QUALITIES OF THE GENERAL Wu the Master said:-- "The leader of the army is one who is master of both arms and letters.
He who is both brave and tender can be entrusted with troops.
"In the popular estimation of generals, courage alone is regarded; nevertheless, courage is but one of the qualifications of the leader.
Courage is heedless in encounter; and rash encounter, which is ignorant of the consequences, cannot be called good.
"There are five matters which leaders must carefully consider.
"First, reason; second, preparation; third, determination; fourth, vigilance; fifth, simplicity.
"With reason, a multitude can be controlled like a small number.
"Preparedness sees an enemy outside the gate.
"Determination before the enemy has no thought of life.
"Even after a victory, vigilance behaves as before the first encounter.
"Simplicity ensures few regulations, and preserves order.
"When the leader receives his orders, he forthwith departs. Not until the enemy has been vanquished does he speak of return. This is the duty of the general.
"Wherefore, from the day of departure of the army, the general seeks glory in death, and dreams not of return in dishonour."
Wu the Master said:-- "In war there are four important influences.
"First, spirit; second, ground; third, opportunity; fourth, force.
"The military value of the nation's forces--of one hundred times ten thousand fighting men--depends upon the personality of one man alone; this is called the influence of spirit.
"When the road is steep and narrow, when there are famous mountains and fastnesses where ten men can defend and one thousand cannot pass them by; such is the influence of ground.
"When spies have been skilfully sown, and mounted men pass to and from the enemy's camp, so that his masses are divided, his sovereign and ministers vexed with each other, and superiors and inferiors mutually censorious; this is the moment of opportunity.
"When the linch-pins are secure, the oars and sweeps ready for use in the boats, the armed men trained for war, and the horses exercised, we have what is called the influence of force.
"He who understands these four matters has the qualifications of a general. Furthermore, dignity, virtue, benevolence, courage, are needed to lead the troops, to calm the multitude, to put fear in the enemy, to remove doubts. When orders are issued, the subordinates do not defy them. Wheresoever the army is, that place the enemy avoids. If these four virtues be present, the country is strong; if they be not present, the country is overthrown.
"Of such is the good general."
Wu the Master said:-- "The use of drums and bells is to attract the ear; of flags, standards, and banners to strike the eye; of laws and penalties to put fear in the heart.
"To attract the ear the sound must be clear; to strike the eye the colours must be bright. The heart is awed by punishment, therefore punishment must be strict.
"If these three matters be not ordered, the state may, peradventure, be preserved, but defeat by the enemy is certain. Therefore, as it has been said (if these three things be present), there is no departing from the commands of the general; when he orders, there is no going back from death."
Wu the Master said:-- "The secret of war is, first, to know who is the enemy's general, and to judge his ability. If our plans depend on his dispositions, then success will be achieved without toil.
"If their general be stupid, and heedlessly trustful, he may be enticed by fraud; if he be avaricious and careless of his fame, he may be bribed with gifts. If he make unconsidered movements without plan, he should be tired out and placed in difficulties. If the superiors be wealthy and proud, and the inferiors avaricious and resentful, they should be set against each other. An enemy that is undetermined, now advancing and then retreating, whose soldiers have nought wherein to put their trust, should be alarmed, and put to flight.
"When an enemy thinks lightly of the general, and desires to return home, the easy roads should be blocked, and the difficult and narrow roads opened; await their coming and capture them.
"If their advance be easy and retreat difficult, await their coming and then advance against them.
"If their advance be difficult and retreat easy, then press and strike them.
"An army that is camped in marshy ground, where there are no water-courses, and long and frequent rains, should be inundated.
"An army that is camped in wild marshes, covered with dark and overhanging grass and brambles, and swept by frequent high winds, should be overthrown by fire.
"An army that has halted long without moving; whose general and soldiers have grown careless, and neglect precautions, should be approached by stealth, and taken by surprise."
Lord Wen asked, saying:-- "If the two armies be facing each other, and the name of the enemy's general unknown, in what manner can we discover it?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "A brave man of low degree, lightly but well equipped, should be employed. He should think only of flight and naught of advantage. Then, if he observe the enemy's pursuit, if there be first a halt and then an advance, order is established. If we retreat and the enemy pursue, but pretend not to be able to overtake us, see an advantage but pretend not to be aware of it, then their general may be called a wise general, and conflict with him must be avoided. If their army be full of uproar; their banners and standards disordered, their soldiers going about or remaining of their own accord, some in line, others in column; if such an enemy be eager to pursue, and see an advantage which they are desperate to seize, then their general is a fool: even if there be a host, they may be taken."
V SUITING THE OCCASION Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If strong chariots, good horses, strong and valiant soldiers suddenly meet the enemy, and are thrown into confusion, and ranks broken, what should be done?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "In general, the method of fighting is to effect order in daylight by means of flags and banners, pennons and batons; at night by gongs and drums, whistles and flutes. If a signal be made to the left, the troops move to the left; if to the right, they move to the right. Advance is made at the sound of the drum; halt at the sound of the gong; one blast of the whistle is for advance, two for the rally. If those who disobey be cut down, the forces are subject to authority. If officers and soldiers carry out orders, a superior enemy cannot exist; no position is impregnable in the attack."
Lord Wen asked and said:-- "What is to be done if the enemy be many and we be few?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "Avoid such an enemy on open ground, and meet him in the narrow way; for, as it is written, if 1 is to stand against 1,000, there is naught better than a pass; if 10 are to hold against 100, there is nothing better than a steep place; if 1,000 are to strike 10,000, there is nothing better than a difficult place. If a small force, with beat of gong and drum, suddenly arise in a narrow way, even a host will be upset. Wherefore it is written: 'He who has a multitude seeks the plain, and he who has few seeks the narrow way.'"
And Lord Wen asked and said:-- "A mighty host, strong and courageous, which is on the defence with a mountain behind, a precipice between, high ground on the right, and a river on the left, with deep moats, and high walls, and which has artillery; whose retreat is like the removal of a mountain, advance like the hurricane, and whose supplies are in abundance, is an enemy against whom long defence is difficult. In effect, what should be done in such a case?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "This indeed is a great question, whose issue depends, not upon the might of chariot and horse, but upon the schemes of a wise man.
"Let 1,000 chariots and 10,000 horse, well equipped and with foot-men added to them, be divided into five armies, and a road allotted to each army.
"Then if there be five armies, and each army take a different road, the enemy will be puzzled, and know not in what quarter to be prepared. If the enemy's defence be strong and united, send envoys quickly to him to discover his intention. If he listen to our advices, he will strike camp and withdraw. But, if he listen not to our advice, but strikes down the messenger, and burns his papers, then divide and attack from five quarters. If victorious, do not pursue; if defeated, flee to a distance. If feigning retreat, proceed slowly, and, if the enemy approach, strike swiftly.
"One army will hold the enemy in front, with another cut his rear, two more with gags in their mouths[21] will attack his weak point, whether on the right or on the left. If five armies thus make alternate onslaughts, success is certain.
"This is the way to strike strength."
And Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If the enemy draw near and encompass us, and we would retreat, but there is no way, and in our multitude there is fear, what should be done?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "In such a case, if we be many and they be few, divide and fall upon them; if the enemy be many and we be few, use stratagem and act according to opportunity; and if opportunities be untiringly seized, even if the enemy be many, he will be reduced to subjection."
Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If, in a narrow valley with steep places on either side, the enemy be met, and they are many and we are few, what should be done?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "If they be met among hills, woods, in deep mountains, or wide fens, advance quickly, retire swiftly, and hesitate not. If the enemy be suddenly met among high mountains or deep valleys, be the first to strike the drum and fall upon them. Let bow and cross bow advance; shoot and capture; observe the state of their ranks; and, if there be confusion, do not hesitate to strike."
Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If the enemy be suddenly met in a narrow place with high mountains on either side, and advance and retreat are alike impossible, what should be done in such a case?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "This is called War in valleys where numbers are of no avail. The ablest officers should be collected, and set against the enemy. Men light of foot and well armed should be placed in front; the chariots divided; the horsemen drawn up, and placed in ambush on four sides, with many leagues between, and without showing their weapons. Then, the enemy will certainly make his defence firm, and neither advance or retreat. Whereupon, the standards will be raised, and the ranks of banners shown, the mountains left, and camp pitched in the plain.
"The enemy will then be fearful, and should be challenged by chariot and horse, and allowed no rest.
"This is the method of fighting in valleys."
And Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If the enemy be met in a marsh where the water is out, so that the wheels of the chariots sink in, and the shafts be covered, and the chariots and horsemen overcome by the waters, when there are no boats or oars, and it is impossible either to advance or retreat, what should be done in such a case?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "This is called water fighting. Chariots and horsemen cannot be used, and they must be put for a time on one side. Go up to the top of a high place, and look out to the four quarters. Then the state of the waters will certainly be seen; their extent, and the deep places and shallows fully ascertained. Then, by stratagem, the enemy may be defeated.
"If the enemy should cross the waters he should be engaged when half over."
And Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If there has been long continued rain so that the horses sink, and the chariots cannot move; if the enemy appear from four quarters, and the forces are frightened, what is the course in such a case?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "When wet and overcast, the chariots should halt; when fine and dry, they should arise. Seek height, and avoid low places; drive the strong chariots, and choose well the road on which to advance or halt. If the enemy suddenly arise, immediately pursue them."
Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If our fields and pastures be suddenly pillaged, and our oxen and sheep taken, what should be done?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "Lawless enemies that arise are to be feared; defend well and do not reply. When, at sunset, they seek to withdraw, they will certainly be overladen and fearful. Striving to return quickly to their homes, connection will be lost. Then if they be pursued and attacked, they can be overthrown."
Wu the Master said:-- "The way of attacking the enemy and investing his castle is as follows:-- "When the outlying buildings have been taken, and the assaulting parties enter the innermost sanctuary, make use of the enemy's officials, and take charge of their weapons. Let the army on no account fell trees or enter dwellings, cut the crops, slay the six domestic animals, or burn the barns; and show the people that there is no cruel desire. Those who wish to surrender, should be received and freed from anxiety."
VI ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE TROOPS And Lord Wen asked and said:-- "If punishment be just and reward impartial, is victory thereby gained?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "I cannot speak of all the things that concern justice and impartiality, but on these alone dependence cannot be placed.
"If the people hear the word of command, or listen to the order with rejoicing; if, when the army be raised, and a multitude assembled, they go forth gladly to the fight; if, in the tumult of the fight, when blade crosses blade, the soldiers gladly die; upon these three things can the lord of the people place his trust."
And Lord Wen said:-- "How can this be brought about?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "Seek out merit, advance and reward it, and encourage those without fame."
Accordingly Lord Wen set seats in the garden of the palace in three rows, and made a feast unto his chief retainers. In the first row were set those of chief merit, and on the table were placed the best meats and precious utensils. Those of medium merit were set in the middle row, and the utensils on the table were fewer in number. Those without merit were set in the last row, and utensils of no value were put before them. And when the feast was over, and they had all departed, the parents, wives, and children of those with merit were given presents outside the gates of the palace according to their degree.
Further, messengers were sent yearly with gifts to condole with the parents of those who had lost a son in the service of the state, and to show that they were had in remembrance.
And after this was carried out for three years, the people of Chin gathered an army, and came as far as the Western River. And when the soldiers of Wei heard this, without waiting for orders, they armed themselves and fell upon them; and they that went forth were 10,000 in number.
And Lord Wen called Wu and said:-- "The words that you spoke unto me, have they not indeed been carried out?"
And Wu answered and said:-- "I have heard that there are men, great and small; souls, grand and feeble.
"As a trial, let 50,000 men, without merit, be collected, and placed under my command against the country of Chin. If we fail, the state will be the laughing-stock among the princes, and its power under heaven will be lost. If a desperate robber be hidden in a wide plain, and 1,000 men be pursuing him, their glances will be furtive like the owl, looking backward like the wolf, for they are in fear of harm from a sudden onslaught.
"One desperate man can put fear in the hearts of a thousand. Now, if this host of 50,000 men become as a desperate thief, and are led against Chin, there is nought to fear."
On hearing these words Lord Wen agreed, and adding further 500 chariots and 3,000 horse, the hosts of Chin were overthrown, all being due to the encouragement of the troops.
On the day before the battle Wu gave orders to the forces, saying:-- "The army will attack the enemy's chariots, horse and foot, in accordance with our commands. If the chariots do not capture the enemy's chariots, or the horse those of the enemy's, or the foot the enemy's footmen, even if their army be overthrown, no merit will be gained."
Therefore on the day of the battle, the orders were simple, and fear of Wei shook the heavens.
INDEX A Abnormal manoeuvres, 31, 32 Advance, followed by retirement, a lure, 51 Advantages, the five, 45 Ally, war to be avoided, if enemy has powerful, 91 Altar, Wu made general before, 77; difficult matters to be laid before, 78 Ambition, one of five causes of war, 80 Ambush, likely places for enemy to be in, 49 Ammunition, lack of, may cause disaster, 41 Anger of officers, cause of, 51; not a fit reason for battle, 69 Animals, the six domestic, to be preserved by besiegers, 115 Apologies, what implied, by general who offers, 52 Archers, employment of, in sieges, 25, _note_ Armies, five, alternate onslaughts by, 111 Armistice, what betokened by sudden desire for, 51 Armour, cost of upkeep of, 21; and of renewing, 22; condition of, an influence in battle, 94 Arms, profession of, not highly regarded in China, 9; the five, 88, _note_ Army, control of the, 93-100; orderly, likened to father and children, 96 Articles of Suntzu, 17-74 Assault, by stratagem, 25 Attack, proportionate number required for, 26; on undefended positions, 35; place of, to be kept secret, 37; five ways of, by fire, 67-68; eight cases of, 89; reckless, 92 B Banners, use of, to inspirit troops, 9; used, in day fighting, 43; enemy's lines not to be attacked where waving, 43-44; changing of, 51; to be entrusted to strong men, 98; Wutzu on attraction of, 104, 108 Barrack burning, 67 Batons, in day fighting, 108 Battle, the Order of, 28-30 Beacons, in night fighting, 43 Beasts, startled, indicate stealthy approach, 50 Bell, use of, in war, 31; a signal to halt, 31, _note_; Wutzu on, 95; to be entrusted to the bold, 98; use of, attracts ear, 104 Benevolence, quality needed by general, 103 Birds, rising of, indicates ambush, 50; clustering of, round position, shows it unoccupied, 51 Bluster in General, 52 Bogs, movement of troops regarding, 49 Booty, exhaustion betrayed by disregard of, 51 Bows, weapons for tall men, 98 Broken ground, 54 Burning barrack, commissariat, equipment, store, and company, 67-68 C Calamities, six, among troops, 55 Camp, safe position for, 47; skilful changes of, 63 Castle, Wutzu's counsel for investing, 115 Catapults, weapons for tall men, 98 Causes of war, 80 Cautiousness-over, one of five dangerous faults for general, 46 Chang Mt., illustration of snakes of, 62 Changes, the Nine, 44-46 Chariots, number of, required, 20-21; cost of renewing, 22; rewards for taking from enemy, 23; advance of light, 50; great size of, 76; axles of, to be well oiled, 94 Cheng, Lord Tang, of, 79 Chengsang, Prince, 76 Chi, estimation of forces of, 85; nature of, 86 Chieh, Lord, 79 Chin, nature of, 86; unsuccessfully opposes Wei, 117-118 Chins, the three, 87-88 China, profession of arms not highly regarded in, 9; large rivers of, affect military operations, 12 Chinese, greatly affected by climate, 9 Chinese literature, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, 7 Chinese wars, patriotism not a factor in, 8 Chou, Wu, of, 79 Chu, courage of, 62; foundation of state of, 74; want of endurance of army of, 85 Chuang, of Chu, holds consultation, 84 Chuyin, use of, in sieges, 25, and _note_ Circumspection, circumstances requiring, 52 Cohesion of troops, in interior of hostile country, 64 Colours must be bright, in war, 104 Commander, professional, in China, 9 Commissariat burning, 67 Confidence, importance of, in operations, 94 Contention, ground of, 58 Continuity of military principles illustrated, 12 Control of army, 93-100 Converted spies, 71 Cooking pots may betray end of resources, 51-52 Cost of war, 21; of supplying army at distance, 22 Courage, universal, dependent on good management, 63; not the only attribute necessary to general, 101; but nevertheless essential, 103 Cowardly, place of the, in action, 43 D Daylight fighting, use of flags, banners, pennons, and batons in, 108 Death, when only alternative, ensures exertion, 61 Death ground, 58; fighting on, 60; soldiers must recognise conditions of, 64 Death spies, 71, 72 Declaration of war, action following, 66 Decoration for skill in five arms, 88 Defeat, internal causes of, 28; skilful soldiers make impossible, 28; army destined to, trusts in chance, 30; causes of, 55-56 Defence, long, difficulties in, 110 Defensive warfare, when victory unattainable, 28; skill in, 28-29 Deficiency, defence compelled by, 28 Despair, energy born of, wins victory, 15 Desperate enemy not to be pressed, 44 Determination, one of five important matters for general, 101, 102 Dignity, essential for general, 103 Discipline, one of seven important matters in war, 18; perfection of, leads to simulation, 33 Discussion of omens, forbidden, 61 Disorder, a cause of defeat, 96 Disputed ground, action regarding, 64 Distracting ground, action regarding, 64 Disturbing ground, action regarding, 64 Dragons, green (banners), 99 Dragons' heads (mountain extremities), 99 Drum, use of, 31; in night fighting, 43; sounds for advance, 95; meaning of different beats of, 98; to be entrusted to the bold, 98; Wutzu on the, 104, 108 Dust, spurts, masses, columns and clouds of, meaning of, 50 E Ear, to be attracted in war, 104 Earth, one of five indispensable matters in war, 17, 18; the ninth, 29, and _note_ Elements, five, 39, and _note_ Emptiness and strength, 34-39 Enclosed ground, 58; stratagem to be used on, 60; action regarding, 64 Enemies, six to be avoided, 90-91 Equipment, umbrella part of Chinese soldier's, 9 Estimation of enemy, 56; Wutzu on, 85-93 Exhaustion, result of lateness in field, 34; avoided by good tactics, 35; shown by disregard of booty, 51 Expectation of life or death, 96 Eye, to be struck in war, 104 F Famine, a cause of war, 80 Faults, five, dangerous for generals, 46 Feast, given by Wen to guests with high, medium, and deficient merit, 117 Feints, use of, 36, 38 Fens, advance in wide, 112 Fighting races, consequences of victories by, 80 Fire, five modes of assault by, 67-68; attack on enemy in overgrown marsh land by, 106 Flag, use of, in war, 31; in day fighting, 43; change of, 51; Wutzu on use of, 104 Flanking (or reserve) force, 12 Flat country, disposal of troops in, 48 Flutes, Wutzu on use of, 108 Fodder, charge of, given to the feeble, 98 Food, taken from enemy, 22; obtained by skilful general, 23; killing of horses for, 51; attack on enemy without, 90; charge of, given to the feeble, 98 Force, one of four important influences in war, 102, 103 Foreign lands, war in, 60 Frontal attack, 11 G General, interference with, ill-advised, 10; ability of, one of seven important matters, 18; skilful, is steadfast in "Way" and "Law," 30; as "God of War" changes tactics, 39; must know the Nine Changes, 45; five faults dangerous for, 46; what implied by exceeding graciousness of, 52; blustering and obsequious, 52; strange to troops, 52; weak and amiable, 55; calamities due to defects in, 55; unable to estimate enemy, 56; anxious for people's welfare, 56; must be calm, inscrutable, just, and prudent, 63; conceals plans, 63; must have topographical knowledge and use guides, 65; bestows rewards discreetly, 66; is not actuated by anger, 69; should be in accord with soldiers, 93; must not procrastinate, 97; Wutzu on qualities of, 101-107; five matters important for, 101; of the enemy to be appraised, 104; action in accordance with judgment of enemy's, 105; how to judge enemy's, 106-107 Gongs, use of, in war, 108 Government of a country, 77-84; object of, 79; good, foundation of victory, 95 Ground, influence of, in war, 12; marshy, to be avoided for camp, 44; action in mountainous and wooded, 45; disposal of troops on high, marshy, flat, sunny, steep, boggy, and tangled, 47-49; object of enemy encamped on open, 49; Suntzu on, 53-67; open, 53-54; broken, 54; suspended, 54; defiles in, 54; precipitous, 54; the handmaid of victory, 56; results from good use of, 63; one of four important influences in war, 102, 103; inundation of enemy on marshy, 106 Grounds, the Nine, 58-67; action with regard to, 64; knowledge of, necessary to general, 65 Guests, entertainment of, costly in war, 21 Guides, employment of, necessary, 42, 65 H Halberd, one of the five arms, 88, _note_ Halberds, great length of, 75-76 Harness, must be strong in all details, 100 Health of troops, consideration for, 48 Heat, attack on enemy who has endured, 89 Heaven, one of five indispensable matters in war, 17, 18 Heaven, the Ninth, 29, _note_ Highways, when not to interrupt, 59 Horses, killed for food, 51; care for, 94; treatment of, 99-100 Hsia, 73 Hsihe, defence of, 77 Huangti, cause of victory by, 48 Humane treatment ensures obedience, 53 Hunger, how shown, by use of weapons, 51; how to meet, in case of enemy, 97 I Ichih, 73 Ignorance, three ways of, embarrassing to armies, 26; of enemy causes defeat, 27 Impartiality, Wutzu on, 116 Impetuosity, blind, dangerous fault in general, 46 Indispensable matters, five, Suntzu on, 17 Indulgence, ill effects of, 57 Influences, four important, in war, 102 Initiative, disadvantage of, on suspended ground, 54 Inner spies, 71 Internal disorder, a cause of war, 80 Intersecting ground, 58; action on, 64 Inundation of enemy, on marshy ground, 106 Invincible, how ancient masters made armies, 28 Involved ground, 58, 59; action regarding, 59, 64 J Japan, Sun and Wu revered in, 14 Japanese tactics, unlike Chinese, 10; commentators on Chinese literature, 14 Javelin, one of the five arms, 88, _note_ Justice, importance of, in rewards and punishment, 18; Wutzu on, 116 K Kingdom, the Middle, 87-88 Kuei, courage of, 62 L Lateness in field, cause of exhaustion, 34 Law, the, one of five indispensable matters in war, 17; includes partition and ordering of troops, 18; for defeating a country, or taking it, without strife, 24; touching the rule, measure, tables, and scales, and the foretelling of victory, 30 Leader, one of five indispensable matters in war, 17.
(_See_ General) Letters, general should be master of, 101 Light esteem of enemy, result of, 52 Lightness, importance of, in operations, 93; four natures of, 93-94 Literature, Chinese, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, 7; Japanese commentators on, 14; thought compressed in, 14 Living spies, 71, 72 Lu, number of men in, 24, _note_ Luya, 74 M Manoeuvre, battle avoided by, 11; normal and abnormal, 31, 32; master in art of, 40 March, forced, 41; should be calm, like forest, 42 Marshes, unsuitable for camp, 44; disposal of troops regarding, 48; attack by fire of enemy encamped in, 106; inundation of enemy in, 106 Measure, the second law of war, 30 Meres, ambush to be expected in, 49 Merit, recognition of, by enemy, 91; to be sought, advanced, and rewarded, 116; Lord Wen discriminates between guests with and without, 117 Messengers, enemy's movements revealed by, 51 Midday, time for spirits of troops to flag, 43 Middle Kingdom, the, 87-88 Might, war of, 81 Modification of military plans, 19 Moon, in quarters suitable for attack by fire, 67-68 Moral of troops, 8; use of banners to maintain, 9 Motion of troops, dignified, 95 Mountain warfare, disposal of troops in, 47 Mountains, advance among, 112 Movement of troops, 47-53 Mu, Prince of Chin, example of, 82 Mysterious Thread, the, 71 Mystery, supposed to surround art of war, 14 N Night, fighting in, 43; voices calling in, 51 Nine Changes, the, 44-46 Nine Grounds, the, 58-67; action with regard to, 64; knowledge of, necessary to general, 65 Normal manoeuvres, 31, 32 Numbers, proportionate, needed to attack and to divide, 26; subdivision of, 31; superiority of, an economy of strength, 37; no certain mark of strength, 52; Prince Yuhu's trust in, 76; tactics regarding differences in, 109; of no avail in war in valleys, 112 O Obedience ensured by humane conduct, 53; early training in, 53 Obsequiousness in general, 52 Officers, when angered by soldiers, 51; weak with strong soldiers, and _vice versa_, 55 Officials, who have care for people, 91 Omens, discussion of, to be forbidden, 61 Open ground, movement on, 53-54 Opportunity, one of four important influences in war, 102, 103 Oracles, cases for attack, when needless to consult, 89 Order of Battle, the, 28-30 Order, importance of, 95 Outlet, for retiring enemy, 44; from enclosed ground, 59 Ovens, natural (mouths of valleys), 99 P Pass, when to meet enemy in, 109 Passages, narrow, avoidance of, 49 Patriotism, not a factor in Chinese wars, 8 Penalties, Wutzu on, 104 Pennons, Wutzu on use of, 108 Pestilence, attack on enemy who endures, 90 Pike, one of five arms, 88, _note_ Pillage by enemy, Wutzu on, 115 Plan of campaign, modifications in, 19 Pole star (standard), 99 Population, told by tables of laws of war, 30; division of, into military groups, 70, _note_; cases of enemy's large, 90 Precipitous ground, occupation of, 54 Preparation, one of five important matters for general, 101-102 Pretence, war a thing of, 19 Procedure, military, 40 Procrastination, evil of, in war, 97 Profit, a cause of war, 80 Punishment, frequent, what betokened by, 52; when ordered by strange general, 52 Q Qualities, of the general, 101-107 R Rank, for those skilful in five arms, 88 Reason, one of five important matters for general, 101 Regard-over, for troops, dangerous fault, 46 Relaxation of troops, 55 Repulse, resulting from general's incapacity, 55 Requirements of war, 20-21 Reserve (or flanking) force, 12 Rest, propriety in, 95 Rewards, justice in according, 18; for those who take advantage of enemy, 23; frequent, show lack of discipline, 52; general's freedom in bestowing, 66; for families of skilful in five arms, 88; consequence of enemy's wise bestowal of, 91; in advance, 94; to be given to merit, 116 Revenge, war of, 81 Riches, why denied to soldiers, 61 Righteous war, 81 Righteousness, overcome by propriety, 81; at root of achievement and merit, 79 Rivers of China affect operations, 12; encampment on, inundation, and poisoning of, 12; not to be crossed when turbulent, 49; observation of drawers from, 51 Roads to avoid, 45 Rule, as to survey of land, 30; general above, in bestowing rewards, 66; modified by circumstances, 67 S Sanctuary, reckoning in, before fighting, 20 Scales, in laws of war, 30 Secret of war, Wutzu on, 104 Secret, ground of approaching attack to be kept, 37 Shen, Duke, 84 Shield, one of five arms, 88, _note_ Siege, not to be undertaken, if avoidable, 25; misfortunes entailed by, 25 Simplicity, one of five important matters for leader, 101, 102 Simulation, use of, 33 Situation, important matter in war, 17 Snakes (banners), 99 Soldiers, training of, 18; strength of, 18 Sparrows, red (banners), 99 Spears, weapons for short men, 98 Spies, estimation of, in China, 13; Suntzu on power of, 13-14; on titles and salaries to, 70; five kinds of, 71; of enemy, 73; skillfully sown, 103 Spirit of troops, 31-34; compared to torrent, 33; good fighter seeks victory from, 34; keen in morning, 43; sustained by speed, 60; influence of, 102 Stables, care of, 99 Standard of Takeda Shingen, 42, _note_ Standards to be entrusted to strong men, 98; Wutzu on use of, 104 Strata, Chinese division of earth and sky into nine, 29, _note_ Stratagem, the attack by, 24-27; use of, on enclosed ground, 60; importance of, in war, 17 Strategy, secrets of, 20; how to outwit enemy by, 24; assault by, 25; in offering apparent advantage, 35; not to be repeated, if victorious, 39 Steep place, advantage of, 109 Store burning, 67 Strength, first in field husbands, 34; economy of, 37; ways of husbanding, 43 Strong, place of, with cowardly, 43 Sun. (_See_ Suntzu.)
Sunny ground, 9 Suntzu, place of, in Chinese literature, 7; on march of army, 9; on offensive action, 10; tactics of, unlike Japanese, 10; disinterested comments on war by, 12-13; revered in Japan, 14; influence of, in late Japanese war, 15; not patriot, but strategist, 15; story told of, 15-16; Articles of, 17-74; on five indispensable matters, 17; on operations of war, 20-23; on attack by stratagem, 24-27; on Order of Battle, 28-30; on spirit of troops, 31-34; on emptiness and strength, 34-39; on battle tactics, 40-44; on the Nine Changes, 44-46; on movement of troops, 47-53; on ground, 53-57; on the Nine Grounds, 58-67; on assault by fire, 67-69; on the employment of spies, 70-74 Surprise, case of enemy taken by, 106 Survey of land, 30 Suspended ground, 54 Swamps, movements regarding, 49 Sympathy, between general and soldiers, 53; consequences of, 56-57 T Tables of population, 30 Tactics, skill in change of, 39; difficulty of military, 40; battle, 40-44 Takeda Shingen, words on standard of, 42, _note_ Tang, Lord, of Cheng, 79 Temper, quick, dangerous fault in general, 46 Tigers, white (banners), 99 Tortoises (banners), 99 Training, one of seven important military matters, 18; Wutzu esteems first requirement in war, 97 Transport, loss of, through bad tactics, 41 Trees, movement among, 49-50 Truce, apologies betray anxiety for, 52 Tsu, number of men in, 24, _note_ Turtle, enquiry by, 78, and _note_ Tyranny, war of, 81 U Umbrella, part of Chinese soldier's equipment, 9 Uniformity, brought about by authority, 53 Unity results from position of troops in enemy's land, 61 Unrighteous war, 81 V Valleys, movement of troops regarding steep, 49; advance in, 112; war in, 112 Victory, how to foretell, 18; instruments of, 21; the object of war, 23, 69; five heralds of, 27; skillful soldiers ensure, 28; not always real success, 29; how to calculate, 30; spirit, great factor in, 34; ground handmaid of, 56; good government foundation of, 95 Vigilance, when especially necessary, 52; one of five important matters for general, 101, 102 Village spies, 71 Virtue of the prince, one of seven important matters, 18; essential for general, 103 Virtues, the five, comprised in "The Way," 17, _note_ Voices in night, signification of, in war, 51 W Waggons, cost of upkeep of, 21 War, evils in train of, 12-13; a thing of pretence, 19; requirements of, 20-21; quick accomplishment of, desirable, 21, 22;