twixt the Weft Gate and the South, as the trenches incline in ten rows, ten lodgments in a row, as I faid of the other: The Captains or their Lieutenants may take fuch quarters as they think mcft convenient, on that fide towards the trenches. The Artillery 1 would difpoie every where upon the banks of the trenches; and in all the other fpace which re- mains towards the Wtft, 1 would beftow all the baggage, and fervants, and impedi- ments of the Army. By impediments you muft underftand (and you know it very well) the ancients intended all their train, and whatever eife was neceffary for an Ar- my, befides the Soldiers; as Carpenters, Smiths, Shooe-makers, Engineers, and Canno- neers, (though thefe indeed might be numbredamong the Soldiers ) Butchers with their Beefs and their Muttons, Cooks, Paftry-men, and all that prepared meat for the Ar- my; and in Hiorr, all other profeflions which followed the Camp for fubfiftence: They reckoned hktwile anicng thtm all the carriages for publick provifions and arms. I would not make ar.y particular diHindion of lodgments, only I would order the Sneets fo as that the}- miglu not be taken up by thtm. As to the orlier fpaces betwixt the Sticccs, wli.ch would be four m ail, I would confjgn thtm in gtixral to p.U the faid T t t 2 irape- 500 The Jrt of WA R. Book VI.
impediments, that is, one to the Butchers, atiocher to the Artificers and Mafters ot" feveral Profeflions; a third to the carriages for Provilionsj a fourth for the carriages for ' Arms. The Streets that I would have left free, Ihould be the Street to the Tiax.zM j the Front-Street, and another Street called the middle Street, which fhould begin in the North, and pafs thorough the middle of the Market-lheet (or Street to the Ftazz^a) towards the South, which on the Weft fide fhould do the fame fervice as the Traverfe- ftreet does on the Eaft. And befides this, 1 would have another back-ftreet along by the lodgments of the Pikes and the l/elites extraordinary; and I would have all thele Streets thirty fpaces wide. The Artillery I would place afterwards upon the trenches on the hinder part of the Camp.
Battifia, I do acknowledge ray ignorance, nor do I think it reproachful where it is not my profeflion to be otherwife: neverthelefs 1 am very well pleafed with your or- der, only I would defire you to refolve me two doubts; one is, why you make the Streets and the fpaces about the lodgments fo large; the other (which troubles me moft) is, how you would employ the fpaces which you deiign for the lodgments.
Fai>r. You muft underftand I allign 30 yards to the breadth of the Streets, that a Battalia of foot may march together a breaft; for (if you remember) I told you of- ten that each Company took up in breadth betwixt 25 and 30 yards. That the fpace betwixt the trench and the lodgments fhould be 100 yards broad, is very neceH'ary for drawing up the Battalias, managing the Artillery, conveying and difpofing of the booty, befides the convenience of retiring upon occafion, and making new Ramparts, and new Intrenchments within. Moreover, the lodgments are bette* at that diltance frohi the trenches, as being farther from fire-works and other things which an enemy might cafl in among them; As to your fccond demand, I do not intend that every fpace that I have defigned for a lodgment fhould be covered with one Tent, or one Pavilion only, but that it fhould be employed as is moft commodious for thofe who are to lodge there with more or fewer Tents as they pleafc, provided they do not ex- ceed their allowance of ground.
To make a juft diftribution of thcfe lodgments, you muft have perfons that are well vers'd and experienced in that aflfair, and good Architects, who as foon asthe Ge- neral has made choice of his place, can immediately put it into form, diftributc the lodgments by dividing the Streets, and diftinguifhing the places for the feveral lodg- ments with a cord and pikes thruft into the ground, with fo much dexterity, that all things fhall be prefently in order. And if you would prevent confufion, you muft turn your Camp always one way, that every man may know in what Street, and in what quarter he may find his Tent. This muft be obfervable in all times and places, and in fuch manner that it may feem a moving City, which where-ever it moves, carries with it the fame Gates, the fame Streets, the fame Houfes, and the fame Fi- gure; which is a thing that cannot be pradifed by thofe who make choice of places of natural ftrength, for they muft frame their Camp according to the variety of the fituation. But the Romans fortified their Camps with Trenches, and Ramparts, and Mounts; for they left a good fpace round about their Camp, and before it they made a ditch commonly fix yards wide, and three yards deep. They made thefe fpaces greater or lefs, according to the time they defign'd to ftay there, or according to their apprehenfion of the Enemy: for my own parr, I would notenclofe my Camp with Stoccado's, unlefs I intend to Winter in it. I would have my Trench and my Parapet not lefs than theirs, but bigger upon occafion. Upon every corner and fide of the Camp I would raifc a kind of half-moon, from whence my Artillery might play, and flank an Enemy that fhould attempt the ditch. In this exercife, to underftand how to, mark oat a Camp, your men are to be trained frequently, and your other Officers are by praftice to be made ready in defigning, and your Soldiers as dexterous in knowing their own quarters; nor is there any great difficulty in it, as I fliall fhew elfe-where, for at prefenc I fhall pafs to the Guards of the Camp, becaufe without them all the other pains and pundilio's would be vain.
Battijia. Before you proceed to the Guards, I would be informed when you would pitch your Camp near your Enemy, what method you would ufe; for I can- not imagine that you fhould have time enough to do it without manifcft danger.
Fal>r. You muft know no man incamps near an Enemy, but he who is defirous to fight whenever the Enemy will give him an opportunity; and when the Enemy is difpofcd to it as well as he, the danger is no more than ordinary; for two parts cf the Army are drawn out to fight, and the third orders the Camp. In this cafe the Rc- mans committed the fortification and ordering their Camp to the Tnarii; whilft the fr/»- cipes and Ha/lati flood to their Arms. And this rhey did, becaufe rlic T'riarii being to fight laft, had time (if the Enemy advanced) to leave their work, fUnd to their Arms, and fail every man into his place. You, Book VI. The Art of WA R. 501 - ■ • — - ■ • ■ ■ ■ You, if you would imitate the Rontanst muft caufe your Camp to be made by the Battalia's in your Rear, which are inftead of the Trictrii; but now to the Guards of the Camp.
CHAP. III.
Of the feveral Watches and Guards ahout the Qamf.
Fal>y. T Do not remember in Hiftory to have found that the Ancients, for the fecurity of the Camp in the night, did ever make ufe of Out-Guards or Sentinels with- out the Ditches, as we do now. The reafon, as I take it, was becaufe they thought the Army thereby might be cafily furprized, by the difficulty of difcerning their Sentinels and Scouts; befides their Sentinels might be over- powered or corrupted by the Enemy* fo that to rely upon them either in part or in whole, they concluded would be dangerous: wherefore all their Guards were within their Trenches, placed with fuch diligence and exadnefs, that it was no lefs than death for any man t© defert his poft. How thefe Guards were difpofed by them, I think it unnecefTary to relate, becaufe if you have not feen it already, you may do it when you pleafe; only this I fliall tell you in fijort what I would do in the Cafe. I would have every night one third part of the Army in Arms, and of them a fourth part upon the Guard, diliributed all along the works, and in all conve- nient places quite thorough the Camp: with a main Guard in each of the four quarters of your Camp, of which 'a party fhould remain conftantly upon the Guard, and another parry fhould patrole from one quarter to the other. And this order 1 would ufe like- wife in the day time, if my Enemy was near. As for giving the word, and changing it every night, and other things which are obfervable in the like cafes, I fliall pafs them by as notorious and known. One thing only I fball mention, as being of importance> and that which brings much advantage to any man that ufes it, and as much difadvan^ tagc where it is neglcfled.
CHAP. IV.
To otferve who goes and comes to the Camp.
P'ahr.Xji'S. who would be fecure in his Camp, isto require notice with great cxadnefe of all flrangers that lodge in bis Camp, and to have a ftrid account of all goers and comers; and this is no hard matter to do, if the Tents be but viewed all along as they ftand in their orders; becaufe every lodgment has its precife and definitive num- ber, and when you find them more or lefs than their proportion, let them be examined and pufiifhed. He who obfervcs this courfe exadly, fiiall keep the Enemy from pradi- fing your Officers (at leaft without great difficulty) or frohi Having knowledge of yout affairs. Had not the Romans been very exad obfervers of this courfe, Claudius Nero (when Hanibal lay fo near hitti) could never have fiole fo privately from his Camp in Lucania, and have marched into la Marca^ and back again, before Hanibal bad miffed him.
C H A P. V.
Of Military Ju/lhey and the methods ufid ly the Anctenis ie the puMtJhmeitt of Offenders.
Fair. TJUt it is not enough to contrive good orders, unlefs they be ftridty obfervcdi for fcverity is no where fo reqiufite as in an Army: wherefore to keep your Soldiers to their duty, ftrid find fevere Laws are to be made, and they are to be exe- cuted as ftridly. The Rirpam puniflied it with death to be abfent from the Guard, when it was a man's 6\x^y to be there. It Was no lefs capital to abandon the place af- figned him in Battle. To carry any thing privately out of his Quarters. To boaft and appropriate ro himfelf feme great exploit, which be never did. To fight without the General's oicfcr. To throw away one's Arms in fear. If at any time it happened ft 502 The Jn of WA R. Book \ I.
a whole Troop or Company had offended in tliac nature, chey were all put to dcarh; but an imburfation was made of their names, and drawing thtm oi.t by Jots, every tenth man was executed. And this way of Decimation was ufed, that though all were not adually fenfible, yet all might be affrighted. Euc bccaiife where the punifhments are great, the rewards ought to be proportionable, that men may be as well encouraged as deterred, they ordain'd rccompences for every remarkable exploit. As to him who in the fight, faved the life of a Citizen. He who firft fcal'd the Walls of an Ene- mies Town. He who firft entred into the Enemies Carnp. He who wounded or killtd the Enemies General, or difmounted him frcm his Horle. Ey this means no fignal r.ft was performed, but it was recompenfed by the Conful, anu applauded publick!y by •the reft: and thofe who received any of thefe prizes for any generous ad, (belides the glory and fame which they acquired among their fellow Soldiers) when they returned home into their Country, they exhibited them to the view of their Relations and Friends, and were received with great acclamation. It is not then to be admired if that people , extended their Empire fo far, being fo fair in their difcipliue, and in the obfervation of their punifliments and rewards, towards fuch as by the gtnciofity of their adions had merited the one, or by their offences the other; of which things I am of opinion the greateft part fhould be obferved now. I think it not amifs to mention one of their pu- nifliments, and it was this; The Criminal being convift before the Tribune orConfuF, was by him ftruck gently over the fhoulders with a rod; after which the Malefador had liberty to run, but as he had liberty to run, fo the reft of the Soldiers had liberty to kill him if they could; fo that immediately fome threw flones at him, fome darts, fome ftruck him with their Swords, fome witn one thing> fome with another; fo that his life was but fliort, for feldom any efcaped; and thofe who did efcapc could not re- turn to their houfes, but with fo much ignominy and fcandai, that they had much bet- ter h^ve died. This fort of punifhment is in fome meafure ufed ffill by the S'xijferSf ■who caufe thofe who are condemned to pafs through the Pikes-, which is a punifhment well contrived, and moft commonly well executed; for he who would order things fo ^hat a man fhould not fide, or defend a Malefador, cannot do better than to make him an inftrument of his puniftiment; becaufe with another rtfpcd he favours, and with an- other appetite he defires his punifliment when he is Executioner himfcif, than when the execution is committed to another. To the end then that aMalefador may Hot be fa- voured by the people, nor upheld in his offence, the beft remedy is to refer him to their judgment. To confirm this, the example of Manlitis Capitolims may be brought, who being accufed by the Senate, was defended by the people, ti|l they were made his Judges; but when his cafe fell once into their Cognizance, and they were made Arbitra- tors in the bufinefs, they condemned him to death. This then is the true way ofpunifhing, to prevent Seditions, and execute Juftice. But becaufe neither fear of the Laws, nor reverenceto men was fulKcient to keep Soldiers to their duties, and to a juft obfervation of their difcipline, the Ancients added the fear and authority of God. For this caufc they made their Soldiers to fwcar with great Ceremony and Solemnity to preferve their difcipline, that if they trangrefs'd they might be in danger not only of humane Laws but divine Juftice, endeavouring by all induftry to poffcis them with principles of Reli- ■^ion, however falfe they were.
Battifta. I pray fatisfy me whether the Romans permitted any Women in their Armies, and whether they fuffered their Soldiers to game, as we do now adays in ours.
i,, - CHAP. VL The Ancients had neither Women, nor Gaming in their Armies; and of the manner how they dijcamp d.
Fahr.lT^Yit Romans allowed neither the one nor the other, and indeed it required no great difficulty to prevent them; for \o fpeak truth, the excrcifes to which they kept the Soldiers conftantly, either in parties or together were fo many, that they had no time either for dalliance or play, nor for any thmg clfe that could make them mutinous or unferviceable.
Battifla. What you fay pleafes me very well: Bur pray tcU me when your Army dif- camps, what orders do you obferve } ' Fnbr. The General's Trumpet founds three times: The firft found they rake down the Tents, and the Pavilions, and pack them up: The lecon<l found tiicy lord their Sunlipters; and the third they maith in:hc fame order as 1 laid before, 'vich their B-i^gage and Book VI. The Art of WA R'. 503 and Train behind every Battalia, and the Legions in the midft. Then the Auxiliary Battalion moves, and its Baggage and Train after it, and a fourth part of the common Baggage and Train, which confift of all thofe who were lodged in either of the quar- ters, which I have fhewn before in the defcription of my Camp. Wherefore it was con- venient that each of the faid quarters fhould be affigned to a Battalion, that upon the motion of the Array every man might know in what place he was to march. So that every. Battalion was to march with its own Baggage and a fourth part of the common Bag- gage behind it; and this was the manner which iht Roman Army obferved in itsmarchj as you may underftand by what we have faid.
Battijia. Tell us, I befeech you, in the placing of their Camps, did the Romans ufe any other cultoms befides what you have related?
CHAP. VII.
The fafety and health of a Camp is to he re^ardedy and it is hy no means to he hejieged.
Fabr. T Mufl tell you again, that the RomaKs in their Encampments were fo conftanC to their old method, that to retain that, they applycd themfelves with incre- dible diligence, not regarding what pains, or what trouble it required: But two things they obferved with 3 curiofity more than ordinary j one was, to place their Camp in an Air that was healthful and frefh: And the other was, not to place it where the Enemy might not eafily befiege them, or cut off their Provifions. To avoid the un- healthfulnefs of the place, they avoided all fenny and boggifh places, or where the wind w.^s cold and unwholfome, which unwholfomnefs they did not fo much compute from the fituation of the place, as from the complexion of the Inhabitants, and when they found them fwarthy or blowfy, they never encamped there. As to the other thing, ne« ver to be befiegcd or ftreightened by an Enemy: you muft confider the nature of the place both where your Friends are placed, and where your Enemies; and then to make your conjedure whether you can be befieged or no. It is neceflary therefore a General be very skilful in the firuation of the Country, and that he have thofe about him who underftand it as well as he. Befides this, there is another way of preventing difeafes, and that is, by providing that no diforder be ufed in your Army: for to keep it found and in health, the way is that your Army fleep in Tents; that they be lodged as of- ten as may be under Trees that arc fbady; (where they may have Hring to drefs theie meat) that they may not be obliged to march in the heat. So that in the Summer time you rauil diflodge them before day, and have a care in the Winter that they march not in the fnow, nor upon the ice, without the convenience of fires; that they want not necelfary cloaths, nor to be conftrained to drink ill water; you muft command the Phy- fitians of the Army to have a particular care of thofe who are fick, for a General will <ind himfelf overlaid, wh((lw'he is at once to contend with an Enemy and a Difeafe. But of all remedies, nothing is fo powerful as exercife, and therefore it was a cuftom a- mong the Ancients to exercife them continually. Think then of what importance exercife is, when in the Camp it keeps you found, and in the Field it makes you vidorious.
CHAP. VIII.
Direclions as to Frovijions.
Fabr. AS to Famine, you muft nor only have a care that the Enemy cannot cut off' your Provifions; bur you muftconlider from what place you may be fupply- cd, and fee that what you have already be not imbezzled. It is convenient therefore that you have with you always a months ProviHon before hand, and then you are to oblige your neighbours and friends to furnifh youdaily vV.rh more You muft likewife havcagood Magazine for Ammunition, inaOrong place, which is ro be diftribuced with great care, g ving every man a reafonable proportion every day, and keep fuch an eye Over it, that want of it may occafion no diforder: form matters of War every thing elfe may be repaired in time, ■but hunger the longer it lafti, will the more certainly deftroy you. Nor WiU any Enemy that ^ The An of WA R. Book VI.
that can mafter you with Famine, ever feek to attack you with his Arms; becaufe though the Viftory be not fo honourable, it is more eafie and fecure.
That Army therefore in which Juftice is not obferved; that Army which fquanders and confumes lavifiily as it pleafes, cannot fo well barricado or fortifie its Camp, but that Famine will find the way in; for where Juftice is neglcAed, Victuals is not con- ftantly fupplycd; and wliere Solditrs are lavifli and profufe, though thty have plenty, it is quickly confumed: For this caiife among the Ancients it was commanded that the Soldiers fhould eat wiiat was given them, and at a prefixed time, for no Soldier durlleat but when the General went to dinner; but every body knows how little this is obferv- ed in our days; and if then the Soldiers might be juftly termed fober and orderly, they may now with as much juftice be faid to be licentious and debauched.
Battifla. When you began firft to order your Camp, you told us you would not confine your felf to your two Battalions, but take four, that you might ftew us how a juft andcompleat Army was to be lodg'd: 1 defire therefore that you would fatisfie me in two things: One is, when I have either more or lefs than four Battalions, how I am to difpofe of them The other is, what number of Soldiers would fufEce you, to expc(3: and engage any Enemy whatever.
CHAP. IX.
How to loelge more or lefs than four Battalions, and what numler of men is fufficient to make head againfi an Enemy ^ he he as numerous as he may.
Fair. T^O your firft demand I anfwer, That be your Army compofed of more or lefs than four or fix thoufand men, you may incrcafc or leficn their lodg- ments as you pleafe, and in the fame manner you may proceed to lefs or more, in in- finitum; Neverthelefs, when the Romam joyn'd two Confular Armies together, they made two Camps, and turned the place of the unarmed men one againft the other.
To your fecond demand I reply, That the ordinary Roman Army ccnfifted of about 24000 men; but when by accident they were over-prefied with numbers, they never .exceeded 50000; with this number they oppofed 200000 Gauls, which aflaulted them after their firft War with the Carthaginians; with this number they oppofed thera- felves againft Hanibal: and you muft obferve that the Romans and the Greeks always carried on their War with a few men, fortifying themfeives with their good order, and the excellence of their difcipline; whereas the Eaftern and Weftern Nations did all by their multitudes, but theWeftern people performed all by their natural fury, and the Eaftern by their fubmiflion and obedience to their King, In Greece and in Italy^ where their natural fury and natural reverence to their King was not fo great, it was ne- ceflary to apply themfeives to difcipline, which was of fuch efficacy, that it has made a fmall Army prevail againft the fury and natural obftinacy 'lif a greater. I fay.therefore that if you would imitate the Romam and the Greeks, you aie not to exceed the num- ber of 50000 men, but rather to be fewer, becaufe more do but breed confufion, and hinder the order and difcipline that you have learn'd. Pyrrhus ufed ordinarily to fay> that with 15000 men he would go thorough the world.
But let us pafs now to another part of our difcipline.
C H A P. X.
Certain Artifices-, and Advert if ements of War.
Fabri. "VLf E have gained a Battle with our Army, and fhewn moft of the accidents which may happen in it; We have caufed it to march, and difcourled with what impediments it might be incumbered in its march; and at length we have brought it into its Camp, where it is to take not only a little repofe after its travel and fatigues, but confider and deliberate how it is to Hnifh the War. For in the Camp many things are tranfaded, efpecially there being an Enemy in the Field, and Towns to be fufpefted, of which it is good to fecure your felf, and to reduce fuch as are in hoftility. It is neceflary therefore I Book VI. The Art of WA R. * 505 therefore to come to fome demonftrarions, and pal's thefe difficulties with the fame glory and honour with which we have proceeded thus far. To defcend therefore to particulars, I fay, that if many people or petfons have any thin{» in conrroverfie betwixt them to your advantage, and their own detriment, (as if thty fhould beat down the walls of their City, or fend feveral of their Citizens into banifhment) you muft cajole them in fuch man- ner that none of them may think it has any relation to them, to the end that heirher of them relieving one another, they may ail of them be opprelfed without remedy,- Or elle you muft command all of them what they are to do the fame day, that each of them be- lieving himfelf particularly commanded, may think rather of obeying than looking out for a remedy; and by that means your command be executed without fedition or dif- order. If you fufped the fidelity of a people, and would aflbre your felf of tiiem, arid iurprize them unawares, you cannot do better than to communicate fome defign with chem, defire their afliftanGe, and pretend to fome farther enterpnze, without the leaft umbrage or fufpition of them: and by doing fo, (not imagining you have any jealoufic of him) he will negled his own defence, and give you opportunity of efFeding your defigns.
If you fufpedt there is any body in your Army that gives advice of yoiir defigns to the Enemy; the beft way to make your advantage of his treachery, is to impart fome things to him which you never intend to do; and to conceal what you intend j to pre- tend doubts where you are perfedly refolved \ and to conceal other things that you have abfolutely determined: by this means you will put the Enemy upon fome enterprize (upon prefumption that he knows your defigns^ in which you may eafily circumvent and defeat him.
If you refolve (as Clauiiiui Nero did) to leifen your Army, and fend relief to your friend 10 privately that the Enemy lliould not perceive it; you muft not take down your Tents, nor dirainifii the number of your Hurts; but keep up your Enfigns and preferve your ranks intire, with the fame fires and guards as before. If any fupplies come up fuddenly to your Army, and you would not have your Enemy perceive you are reinfor- ced, you muft not augment the number of your Tents;for nothing is more ufeful than to keep fuch accidents fecret. Metetlus being in Spain with his Army, one took the confidence to demand of him what he intended to do die next day: He reply ed,TW if he thought his Jhirt knew, he would burn it. Marcus Crafts being asked by one when he would decamp, anfwered him. Are you the only man think you that will not hear the Tmwpet?