The Principles of Biology
- 语言:
- 英语
- 状态:
- 完整作品
- 作者归属:
- 作者本人所著
- 文本状况:
- 文本清晰 · 1 段无法辨读，已从回答中排除
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- 约 200,000 词 · 958 个段落
引用本作品
- APA赫伯特·斯宾塞. (n.d.). The Principles of Biology. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/zh/works/herbert-spencer/the-principles-of-biology
- MLA赫伯特·斯宾塞. "The Principles of Biology." SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/zh/works/herbert-spencer/the-principles-of-biology.
- Chicago赫伯特·斯宾塞. The Principles of Biology. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/zh/works/herbert-spencer/the-principles-of-biology.
内容简介
斯宾塞体系中的生物学：生命被定义为内部关系对外部关系的持续调适，生长、繁殖与遗传皆按此准则来解读。
背景与流传
一八六四至一八六七年间出版。“适者生存”一语首次出现于此，是斯宾塞读了达尔文之后所造。达尔文最终在《物种起源》第五版中采用了它，此后世人便把它归到达尔文名下；其实出自斯宾塞。此书其余部分所依赖的遗传机制后来被证明是错的，因此它更宜作为文献来读，而非作为生物学。
这是编辑性背景，不是可引用的来源：与作品本身的段落不同，这些说明无法在语料库中核对。
AUTHOR OF "social STATICS," "THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY,'* " ESSAYS : SCIENTIFIC, POLITICAL, AND SPECULATIVE," " FIRST PRINCIPLES," ETC. VOL. I. WILLIAMS AND NOEGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. The right of Translation is reserved. JOHN OniLDS AND SON. TKINTERS. PEEFACE. The aim of tMs work is to set forth the genei^al truths of Biology, as illustrative of, and as interpreted by, the laws of Evolution : the special truths being introduced only so fai' as is needful for elucidation of the general truths. For aid in executing it, I owe many thanks to Prof. Huxley and Dr Hooker. They have supplied me with information where my own was deficient ; and in looking through the proof-^^heets, have pointed out errors of detail into which I had fallen. By having kindly rendered me this valuable assistance, they must not, however, be held committed to any of the enunciated doctrines that are not among the recognized truths of Biology. The successive instalments which compose this volume, were issued to the subscribers at the following dates : — No. 7 (pp. 1—80) in January, 1863; No. 8 (pp. 81—160) in April, 1863; No. 9 (pp. 161—240) in July, 1863; No. 10 (pp. 241—320) in January, 1864; No. 11 (pp. 321—400) in May, 1864; and No. 12 (pp. 401—476) in October, 1864. London, Sejptenfiber 29th, 1864. f \l CONTENTS OF VOL L PAET I.— THE DATA OF BIOLOGY. CHAP. PAGE I. — OEGAJ^^IC MATTER " . . . . , . . . 3 II. — THE ACTIONS OF EORCES ON ORGANIC MATTER . . 25 III. — THE RE-ACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON FORCES 42 IV. — PROXIMATE DEFINITION OF LIFE . . . . 59 V. — THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LIFE AND ITS CIR- CUMSTANCES . . . . . . . . 72 VI. — THE DEGREE OF LIFE VARIES AS THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE . . . . . . 82 VII. — THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY . . . . . . 94 PAET II.— THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY. I. — GROWTH II.…