133; to never make peace in good faith, but with a view to universal conquest, 131; constancy with which these elements of their pol- icy were pursued, 135; the differ- ent sorts of allies, 133; the Eomans adjudicated theeontroversies which took place in foreign states, 137; theii" custom of attacking with one ai'my and holding two others in readiness, 137, 138; their false and unjust construction of treaties, 138; their method of holding conquered countries by infiucnoe and policy, 141, 142; peculiar position of Kome as the result of this policy— being neither a republic nor a monarchy, but the head of a body composed of many nations, 143; contrast of the Eoman with the Spanish policy in making conquests, 144; Eome imposed no general laws, 144; change of policy on establishment of the empire, 266; further change of policy dm-ing the decline of the empire, 375-382.
PoLTEins: his compaiison of the military methods of the Greeks and the Eomans, 114; his notice of the comparative business-honesty and regard for the oath among the two peoples, 197, and note 2.
Polygamy, prevalence of, in Asia, deprives woman of the influence she exercises in Europe, 420, and note 15.
PoMPEY THE Geeat: general idea of his career as rival of Csesar, 211- 218; his manual accomplishments,. 51, 52; he defeats Mithridates, 158; his conquests and their ill-effects upon the Eomans, 158, 159; influ- ence of his conquests upon the revenues of Eome, 159, 388; pro- cures the abrogation of the laws of Sylla as a means of gaining favor 516 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
■with the people, 211; his great ' popularity and infiuenoe, 211, 212; he twice declines to usurp supreme power, 213; difference between his style of ambition and that of Caesar, 213; decline of his credit, 214; his corrupt practices, 214, 262; his great vanity, 217, 218; considera- tions on his military genius, 229- 234; reflections on his fate, 233, 234; would probably have imitated the severity of Sylla if he had beat- en Cffisar, 239.
PoMPEY, Sextds: his great naval power, 258; he is defeated by Agrippa, lieutenant of Octavius, 258; he casts living men into the sea as offerings to Neptune, 342.
PoiTTiFFs, College of, 467, 468; the emperor as Pontifex maximus was head of all the sacerdotal orders of the empire, 468.
Popes, comparison of, with the pa- triarchs of Constantinople, 453, 463, 464; their attachment in former times to external worship, 463, 464; their temporal states former- ly protected by a certain sentiment, 473.
Postal Seevioe, referred to, 441, and note 12.
Pouillt: his connection with the modem critical spirit in history, 43.
PB.ET0EIAN Guards: they place the empire at auction, 318.
Pk^toeian Prefects: their func- tions and their assassinations, 356; they are humbled by Constantine, 355.
PRisTiirG, introduction of, has made secrecy in state affairs more diffi- cult, 441.
Prooopius: his secret history re - ferred to, 422, 423.
Progeess, Histoeioal, indicated by the imperfection and fabulous character of all afchaio history, 43, 44; by the prehistoric barbarism of Europe, 44-47; by the necessarily dominant military spirit of the an- cient types of civilization, 59, 60; by the consequent superior recog- nition oi force in ancient societies, 67; by the comparative insecurity of states founded upon commerce in ancient times, 83, and note 15; by the radical difference between ancient and modem navigation, 84, 85; by the feeble relation which the religion of Polytheism sus- tained to the virtue of humanity, 339, 340; by the like feeble rela- tion of ancient education, laws, and customs to the same virtue, 146, 149, 202, 204, 205, 294, 295, 311- 316, 432; by the comparatively hmited physical and mental inter- communication of ancient times, 109, notes 2 and (o), 273-277; by the comparatively limited extent of political and personal liberty in ancient societies, 177-179, 201-207; by the comparative absence of popular education in these societies, 315, 316; by the servile status of the working classes in ancient times, and the gradual amelioration of the condition of these classes, 201-207; by the fact that the socie- ties of antiquity were more influ- enced than the modem ones by the passions, and less by the higher reflective powers, of men, 243, 244; by the fact that nations tend to grow longer lived, 410, 411; by the fact that the area of the world's civilization has increased, whilst the total store of its barbarism has diminished, 411; by the fact that the modern nations resist, better tlian the ancient ones, the corrupt- ing influence of wealth and luxury.
ANALYTICAL INDEX.
517 411; by the fact that modern so- cieties are endowed more richly than the ancient ones with physi- cal, intellectual, and moral re- sources, 443, 444; by the fact that these societies are thence enabled to prosecute all great enterprises with more facility than was possi- ble in ancient times, 443, 444; by the fact that the forces and motives of the world's civilization have be- come less secret and more overt, 444; by the fact that the diverse social functions are more distinctly separated in the modem than they were in the ancient societies, 468, 469; and by the general course of the world's history, 489, 490.
PEOscKiPTioiir: its political signifi- cance referred to, 192; many Ro- mans driven from their country by, 155; it is introduced by Sylla, and thu5 originates with the ai*is- tocratic faction, 226 ■; idea of the atrocity of, 226-229; practice of, continued under the emperors, 320.
Pbussia, as an instance of a small modem state lising to great power, 66, 67.
Pmno "Wae, Sbhond: its fame in history, SI; its salient features, 94-99; terms imposed by the Eo- mans at the close of, 108; suooesa- ful conclusion of, a marked era in their history, 109; their spirit of conquest greatly stimulated there- by, 110.
PuEPLE: Eoman purple robe of state derived from the Etrurians, 41; legal prohibition of purple among citizens, 439; excessive veneration for this color, 439.
PrniTA, battle of— Macedon made a Eoman province by, 130, note 1.
Ptkehds: his war upon the Eomans a benefit to them, 16, 11, and note 2; they learn from him the art of arranging and fortifying their camp, ibid.; his character as an adventurer, 11; cause of his war against Macedon, ibid.
QuETELET: his great service to posi- tive social science, 93; his high ap- preciation of the influence of race on social phenomena, 93; his laws expressing the penchant to crime and the penchant to suicide, 256; his idea that the substitution of associations in place of individuals is the leading oharaeteristio of mod- ern oivihzation, 275; his ideas re- specting the average duration of nations and states, 408-410.
QriNTiLiAN, reference to, 143, note E Eaoe, great influence of, upon the phenomena of history, 93; this in- fluence underrated by Buckle and Mill — properly appreciated by Quetelet and Malte-Brun, 92, 93; the world's civilization due to a comparatively small part of the to- tal race, 150.
Eailway, comparison of, with the stone roads of Eome, 273, 274, 308, 309.
Eaykal: his idea of the influence of the Eomans upon the world, 153.
Eefoemation, of sixteenth century: analogous but abortive movement in the Greek empire during the eighth and ninth centuries, 450, 453, note 20; further reference to same, 462-464.
Eegillus, lake: decisive battle be- tween Eomans and Latins near, 28.
518 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
EEsraos: beaten by the superior Carthaginian oavaliy, 84; his naval battle with the Carthaginians, 86.
Eeligion: many of the religious rites of the Komans derived from the Etrurians, 41; religion of the Phoe- nicians and Carthaginians, 103- 105; human saoriflces among these peoples, ibid.; same among Greeks, Eomans, Gauls, Germans, Britons, 103, 340, 341; religion of the Eo- mans but a phase of Aryan polythe- ism, 339; ethnical and geographi- cal diffusion of the latter, 339; its most distinctive quality the nega- tive one of defective humanity, 339, 340; religion of the Eomans illus- . trates the law that popular religious ideas yield tardily to the social movement in progressive societies, 343,344; the sentiments of religion and patriotism blended together in the Eoman mind, 198, 199; custom of Greeks and Asiatics to build tem- ples to kings and proconsuls, 248; ancestor worship among the Eo- mans, 248, and note 4; no Eoman placed among the public divinities from Eomulus to Csesar, 248, and note 6; significance of the deifica- tion of Cassar, ibid.; civil wars springing from religion the most persistent in their motive, 261; limits within which the Eomans admitted the worship of foreign gods, 322; tolerance of the early EoDians and intolerance of the lat- ter, 428,- 424; three religious opin- ions connected with the founding of the Capitol, 306, 307; difference between the prosperity of religion and the prosperity of empires, 445, 446; idea of the bigotry and the theological spirit of the Greeks of the Eastern empire, 448-459; they were ignorant of the proper distinction between the ecclesiastical and the secular power, 460; Mon- tesquieu's idea of the degree of completeness with which this dis- tinction was realized by the ancient Eomans, 461; the same further con- sidered, 466-468; the religious and the civil functions more blended together in ancient than in modem times, 468, 469; as civilization de- velops, the two become more dis- tinctly separated, 469; why theo- logical disputes are more violent in proportion as they are more frivo- lous, 455,and note 26; difference be- tween bigotry and fanaticism illus- trated, 448, 449; infiuenoe of Chris- tianity in ameliorating slavery, and in abolishing the gladiatorial spec- tacle, 204, 313, 362, note 14. Eepuelio, Eomab": its slow expan- sion for a time, 27, 28; its small extent in the middle of the fourth century of the city, 29, note 18; for a long time much smaller than the monarchy which it had superseded, 35, 36; its territorial extent about the begiiming of the second Punic war, and its force actually under arras during this war, 81; its total force capable of bearing arms just before this war, 81, and note 11; its conquering policy, 129-143; it be- came more liberal in ita internal polity from expulsion of kings to its subversion, 164, 165, 168, 178; but at best it made veiy imperfect provision for political and personal liberty, 178, 179, 201-205; the two parties that agitated the state final- ly degenerated into factions, 191- 193; rationale of this change, which forecast the destruction of the re- public, 194, 236-238; republic con- tinued to expand during the civil wars in time of Marius, Sylla, Pom- ANALYTICAL INDEX.
519 pey, Caasar, Anthony, and Augus- tus, 218; ambition of particular men not the true cause of its sub- version, 219, 220; rationale of this event, 191-193, 225-228, 234^240.
Eepdblios (generally): lands divid- ed equally among the citizens of the ancient republics, 62, 64, 71; but this class of persons relatively small in those societies, Yl; indif- ference to the public good, and employment of office as a means to fortune, two great enemies of a re- public, IS; and the first of these is followed by the second, 78, and note 6; the republican the strongest form of government, when, 80; im- perfection of the republics of mod- em Italy, 172, 173; reason why free states, according to Montes- quieu, are less durable than others, 181, 182; parties necessary in, 184, 421; comparative influence of re- publican and other forms of gov- ernment on the passions of envy and jealousy, 165; limited measure of liberty in the ancient republics generally, 178, 179, 201-207; why all the ancient republics were nec- essarily of low type, 179; the re- publican the highest and best type of government, but can not bene- ficially survive the loss of its pre- cedent social conditions, 239, 240.
Eeveittje: proximate idea of revenue of Roman empire, 385-387.
Ehodiaits, bad faith of the Eomans toward, 130, 138.
EoADS, EoMAir: the greatest achieve- ment of the kind in history, 37, 308, 309; comparison of, with mod- em railways, 274.
EoEEETsoiT: his idea of the influence of the Eomans on the interests of humanity, 152.
Eomans: a branch of the Indo-European stock, and originally came from Asia, 40; incessantly engaged in violent war, 25, 26; they re- duced pillage to a system, and prac- ticed it as a means of gaining wealth, 25; their method of divid- ing the fruits of successful war, 25; their mastery of the military art, 26; their strict regard for the oath, 25, 197, and note 2; their low, primitive condition, 41; their originally subordinate relation to the Etrurians, 41; their physical type in harmony with their char- acter, 57, 58; general idea of their character, 58, 59; they made sol- diers of all conquered peoples, 80, 81; their prodigious constancy af- ter the battles of Ticinus, Trebia, Trasymenus, and Cann^, 87; their want of sensibility overstated, how- ever, by Montesquieu and Saint- Evremond, 88, and notes 25, 26; their monstrous spoliations and ex- actions, 140, 141; their foreign pol- icy, 129-145; effect of their do- minion upon the world's civiliza- tion, 124-128,149-154, 427-429,433, 434; they were at all times mostly of servile origin, 267, 268; puerile character of the masses of, in the time of Tiberius, 285, 286; debased character of, in the time of ViteHius and Vespasian, 299; they finally abandon the military art, 379; con- siderations on the absorption of the original Eoman stock, 188-190; contempt in which the new nations held the Eoman name, 484, 485. EoME, CiTT OF: its beginnings, 19; for a time regarded as a military camp and not as a city, 32, 33; its capture by the Gauls, 81, 32; its geographical position in reference to southern Europe, northern Af- rica, and southwestern Asia, 33; 520 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
its topographical relations, 34; ex- tent of its walled enclosure under the kings, 35; comparison of Eome and Athens, 63, 64; its clroumfer- enoe as compared with that of the modern city, 358, 870, 371; extent of its walls, and proximate idea of its population under the empire, 3'70-3V3; idea of its urban life as compared with that of Paris, Ber- hn, Vienna, London, and several Ameriean cities, 373, 374; few of the eminent Latin writers natives of, 143, note 30.
Eome, Kingdom of, its probable ter- ritorial extent, 35, 36.
EosELLnn, referred to, 409.
Etibicok; senoMis consultum, forbid- ding the crossing of, 215, 216; con- sternation created upon crossing of, by Cffisar, 216, 217.
SiBATiAisrs, persecution of, by Jus- tinian, 424.
Sabines, Eomans unite with, 20; and adopt their buckler, 20; their warlike character, 28.
Saimt-Evbemokd: his idea of the advantages which the Eomans de- rived from the war with Pyrrhus, 77, note 2; his idea of the fortitude of the Eomans after the battle of Cannee, 88, note 25; his picture of the tyi'anny of Tiberius, 279, note 1.
Salio Law, referred to, 420.
Sallust: his notice of Pompey's physical accomplishments, 51, 52; place of his birth referred to, 143, note 30.
Salvias-, reference to, in respect to the oppressiveness of Eoman taxa- tion, 882; his reply to Symmaehus, 394.
SAMAEiTAifa, destruction of, by Justinian, and consequence of this act, 424.
Samsites: their intensely warlike character, 29; they are nearly de- stroyed by the Eomans, 77; and are only subjected after twenty- four triumphs, 81.
Sabaoens: rapidity of their con- quests, 445; enthusiasm not the sole cause of the sudden extension of their power, 446; their previous martial character, 446; their fa- naticism, 448, 449; Eastern empire relieved by their dissensions among themselves, 470; their two great assaults upon Constantinople, 471, note 1.
Sc^voLA: his place as a Roman law- yer indicated, 430, 431.
Soipio, JSmilianus, referred to, 52, and note 13.
Soipio, Ai'moAUDs: his conquest of Spain and alliance with Masinissa, 84; origin of the idea of carrying the war into Africa, 107, 108; his successes there compel the recall of Hannibal, 108; the decisive battle of Zama, 108, and note 1; his gladiatorial sacrifloe to the manes of his father and uncle, 312.
SoTTHiA: its uncultivated state iu ancient times, 898; its inhabitants subject to frequent famines, 388, 899; their -trade with the Eomans, 399, and note 17.
Senate, Eoman: its policy of quiet- ing the people by occupying them with wars abroad, 24; its power greater in foreign than in domestlo aifairs, 24, note 10; deference of the Eoman people for, 79; it refuses to treat with an enemy who occu- pies Eoman territory, 87; it thanks VaiTO for not despairing of the re- public, 88, 89, and note, 27; it erects itself into a tribunal for the judg- ANALYTICAL INDEX.
521 ment of all nations, 129; assumes jurisdiction of the private offenses of foreign rulers, 139; it leads the aristocratic party of the state, 166- 168; power of censors over mem- bers of, 169; it acts with constant steadiness, whilst the popular party vacillates from one extreme to an- other, 181; instance of its cruelty towards slaves, 20i, 205; it adheres to Pompey, why, 213; degradation of, under the rule of Ca3sar, 221, '222, 280, 281; after the assassina- tion of Cffisar it approves all his acts, 246; politic regard of Augus- tus for, 963; debasement of, in time of Tiberius, 280, and note 2; pro- gressive degradation of, under the emperors, 300, 301; how its mem- bers were sworn into office, 393, and note 2; its expiring act, 370.
Seiteoa, referred to, 143, note 30.
Sebtobids, reference to, 382, and note 9.
Seevius Tullius, favors the people with a view to depressing the sen- ate, 23; parallel between the revo- lution which followed and that of England, 23; his division of the Eoman people into centuries and classes, and the effect of this ar- rangement on the suffrage, 170, 171, 174-176.
Sewebs, of Eome under the kings — admiration of, in ancient times, 20, and note 2, 36, 37.
SiBOEs, no use of machines for the oonduotiag of, among the people of ancient Italy, 26, and note 12.
Silk, transfer of manufacture of, from Persia to Constantinople, 472.
Simeon: his description of the Phce- nician Moloch and his worship, 103, 104.
Slavebt: next to war the most prominent social fact of antiquity.
202; it was the basis of the ancient labor system, 201, 202; and hence degraded labor in ancient opinion, 201; origin of, in war, 202, 203, 433; great extent of, in ancient times, 203; law of, among the Eo- mans, 208; low sense of humanity among Eoman masters, 204, 205; amelioration of, by Christianity, 203, 204; gradual transmutation of European slavery into milder forms of domiuation, 205-207; reflection on the effect of, among the Eomans and in the French colonies, 295. Smith, Adam, reference to, ia esti- mating the proximate revenue of the Eoman empire, 386. Smithsontan Institution: its sphere of exchanges cited as an illustration of the mental intercommunication of modem, as compared with an- cient times, 275, 276. Society: aU early societies were nec- essarily tribal and municipal, why, 126, 127; all the elements of a de- caying society do not commence to decline at once, 193, 194; illustra- tion of this from the Eomans, Hid.; usefulness of hereditary succession in societies so undeveloped as to require monarchical government, 352, 353; difference between free and despotic societies in reference to the idea of social union, 185; irrational element of rush and stress in modem societies, especially in that of the United States, 256, 257.
SoLDiEBs, Eoman: their military edu- cation, 50, 51; Eoman custom of bleeding their soldiers, alleged rea- son of, 53; desertions rare among Eoman soldiers and common in modem times — cause of this differ- ence, 53; comparative healthful- ness of the Eoman and modem 522 ANALYTICAL INDEX.
armies, 53; the Eoman soldier counted upon himself as an indi- vidual, the modem relies upon the army as a whole, 54; panic fear in Soman and in modem armies, 96; fatal change in the spirit of the Eo- man soldiers after the republic be- came great, 181; their spirit dur- ing the civil wars, 261; part which they took in the government of the empire, 3^, 330; part taken by the Prsetorian guards and Prsefects, 318, 356; when the soldiers first received pay, 27, and note 13; idea of their pay and its progressive in- crease, 324^326; their degenerate character towards the close of the empire, 377-379.
Spain, Anoient, numerous munici- pal states of, 126.
Spahta, original division of lands among citizens of, 64; subsequent concentration of lands in few hands, 64; attempt of Agis and Cleomenes to restore the ancient system, 64; slavery among the Spartans, 203; their system of in- fanticide, 314.
Statilius Tadetjs, amphitheatre of, referred to, 37.
St. Augustine: his " City of God " referred to, 394.
Stephen: his statement of the exac- tions of the later Eoman emperors in Gaul, 389.
Stoics, school of: general idea of the stoical doctrine, 335, 336; illustra- tion of, from Hooker, 336, 337; ex- cellent influence of this school on the Eomans, 317, 337.
Stolo, lionnus: his agrarian law, 73; it was the model of all subse- quent ones, 73, 74.
Stone Age, of pre-Eoman Italy, 44; of prehistoric Europe, 44, 45.
Suetonius: cited in relation to Csesar and Pompey, 233; in relation to Cato the Younger, 237; in rela- tion to the character of Coesar, 239; in relation to the deification of Caesar, 248, note 6; referred to in relation to Caligula, 421, note IG.
SuFFBTES: the Carthaginian chief magistrates, similar to the Hebrew judges, 102.
Suicide, causes of custom of, among Eomans, 251-253: reflections on, 252, 253; rationale of, and herein the true idea of heroism, 254, 255; suicide approved by law, religion, and philosophy among the ancients, and discouraged by all three in modem times, 255; indications, however, that it is more common in modern than it was in ancient societies, 255; Quetelet's laws re- specting the average tendency to suicide and to insanity, 256; gen- eral cause for larger proportion of suicide and insanity in modem than in ancient societies, 256, 257.
SuLPiTius, Seevius: his place as a jurisconsult, 430, 431.
SwoED: much more important in ancient than in modem warfare, 55, note 22; the Gallic and the Spanish sword, ibid.; the latter adopted by the Eomans, ibid. ' Sylla: his treatment of his soldiers in the Mithridatic war, 52; his laws in restraint of the popular fac- tion, 208; he ruins military disci- pline, 209; other of his misdeeds^ 209, 210; he invents the proscrip- tion, ibid.; atrocity of this device, 225-229; he lays down the dicta- torship, 210; his law de sieariis, 203; his purpose of crushing the popular faction not successful, 238; he is influenced by a certain fero- cious republican spirit, 264, 285; ANALYTICAL INDEX.
523 comparison of his character with that of Augustus, 265.
Stmmaohus: his appeal in behalf of Paganism, 393.
Sybaouse, duration of, in compari- son with certain modern cities, 410.
Sybu,: its strength, and the poIio7 of its kings, 116, 117; weaker for embracing both high and low Asia, 117; two classes of subjects of, 118, and note 13; luxury and fee- bleness of its court, 118; Antio- chus, king of, makes war against the Eomans, 118, 119; he disre- gards the advice of Hannibal, 119, and note 14; he is beaten by the Bomans and reduced to the accept- ance of an infamous treaty, 119, 120; conquest of Syria marks the true era of Eoman corruption, 118.
Tacitus: place of his birth, 143, note 30; illustration from, of inhuman- ity of Eomans towards their slaves, 204, 205; statement of, as to the corruption of the expiring republic, and want of attachment to, among the mass of its subjects, 240; illus- tration from, of the debasement of the senate in the time of Tiberius, 280, note 2; and of the tyranny of this emperor, 284, note 6.
Taeentines: their early corruption, 28; they were allies of Pyrrhus, 77.
TAEQTjnr: his usurpation and expul- sion, 21, 22; his ability, 23, 24.
Taetaes: a new Tartar people seize high Asia, 447; their superiority as cavalry, 447, and 380, note 7.
Taxation, Eoman: oppressiveness of, under the later emperors, 382, 383; light thence shed upon early French history, 383, and 389, 390; idea of, from the beginning of Eo- man history to the fall of the West- ern empire, 384-391; varieties of, 884, 385; method of collecting, 385; great defects of this method, 385; proximate idea of the amount of revenue under the empire, 385-387; four periods of Eoman history in reference to the weight of taxation, 387-391. Teeence, referred to, 143, note 30. TEEMDsns, the god: superstitious idea among the Eomans that he would never retrace his steps, 307. Theodoea: her bad character, and her elevation to the throne, 419; her great ascendency over Justin- ian, and her pernicious influence, 419, 420. Theodora, widow of TheophUus, final re-establishment of image- worship by, 452, 453, and note •20. Theodoeio, referred to in connection with the abolition of the gladia- torial spectacle, 313. Theodosius the Geeat: how he was called to the empire of the East, 370; both empires united under, 869; number ' of houses contained by Eome during his time, 371. Theodosius the Yototgee: hla rela- tions with Attala, 394, 395, and note 7. Thuotdides: his idea of the rude, primitive condition of the ancient civilized states, 11; he takes no notice of the Eomans, 109, notes 2 and (o); significance of this fact, ihid. Tiber, general description ol, and