信念の固定
- 言語:
- 英語
- 状態:
- 完全な作品
- 著者性:
- 著者自身による
- テキストの状態:
- 良好なテキスト
- 分量:
- 約 8,000 語 · 38 節
この作品を引用
- APAチャールズ・サンダース・パース. (n.d.). 信念の固定. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/charles-peirce/the-fixation-of-belief
- MLAチャールズ・サンダース・パース. "信念の固定." SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/charles-peirce/the-fixation-of-belief.
- Chicagoチャールズ・サンダース・パース. 信念の固定. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/charles-peirce/the-fixation-of-belief.
何についての本か
一八七七年の論文。プラグマティズムはこれをもって始まる。もっとも、その語自体は文中に出てこない。
背景と歴史
問われているのは真理とは何かではなく、われわれが信じるものをどう固定するか、である。ピアースは四つの方法を挙げる。固執の方法——すでに信じていることを信じ、それを壊しかねないものは一切見ない。権威の方法——制度に決めさせる。支えてきた文明の数でいえば、この方法が最も多い。「アプリオリ」の方法——もっともらしく見えるものを信じる。形而上学者の方法であり、流行に従って移り変わるほかは何もしない。そして科学の方法——信念を固定するものが信じる者の外にある、唯一の方法である。ピアースは最初の三つを愚かだとは言わない。それぞれが何をなすかを示し、それぞれが自らの尺度によって行き詰まる理由を示す。こちらのほうがはるかに強い論じ方だ。『ポピュラー・サイエンス・マンスリー』に載り、続く論文「われわれの観念を明晰にする方法」がその直接の続きである。
これは編集上の背景であり、引用できる典拠ではありません。作品本文の一節とは異なり、これらの記述はコーパスで検証できません。
Few persons care to study logic, because everybody conceives himself to be proficient enough in the art of reasoning already. But I observe that this satisfaction is limited to one's own ratiocination, and does not extend to that of other men. We come to the full possession of our power of drawing inferences, the last of all our faculties; for it is not so much a natural gift as a long and difficult art. The history of its practice would make a grand subject for a book. The medieval schoolman, following the Romans, made logic the earliest of a boy's studies after grammar, as being very easy. So it was as they understood it. Its fundamental principle, according to them, was, that all knowledge rests either on authority or reason; but that whatever is deduced by reason depends ultimately on a premiss derived from authority. Accordingly, as soon as a boy was perfect in the syllogistic procedure, his intellectual kit of tools was held to be complete. To Roger Bacon, that remarkable mind who in the middle of the thirteenth century was almost a scientific man, the schoolmen's conception of reasoning appeared only an obstacle to truth. He saw that experience alone teaches anything — a proposition which to us seems easy to understand, because a distinct conception of experience has been handed down to us from former generations; which to him likewise seemed perfectly clear, because its difficulties had not yet unfolded themselves. Of all kinds of experience, the best, he thought, was interior illumination, which teaches many things about Nature which the external senses could never discover, such as the transubstantiation of bread. Four centuries later, the more celebrated Bacon, in the first book of his Novum Organum, gave his clear account of experience as something which must be open to verification and reexamination.…