.
? De alienatione] Habes huc perti- nentia in Conciliis Galli: tomo rrr, begins to tend, not only to some loss, but to the ruin of the commu- nity, so that from the beginning the contract in its extension to that case would have been unjust and unlawful; then that contract may, not so much be revoked, as declared not to be binding any longer, as being made without the condition without which it could not justly bo made.
5 What we have said of contracts, holds also of the alienation of the People's money, and of any other things which the king has by law a power to alienate for the public good. For here too a simi- lar distinetion is to be applied, whether there was a probable reason for giving or otherwise alienating.
6 Butifthe engagements have reference to the alienation of the kingdom or its parts, or of the royal patrimony, they will be invalid, as being a contract about that which is anothers. The same will hold in limited monarchies, if there be any matter or kind of act ὃ Neque enim. Curt. Jun.
Crav. de ant.
part. prin. 38 Bell. in spec. prin. rubr. 26 Ant. Gabr. Lib. i. tit. de jur. ques. non tollend. et concl. 7.
126 DE EORUM QUI SUMMUM IMPERIUM [Lir. II.
ant, populi per se, aut per eos, qui populum legitime referunt, consensus requiritur, ut ex iis quze de alienatione supra dixi- mus intelligi potest. Quibus distinctionibus adhibitis facile ju- dicari poterit, justze an injustze fuerint exceptiones regum, qui priorum regum nomina exsolvere recusarunt, quorum heredes non fuerant: quarum exempla apud Bodinum videre est.
XII. Illud quoque “ἃ multis traditum, beneficia Princi- pum, quze liberaliter sunt concessa, semper posse revocari, sine distinctione transmittendum non est. Sunt enim quzdam beneficia quze rex de suo facit, et quz, nisi adsit precarii elau- sula, vim habent perfect» donationis. P? Hsec revocari non possunt, nisi quod subditos attinet in poenam, aut ob utilitatem publicam eum compensatione si fieri potest. Sunt alia quse vinculum duntaxat legis demunt sine ullo contractu. Et hzc sunt revocabilia. Quia sieut lex sublata universaliter reponi universaliter semper potest, ita et particulariter sublata parti- culariter reponi. Nullum enim hic jus quaesitum est, adversus legis auctorem.
ο ΑἹ multis traditum] Vide citatos P Hec revocari non possunt] Vide per Reinkingium, libroir. classeii, cap. ^ Afflictum decis. cxx viri. num, 10. 8. num. 26. et sequentibus.
which the people has exeepted from the royal power. For in order to give validity to such acts, there is required the consent of the People, either by itself, or by those who legitimately represent the People; as may be understood by what we have said above respect- ing alienation. By the application of these distinctions, it will be easy to judge whether the pleas of kings who refuse to pay their predecessors' debts, not being their heirs, are just or unjust: of which examples may be seen in bodinus.
XIII — Noris that which many have delivered, that the favours of Princes, granted out of pure liberality, may at any time be re-- voked, to be allowed to pass on without distinction. For there are some grants which the king makes out of his own property, and which, except they are granted expressly during pleasure only, have the force of a complete donation. And these cannot be revoked, except, in the case of subjects, in the way of penalty, or for the sake of publie utility, and then with compensation if it may be. There are other grants which merely remove legal restrictions without any contract. These are revocable. Because, as the law which is re- laxed universally may always be re-established universally, so, that which is relaxed particularly may be re-established particularly. For in this case no right against the author of the law is acquired.
Car. XIV.] HABENT PROMISSIS, ETC. 197 XIV. Contractibus vero eorum, qui sine jure imperium invaserunt, non tenebuntur populi aut veri reges; nam hi jus obligandi populum non habuerunt. De in rem verso tamen tenebuntur, id est quatenus locupletiores facti sunt.
XIV. By contracts made by those who without right have usurped the government, the People, or the Legitimate Sovereign are not bound. For Usurpers have no authority to bind the People. How- ever, the People are bound by what has been expended for their benefit [by an usurper;] that is, so far as they are the richer for it.
CAPUT XV. DE FEDERIBUS AC SPONSIONIBUS.
XI. Cautiones cirea dera. XII. Christianos omnes obligatos I. JPubliete conventiones quee. talia fe- II. Dividuntur in federa, sponsiones, pactiones alias.
IIT. PFederwm. et sponsionwm. dis- ad fedus ineundwin, adversus crimen, et in quid sponsiones hostes Christianismi. obligent. XIII Si plures federatorwm. bel- IV..Rejecta divisio — federum lum. gerant, cui potius opem quam Menippus fecit.
V..Federwm, divisio in ea quee idem statuunt cum jure na- ture: et wnde id natum. Et ea qua aliquid adjiciunt: que sunt equalia; VII. Aut incqualia, quc rursum dividuntur.
νυνὶ oporteat, distinctioni- bus explicatur.
XIV. An tacite renovatum censea- tur fedus.
XV. An partis alterius perfidia alteram liberet.
XVI. In. quid teneantur sponsores si sponsio improbetur, ubi VIII.
Federa cwm his qui alieni sunt a vera religione licita 4586 jure mature: * de Caudina sponsione.
XVIL An sponsio non. improbata, obliget ex notitia et silentio, IX. JNec universaliter prohiberi distinctionibus — explicatur, lege Hebroea; ubi de sponsione.Lucta- X. Nec Christiana. tiana.
L. Conven. 5. Το ONVENTIONES Ulpianus divisit in publicas et priva- D. de Pact.
tas: et publieam exposuit non ut quidam putant defi- nitione, sed exemplis additis, quc fit per pacem,! quod primum Contr. rv. 25.
b [n regnis, regum est fedus facere] Vide qua infra Lib. rr. c. xx. $ 2. et Vide Clariss. Nooprii Librum de Pactis et Transactionibus, cap. 7. J. B. ἃ Quod apud Senecam patrem est] CuarrER XV. Of Treaties and. Sponsions*.
I. Compaets or Conventions are divided by Ulpian into publie: and private: and publie, he expounds, not by definition, but by exam- ples which he gives; « treaty of peace, which is the first example; or when the generals in a war make some convention, which is the second. By public compacts or conventions, therefore, he understands those which can only be made by the supreme government or some publie governor; by which character they differ, not only from the contraets of private persons, but from the contracts of kings about their private concerns. For though causes of war arise from the latter also, they * Mr Wheaton adopts the term.Sponsions, exactly in the sense in which Grotius uses it in this Chapter, as denoting engagements made without full authority. International Law, Part 111. Chap. 11, $ 3. (1836).
Car. XV.] DE FEDERIBUS AC SPONSIONIBUS. 129 exemplum est: quoties inter se duces belli quedam | pacis- cuntur; quod secundum. Publicas ergo conventiones eas in- teligit, quz nisi Jure imperii majoris aut minoris fieri neque- unt, qua nota differunt non tantum a contractibus privatorum, sed et a contractibus regum circa negotia privata. Quanquam ex privatis quoque istis belli causa nasci solet, frequentius ta- men ex publicis. Ideo postquam de conventionibus generaliter a nobis tractata sunt satis multa, quzedam addenda sunt quz ad excellentiorem hanc speciem pertineant.
11. Publieas has conventiones, quas Grzeci συνθήκας vo- cant, dividere possumus in federa, sponsiones, pactiones alias.
III. 1 De federum et sponsionum discrimine adiri potest Livius libro 1x. ubi recte nos docet federa esse quze fiunt Jussu Car. 5. summsze potestatis, et in quibus ipse populus ir: divinz ob- stringitur si minus stetur dictis: Ea apud Romanos peragi per feciales solebant addito patre patrato. Sponsio autem est, ubi hi qui a potestate summa mandatum ejus rel non habent aliquid promittunt, quod illam proprie tangit. Apud Sallus- tium legimus: Senatus ufi par erat decrevit, suo atque Aes populi injussu mullum potuisse fedus fieri. Hieronymus Syracusarum rex eum Annibale, ut narrat Livius, societatem Lib. xxiv. 6. fecerat: at postea Carthaginem misit ad fedus ex societate fa- ciendum. Quare?quod apud Senecam patrem est: Zmperator Jedus percussit, videtur populus percussisse Romanus, et fe- dere continetur: ad antiquos eos pertinet, qui speciale ejus rei mandatum acceperant. At "in regnis, regum est fedus facere. Euripides S'upplicibus (vers. 1188, et seqq.): sequentibus. Servius ad illud 11. ZEne- — Quia quod rez promittit videtur respubidos (vers. 161): lica promittere. Et ubi ZEneas singu- Servataque serves lari certamine pugnaturus prius cum Troja fidem; Latino fedus facit; T'urnum, ait, non inproceed more commonly from publie questions. Therefore, since we have discussed many points with regard to compacts in general, we must add some remarks belonging to this more eminent kind of com- pact.
II. These publie agreements we may divide into Public Treaties, Sponsions, and other Compacts*.
II. 1 With regard to the difference of Publice Treaties (Federa) and Conventions made on personal responsibility (Sponsiones), we may take Livy's view, in which he says that fxdera are treaties made by 9 [GRor. 1.7 1380 DE FEDERIBUS AC SPONSIONIBUS. [118. II.
Τόνδε δ᾽ ὀμνύναι χρεὼν Ἄδραστον: οὗτος κύριος τύραννος ὧν Πάσης ὑπὲρ γῆς Aavaióov ὁρκωτομεῖν.
Adrastum hune opus Jurare: namque is jus habet regni potens Ut civitatem federe obstringat suo.
Legendum enim ibi, ut diximus, ὁρκωτομεῖν,?non ὁρκωτομεῖ.
2 Sieut autem magistratus populum non obligant, ita nec minor pars populi: quod pro homanis est adversus Gallos Senonas:?nam major pars populi erat apud Dictatorem Ca- millum; bifariam autem, ut apud Gellium est, cum populo agi non potest.
3 Sed ubi qui jus populi non habent, de eo quod populi est spoponderunt, videamus in quid teneantur. Putet forte aliquis hoe casu sponsores fidem liberasse, si operam omnem dedissent, ut id quod spoponderunt fieret, secundum ea quz de promisso tertii facto ^supra diximus: sed negotii hujus, cui ducit jurantem, quia presente rege non — omnes Editiones Euripidis. Ceterum habet potestatem. (Yn ZEn. x11. 212.) emendatio illa fugit diligentissimum ? ftaquidem legiturin omnibus Edd. ^ Barnesium, qui alias de ea aliquid dicere istius Operis: sed pro voce illa, Linguz: — non omisisset. J. B.
Greew ignota, voluit scribere Auctor? Non tenebantur Galli scire, Camilὁρκωμοτεῖν et ὁρκωμοτεῖ, ut habent — lum Dietatorem creatum fuisse, neque the sovereign power of the State, in which the people is liable to the Divine wrath if it do not make good its engagements. Among the Romans they were formally made by the.eciales, with the Pater Patratus at their head. Sponsions is the term which we may use when persons not having a commission from the Supreme Authority make any engagement which properly touches that authority. Sallust says, The Senate, as was to be evpected, decreed that mo Treaty (fedus) could be «ade without its direction and that of the people. Hieronymus, king of Syracuse, made a Convention of alliance with Annibal; but afterwards sent to Carthage to convert the Convention into a Treaty. So that when Seneca says, The Treaty made by the General was held made by the People, he must mean the generals of the old time, who had such a commission. In kingdoms, it is the king's office to make Treaties. See Euripides.
2 As a Magistrate's acts do not bind the People, so neither do those of the smaller part of the people: which justifies the Romans in breaking their convention with the Galli Senones; for the greater part of the people was with the Dictator Camillus; and as Gellius Says, the People cannot be treated with in two bodies.
3 But when they who have not authority from the people have Car. XV.] DE FEDERIBUS AC SPONSIONIBUS. 131 contractus inest, natura obligationem multo strictiorem desi- derat. Nam qui contrahendo aliquid de suo dat, aut promittit, is vicissim przestari reipsa sibi aliquid vult; unde et jure civili, quod facti alieni promissiones repudiat, promissio tamen ratam rem haberi ad id quod interest obstringit.
IV. Federa Menippus regis Antiochi ad Romanos Dog tus, referente "Livio, magis ex usu suo quam ex prieseripto Morc artis ita divisit, ut diccrobi tria esse eorum federum, quz» inter ' se paciscerentur reges civitatesque, genera: unum cum bello vietis dicerentur leges, quo in genere quid victum habere, quo muletari eum vellet, victoris esse arbitrium: alterum, cum pares bello zquo federe in pacem atque amicitiam venirent: tune repeti reddique per conventionem res, et si quarum tur- bata bello possessio sit, eas aut ex formula juris antiqui, aut ex partis utriusque commodo componi: tertium esse genus, cum qui hostes nunquam fuerint ad amicitiam sociali federe inter se jungendam cocant: quos nec dicere leges, nec accipere.
inquirere, major an minor pars Populi € Supra diximus] Hoc lib. c. xi, Capitolio includeretur:tumibiSenatum, ὃ. 22.
civium partem augustiorem, videbant. 4 Livio] Adde Diodorum Sicuium Plura diximus in Notis nostris Gallicis. — Exc. leg. 1v. (collect. a Fulvio Ursino,